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Journal of Animal Science Jan 2024Both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (FA) have numerous significant physiological roles for mammals. The interplay between these families of FA is of interest in companion... (Review)
Review
Both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids (FA) have numerous significant physiological roles for mammals. The interplay between these families of FA is of interest in companion animal nutrition due to the influence of the n-6:n-3 FA ratio on the modulation of the inflammatory response in disease management and treatment. As both human and animal diets have shifted to greater consumption of vegetable oils rich in n-6 FA, the supplementation of n-3 FA to canine, feline, and equine diets has been advocated for. Although fish oils are commonly added to supply the long-chain n-3 FA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a heavy reliance on this ingredient by the human, pet food, and equine supplement industries is not environmentally sustainable. Instead, sustainable sourcing of plant-based oils rich in n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA), such as flaxseed and camelina oils, emerges as a viable option to support an optimal n-6:n-3 FA ratio. Moreover, ALA may offer health benefits that extend beyond its role as a precursor for endogenous EPA and DHA production. The following review underlines the metabolism and recommendations of n-6 and n-3 FA for dogs, cats, and horses and the ratio between them in promoting optimal health and inflammation management. Additionally, insights into both marine and plant-based n-3 FA sources will be discussed, along with the commercial practicality of using plant oils rich in ALA for the provision of n-3 FA to companion animals.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Horses; Cats; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Fatty Acids, Omega-6; Animal Feed; Diet; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 38776363
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae143 -
Chemosphere Oct 2023In industrialized societies, the prevalence of metabolic diseases has substantially increased over the past few decades, yet the underlying causes remain unclear....
In industrialized societies, the prevalence of metabolic diseases has substantially increased over the past few decades, yet the underlying causes remain unclear. Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal and pervasive environmental endocrine disruptor. Here, we investigate the effects of paternal Cd exposure on offspring glucolipid metabolism. Paternal Cd exposure (1 mg kg body weight) impaired glucose tolerance, increased random serum glucose and fasting serum insulin, elevated serum total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein in offspring mice. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of male offspring liver tissue revealed that paternal Cd exposure can affect offspring glucolipid metabolic reprogramming, which involved biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, metabolism of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and α-linolenic acid. Transcriptome sequencing of male offspring liver tissue showed that arachidonic acid metabolism, AMPK signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway and adipocytokine signaling pathway were significantly inhibited in the Cd-exposed group. The mRNA expression levels of PPAR signaling pathway related genes (Acsl1, Cyp4a14, Cyp4a10, Cd36, Ppard and Pck1) were significantly decreased. The protein expression levels of ACSL1, CD36, PPARD and PCK1 were also significantly reduced. Collectively, our findings suggest that paternal Cd exposure affect offspring glucolipid metabolic reprogramming via PPAR signaling pathway.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Male; Cadmium; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; Fathers; Signal Transduction; Arachidonic Acids
PubMed: 37482320
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139592 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024The plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential n-3 acid highly susceptible to oxidation, present in oils of flaxseeds, walnuts, canola, perilla, soy, and... (Review)
Review
The plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential n-3 acid highly susceptible to oxidation, present in oils of flaxseeds, walnuts, canola, perilla, soy, and chia. After ingestion, it can be incorporated in to body lipid pools (particularly triglycerides and phospholipid membranes), and then endogenously metabolized through desaturation, elongation, and peroxisome oxidation to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with a very limited efficiency (particularly for DHA), beta-oxidized as an energy source, or directly metabolized to C18-oxilipins. At this moment, data in the literature about the effects of ALA supplementation on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in humans are inconsistent, indicating no effects or some positive effects on all MetS components (abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired insulin sensitivity and glucoregulation, blood pressure, and liver steatosis). The major effects of ALA on MetS seem to be through its conversion to more potent EPA and DHA, the impact on the n-3/n-6 ratio, and the consecutive effects on the formation of oxylipins and endocannabinoids, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion, as well as adipocyte and hepatocytes function. It is important to distinguish the direct effects of ALA from the effects of EPA and DHA metabolites. This review summarizes the most recent findings on this topic and discusses the possible mechanisms.
Topics: Metabolic Syndrome; Humans; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Animals; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Dietary Supplements; Insulin Resistance
PubMed: 38732139
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094909 -
Neuron Oct 2023In this issue of Neuron, Nakamura et al. report the discovery that neuronally secreted phospholipase PLA2G2E releases dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) that generates...
In this issue of Neuron, Nakamura et al. report the discovery that neuronally secreted phospholipase PLA2G2E releases dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) that generates 15-hydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid (15-HETrE), which in turn induces peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4/PADI4) to elicit neuronal pro-survival and pro-reparative events following ischemic brain injury.
