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Life Sciences Oct 2023Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat have been documented to rapidly consume fatty acids (FAs) rather than deposit of lipid, and they have high capacity to dissipate... (Review)
Review
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige fat have been documented to rapidly consume fatty acids (FAs) rather than deposit of lipid, and they have high capacity to dissipate energy via nonshivering thermogenesis, making BAT and beige fat potential organs to fight obesity and related chronic diseases. As the main substrate for thermogenesis and the basic constituent unit of triacylglycerol, FAs could modify BAT and remodel white adipose tissue (WAT) to beige fat. However, there are few comprehensive review covering the link between dietary FAs and thermogenic adipocyte..In this review, we described the metabolism of thermogenic adipose upon activation and comprehensively summarized publications on the dietary FAs that activate or deactivate BAT and beige fat. Specifically, eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA), α-linolenic acid (α-ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), oleic acid (OA), long-chain saturated fatty acid (LC-SFA) and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA). in addition, the influences on BAT function, WAT remodeling, and lipid metabolism, as well as delineated the possible mechanisms are also reviewed. Characterizing thermogenic or obesogenic dietary FAs may offer novel insight into dietary oil and nutritional treatment.
Topics: Humans; Adipose Tissue, Beige; Obesity; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adipose Tissue, White; Fatty Acids; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 37516433
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121978 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Cancer is a significant global public health issue and, despite advancements in detection and treatment, the prognosis remains poor. Cancer is a complex disease... (Review)
Review
Cancer is a significant global public health issue and, despite advancements in detection and treatment, the prognosis remains poor. Cancer is a complex disease characterized by various hallmarks, including dysregulation in apoptotic cell death pathways. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that efficiently eliminates damaged cells. Several studies have indicated the involvement of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in apoptosis, including omega-3 PUFAs such as alpha-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. However, the role of omega-6 PUFAs, such as linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, in apoptosis is controversial, with some studies supporting their activation of apoptosis and others suggesting inhibition. These PUFAs are essential fatty acids, and Western populations today have a high consumption rate of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs. This review focuses on presenting the diverse molecular mechanisms evidence in both in vitro and in vivo models, to help clarify the controversial involvement of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in apoptosis mechanisms in cancer.
Topics: Humans; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Apoptosis; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37511450
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411691 -
BMC Microbiology Nov 2023Infantile cholestasis (IC) is the most common hepatobiliary disease in infants, resulting in elevated direct bilirubin levels. Indeed, hepatointestinal circulation...
BACKGROUND
Infantile cholestasis (IC) is the most common hepatobiliary disease in infants, resulting in elevated direct bilirubin levels. Indeed, hepatointestinal circulation impacts bile acid and bilirubin metabolism. This study evaluates changes in the gut microbiota composition in children with IC and identifies abnormal metabolite profiles associated with microbial alterations.
RESULTS
The gut microbiota in the IC group exhibits the higher abundance of Veillonella, Streptococcus and Clostridium spp. (P < 0.05), compared to healthy infants (CON) group. Moreover, the abundance of Ruminococcus, Vibrio butyricum, Eubacterium coprostanogenes group, Intestinibacter, and Faecalibacterium were lower (P < 0.05). In terms of microbiota-derived metabolites, the levels of fatty acids (palmitoleic, α-linolenic, arachidonic, and linoleic) (P < 0.05) increased and the levels of amino acids decreased in IC group. Furthermore, the abundances of Ruminococcus, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group, Intestinibacter and Butyrivibrio are positively correlated with proline, asparagine and aspartic acid, but negatively correlated with the α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid and arachidonic acid. For analysis of the relationship between the microbiota and clinical index, it was found that the abundance of Veillonella and Streptococcus was positively correlated with serum bile acid content (P < 0.05), while APTT, PT and INR were negatively correlated with Faecalibalum and Ruminococcus (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Microbiota dysbiosis happened in IC children, which also can lead to the abnormal metabolism, thus obstructing the absorption of enteral nutrition and aggravating liver cell damage. Veillonella, Ruminococcus and Butyrivibrio may be important microbiome related with IC and need further research.
Topics: Infant; Child; Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Cholestasis; Liver; Streptococcus; Bilirubin; Bile Acids and Salts
PubMed: 37980506
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03115-1 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023The modulation of immunometabolic pathways is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for immune-mediated diseases. However, the immunometabolic features of psoriatic...
Single-cell transcriptomic landscape of immunometabolism reveals intervention candidates of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, fatty-acid degradation and PUFA metabolism of T-cell subsets in healthy controls, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
INTRODUCTION
The modulation of immunometabolic pathways is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for immune-mediated diseases. However, the immunometabolic features of psoriatic disease and the potential targets for immunometabolic intervention in the different T-cell subsets involved in its pathogenesis remain unclear.