Topics: Humans; 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Lipid Metabolism; Brain; Stroke
PubMed: 37797578
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.020 -
Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi... Jan 2024Gut microbiota and circulating metabolite dysbiosis predate important pathological changes in glucose metabolic disorders; however, comprehensive studies on impaired...
Gut microbiota and circulating metabolite dysbiosis predate important pathological changes in glucose metabolic disorders; however, comprehensive studies on impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), a diabetes mellitus (DM) precursor, are lacking. Here, we perform metagenomic sequencing and metabolomics on 47 pairs of individuals with IGT and newly diagnosed DM and 46 controls with normal glucose tolerance (NGT); patients with IGT are followed up after 4 years for progression to DM. Analysis of baseline data reveals significant differences in gut microbiota and serum metabolites among the IGT, DM, and NGT groups. In addition, 13 types of gut microbiota and 17 types of circulating metabolites showed significant differences at baseline before IGT progressed to DM, including higher levels of Eggerthella unclassified, Coprobacillus unclassified, Clostridium ramosum, L-valine, L-norleucine, and L-isoleucine, and lower levels of Eubacterium eligens, Bacteroides faecis, Lachnospiraceae bacterium 3_1_46FAA, Alistipes senegalensis, Megaspaera elsdenii, Clostridium perfringens, α-linolenic acid, 10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, and dodecanoic acid. A random forest model based on differential intestinal microbiota and circulating metabolites can predict the progression from IGT to DM (AUC = 0.87). These results suggest that microbiome and metabolome dysbiosis occur in individuals with IGT and have important predictive values and potential for intervention in preventing IGT from progressing to DM.
Topics: Humans; Glucose Intolerance; Glucose Tolerance Test; Dysbiosis; Diabetes Mellitus; Metabolome; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Blood Glucose
PubMed: 37652264
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.08.005 -
Nutrients May 2024To maintain a beneficial concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the efficient conversion of its precursor, α-linolenic acid (α-LA), is important. Here, we...
To maintain a beneficial concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the efficient conversion of its precursor, α-linolenic acid (α-LA), is important. Here, we studied the conversion of α-LA to EPA using ICR and C57BL/6 mice. A single dose of perilla oil rich-in α-LA or free α-LA had not been converted to EPA 18 h following administration. The α-LA was absorbed into the circulation, and its concentration peaked 6 h after administration, after which it rapidly decreased. In contrast, EPA administration was followed by an increase in circulating EPA concentration, but this did not decrease between 6 and 18 h, indicating that the clearance of EPA is slower than that of α-LA. After ≥1 week perilla oil intake, the circulating EPA concentration was >20 times higher than that of the control group which consumed olive oil, indicating that daily consumption, but not a single dose, of α-LA-rich oil might help preserve the physiologic EPA concentration. The consumption of high concentrations of perilla oil for 4 weeks also increased the hepatic expression of , which is involved in fatty acid elongation; however, further studies are needed to characterize the relationship between the expression of this gene and the conversion of α-LA to EPA.
Topics: Animals; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Male; Plant Oils; Mice; Liver; Fatty Acid Elongases; Olive Oil; Acetyltransferases
PubMed: 38794645
DOI: 10.3390/nu16101407 -
Life Sciences Jan 2024Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterized by insulin resistance, high blood glucose, obesity, and dyslipidemia, is known to increase the risk of dementia... (Review)
Review
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterized by insulin resistance, high blood glucose, obesity, and dyslipidemia, is known to increase the risk of dementia accompanied by memory loss and depression. The direct pathways and specific mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) for addressing fatty acid imbalances in MetS have not yet been fully elucidated. Among polyunsaturated acids, linoleic acid (LA, n6-PUFA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, n3-PUFA), which are two essential fatty acids that should be provided by food sources (e.g., vegetable oils and seeds), have been reported to regulate various cellular mechanisms including apoptosis, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial biogenesis, and insulin signaling. Furthermore, inadequate intake of LA and ALA is reported to be involved in neuropathology and neuropsychiatric diseases as well as imbalanced metabolic conditions. Herein, we review the roles of LA and ALA on metabolic-related dementia focusing on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and neuropsychiatric issues. This review suggests that LA and ALA are important fatty acids for concurrent treatment of both MetS and neurological problems.