METHODS
In this study, we analyzed circulating blood single-cell data from healthy controls (HC), psoriasis (PSO), and psoriatic arthritis (PSA) patients, and revealed their metabolic features of T-cell subsets: CD4+ central memory T cells (TCMs), CD8+ effective memory T cells (TEMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs ), and γδ T cells. Pearson test was performed to determine the linkages between differential metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Based on these results, we also analyzed the potential impacts of biological antibodies on differential metabolic pathways by comparing the immunometabolism differences between PSA patients without and with biological treatment.
RESULTS
Our results suggest that upregulation of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, as well as fatty acid degradation, may enhance the immune suppression of Tregs. Enhanced metabolism of alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid may inhibit the pro-inflammatory functions of CD4+ TCMs and CD8+ TEMs in PSO and PSA, and protect the immune suppression of Tregs in PSA. We propose that supporting ascorbic acid and fatty acid metabolic pathways may be an adjunctive reprogramming strategy with adalimumab and etanercept therapy.
DISCUSSION
These findings not only provide insights into immunometabolism characteristics of psoriatic disease, but also offer preliminary options for the auxiliary treatment of psoriasis.
Topics: Humans; Arthritis, Psoriatic; Transcriptome; Psoriasis; T-Lymphocyte Subsets; Ascorbic Acid
PubMed: 37492568
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179877 -
Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology Sep 2023γ-Linolenic acid-enriched galactosyldiacylglycerols (GDGs-GLA), as the natural form of γ-linolenic acid in microalgae, have a range of functional activities, including... (Review)
Review
γ-Linolenic acid-enriched galactosyldiacylglycerols (GDGs-GLA), as the natural form of γ-linolenic acid in microalgae, have a range of functional activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-allergic properties. The low abundance of microalgae and the structural stereoselectivity complexity impede microalgae extraction or chemical synthesis, resulting in a lack of supply of GDGs-GLA with a growing demand. At present, there is a growing interest in engineering oleaginous yeasts for mass production of GDGs-GLA based on their ability to utilize a variety of hydrophobic substrates and a high metabolic flux toward fatty acid and lipid (triacylglycerol, TAG) production. Here, we first introduce the GDGs-GLA biosynthetic pathway in microalgae and challenges in the engineering of the native host. Subsequently, we describe in detail the applications of oleaginous yeasts with as the representative for GDGs-GLA biosynthesis, including the development of synthetic biology parts, gene editing tools, and metabolic engineering of lipid biosynthesis. Finally, we discuss the development trend of GDGs-GLA biosynthesis in .
PubMed: 37692201
DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.06.007 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Mar 2024Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been extensively characterized due to its many biological activities and health benefits, but conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) is... (Review)
Review
Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLnA) vs Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA): A Comprehensive Review of Potential Advantages in Molecular Characteristics, Health Benefits, and Production Techniques.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been extensively characterized due to its many biological activities and health benefits, but conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) is still not well understood. However, CLnA has shown to be more effective than CLA as a potential functional food ingredient. Current research has not thoroughly investigated the differences and advantages between CLnA and CLA. This article compares CLnA and CLA based on molecular characteristics, including structural, chemical, and metabolic characteristics. Then, the research evidence of CLnA on various health benefits is comprehensively reviewed and compared with CLA in terms of effectiveness and mechanism. Furthermore, the potential of CLnA in production technology and product protection is analyzed. In general, CLnA and CLA have similar physicochemical properties of conjugated molecules and share many similarities in regulation effects and pathways of various health benefits as well as in the production methods. However, their specific properties, regulatory capabilities, and unique mechanisms are different. The superior potential of CLnA must be specified according to the practical application patterns of isomers. Future research should focus more on the advantageous characteristics of different isomers, especially the effectiveness and safety in clinical applications in order to truly exert the potential value of CLnA.
Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Isomerism; Food Ingredients; Functional Food
PubMed: 38442367
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08771 -
PloS One 2023Omega-3 has been extensively studied for its cardiovascular disease (CVD) benefits. However, the results of this evidence are inconsistent. Therefore, in this study,...
BACKGROUND
Omega-3 has been extensively studied for its cardiovascular disease (CVD) benefits. However, the results of this evidence are inconsistent. Therefore, in this study, dietary omega-3 intake was investigated further in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk among U.S. adults.
METHODS
We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database for people ages 20 years and older between 1999 and 2018 to conduct a cross-sectional survey. The Medical Condition Questionnaire (MCQ) was used to determine CHD status. We measured dietary omega-3 intake using two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Multivariate logistic regression and subgroup analysis were used to explore the correlation between dietary omega-3 intake and CHD. The dose-response relationship between the two was analyzed with a restricted cubic spline (RCS).
RESULTS
31,184 study subjects were included, of whom 1,604 (5.14%) were patients with CHD. By quintile (Q) of dietary omega-3 intake, after adjusting for all confounding factors, compared with Q1, when total dietary omega-3, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) intake reached Q5, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval, CI) of CHD were 0.76 (0.60, 0.96), 0.73 (0.57, 0.94), 0.70 (0.54, 0.92), 0.66 (0.50, 0.85), 0.84 (0.69, 1.02), and 0.83 (0.64, 1.07), respectively, while EPA and DHA were not significantly associated with the disease (Trend p > 0.05). Intake of omega-3 and CHD were linearly related (P for nonlinear = 0.603). No significant interactions were found within subgroups except for the age group (P for interaction = 0.001). Sensitivity analysis and multivariate logistic regression results are generally in agreement.
CONCLUSIONS
Total dietary omega-3, ALA, DPA, and ETA intake were negatively associated with CHD risk. In contrast, EPA and DHA had no significant correlation with CHD.
Topics: Adult; Humans; United States; Nutrition Surveys; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Coronary Disease
PubMed: 38117698
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294861 -
Metabolites Sep 2023Epidemiological evidence regarding the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is conflicting....
Epidemiological evidence regarding the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is conflicting. Additionally, little evidence exists regarding the effects of specific omega-3 components on IBD risk. We applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to disentangle the effects of omega-3 PUFAs (including total omega-3, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) on the risk of IBD, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Our findings indicated that genetically predicted increased EPA concentrations were associated with decreased risk of IBD (odds ratio 0.78 (95% CI 0.63-0.98)). This effect was found to be mediated through lower levels of linoleic acid and histidine metabolites. However, we found limited evidence to support the effects of total omega-3, α-linolenic acid, and DHA on the risks of IBD. In the () region, robust colocalization evidence was observed, suggesting the primary role of the gene in mediating the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on IBD. Therefore, the present MR study highlights EPA as the predominant active component of omega-3 fatty acids in relation to decreased risk of IBD, potentially via its interaction with linoleic acid and histidine metabolites. Additionally, the gene likely mediates the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on IBD risk.
PubMed: 37887366
DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101041 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... Aug 2023We aimed to review the association of dietary fats and risk of coronary events in adults. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to April 2022... (Review)
Review
Dietary intake, biomarkers and supplementation of fatty acids and risk of coronary events: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies.
We aimed to review the association of dietary fats and risk of coronary events in adults. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to April 2022 for prospective cohorts and randomized trials investigating the association of dietary intake and biomarkers of fats and fatty acid interventions and the risk of coronary events. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to estimate relative risk (RR) for the top versus bottom tertiles of exposures. One-hundered sixty-five prospective cohorts and randomized trials were included. Dietary intake and biomarkers of total fat and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the risk of coronary events. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids from meat and unprocessed meat was modestly associated with a higher risk and, in contrast, intake of alpha-linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid was modestly associated with a lower risk. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and increasing the consumption of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids in place of saturated fats reduced the risk of coronary events. Existing evidence, in its totality, provides a modest support in favor of current recommendations suggesting replacement of saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats.
PubMed: 37632423
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2251583 -
Paediatrics and International Child... Nov 2023Increasing numbers of populations in the West are restricting their intake of meat and other animal products for reasons relating to health or ethics; in many countries,... (Review)
Review
Increasing numbers of populations in the West are restricting their intake of meat and other animal products for reasons relating to health or ethics; in many countries, these restrictions are already common for cultural, religious, or socio-economic reasons. By following their parent's diet, children are exposed in parallel. This narrative review aims at assessing current data regarding vegetarian diets in children from birth to 18 years of age, which include, by increasing degree of restriction, flexitarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, lacto-vegetarian, pescatarian, vegan and macrobiotic diets. The 202 references include 45 studies in children. The more restrictive the diet and the younger the child, the greater the risk of nutritional deficiency. Of particular concern are vitamin B, iron, zinc, calcium, -3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and protein and energy intake, especially in pregnant and nursing women, infants and young children. Providing an adequate lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet is relatively easy, whereas the maintenance of more restrictive diets may be challenging. The benefits and risks of vegetarian diets in adults are relatively well documented, but data for children are scarce. Vegan and macrobiotic diets should be discouraged in pregnant and lactating mothers as well as in young children, who, otherwise, should pay careful attention to ensuring nutritional adequacy, blood testing and appropriate supplementation. The health consequences of a chosen diet should be discussed with parents and adolescents to ensure the best possible adherence to advice and prescriptions. There is a need for well conducted studies in children but also for better knowledge of nutrition in healthcare professionals. ALA: α-linolenic acid; ARA: arachidonic acid; ASF: animal source foods; BMC: bone mineral content; BMD: bone mineral density; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; DRV: dietary reference value; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; FLD: flexitarian diet; LA: linoleic acid; LC-PUFA: long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; LOVD: lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet; LVD: lacto-vegetarian diet; MAD: macrobiotic diet; OMD: omnivorous diet; PSF: plant-source foods; SFA: saturated fatty acids; VGD: vegetarian diets; VND: vegan diet.
Topics: Infant; Child; Adult; Adolescent; Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Animals; Child, Preschool; Lactation; Developed Countries; Diet, Vegetarian; Diet; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
PubMed: 37649436
DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2023.2245186