Topics: Humans; Linoleic Acid; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Insulin Resistance; Fatty Acids; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dyslipidemias; Dementia
PubMed: 38123015
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122356 -
Food Science & Nutrition Jul 2023Inflammation, oxidative stress, obesity, infection, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes are the main causes of atherosclerosis, which in the long term lead to... (Review)
Review
Inflammation, oxidative stress, obesity, infection, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes are the main causes of atherosclerosis, which in the long term lead to hardening of the arteries. In the current study, we reviewed recent findings of the mechanism of sesame and its active compounds of sesamin and sesamolin regulates on atherosclerosis. Sesame can decrease the lipid peroxidation and affect the enzymes, which control the balance of oxidative status in the body. Besides modulating the inflammatory cytokines, sesame regulates the main mediators of the signaling pathways in the process of inflammation, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Sesame decreases the growth of different pathogens. It fights against obesity and helps to reduce weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and lipid count of serum and liver. In addition to lowering fasting blood sugar (FBS), it decreases the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and glucose levels and improves insulin function. With high content of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), sesame efficiently controls the blood plasma lipids and changes the lipid profile. In the case of hypertension, it maintains the health of endothelium through multiple mechanisms and conserves the response of the arteries to vasodilation. PUFA in sesame suppresses blood clotting and fibrinogen activity. All the mentioned properties combat atherosclerosis and hardening of blood vessels, which are detailed in the present review for sesame.
PubMed: 37457142
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3407 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023A reduced risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome has been observed in individuals with a low intake ratio of linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA). However, the...
A reduced risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome has been observed in individuals with a low intake ratio of linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA). However, the influence of a low ratio of LA/ALA intake on lipid metabolism and endogenous fatty acid distribution in obese patients remains elusive. In this investigation, 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to four groups: low-fat diet (LFD) as a control, high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet with a low LA/ALA ratio (HFD+H3L6), and high-fat diet with a high LA/ALA ratio (HFD+L3H6) for 16 weeks. Our results show that the HFD+H3L6 diet significantly decreased the liver index of HFD mice by 3.51%, as well as the levels of triacylglycerols (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 15.67% and 10.02%, respectively. Moreover, the HFD+H3L6 diet reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) level and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio and elevated the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver. The HFD+H3L6 diet also resulted in the downregulation of fatty acid synthetase () and sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1c () expression and the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α () and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 () gene expression in the liver. The low LA/ALA ratio diet led to a notable increase in the levels of ALA and its downstream derivative docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the erythrocyte, liver, perienteric fat, epididymal fat, perirenal fat, spleen, brain, heart, and gastrocnemius, with a strong positive correlation. Conversely, the accumulation of LA in abdominal fat was more prominent, and a high LA/ALA ratio diet exacerbated the deposition effect of LA. In conclusion, the low LA/ALA ratio not only regulated endogenous fatty acid levels but also upregulated and and downregulated and gene expression levels, thus maintaining lipid homeostasis. Optimizing dietary fat intake is important in studying lipid nutrition. These research findings emphasize the significance of understanding and optimizing dietary fat intake.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Fatty Acids; Lipid Metabolism; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Linoleic Acid; Mice, Obese; Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Liver; Diet, High-Fat; Obesity
PubMed: 37569494
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512117 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023The dietary pattern followed during pregnancy, specifically healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, is a key factor in the mother's and the offspring's...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The dietary pattern followed during pregnancy, specifically healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, is a key factor in the mother's and the offspring's health. Pregnant women dietary intake is not enough to cover the micronutrient requirements of pregnancy, and higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet may improve dietary quality and nutritional density. The aim of the present study was to describe the dietary nutrient intake and diet quality during pregnancy and to evaluate whether a high adherence to Mediterranean diet was associated with a more adequate intake of micronutrients.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study with 1,356 pregnant women selected during the routine second trimester ultrasound scan (19-23 weeks' gestation). Energy and nutrient intake were calculated using a validated 151-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and nutrient density was estimated dividing the absolute nutrient intake by total energy intake. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated with a 17-item Mediterranean diet adherence score. The criterion used for risk of inadequate nutrient intake has been set below two thirds (2/3) of the dietary reference intakes. The differences were assessed by multivariate linear regression models adjusted for confounders.
RESULTS
A significant proportion of pregnant women had an inadequate intake of macro and micronutrient that was lower in those with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet (≥12 points, = 122, 19%), including calcium (the Mediterranean diet high adherence 2.5% vs. low adherence 26.7%, < 0.001), magnesium (0% vs. 7.6%, = 0.001), iron (24.5% vs. 74.1%, < 0.001), and vitamin B9 (0% vs. 29.8%, < 0.001), vitamin C (0% vs. 1.9%, = 0.033), and vitamin D (61.5% vs. 92.8%, < 0.001) intake. High adherence to Mediterranean diet was associated with higher intake of protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, fiber, vitamins (B1, B9, C, D), calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphor, potassium, essential fatty acids, and α-linolenic acid, and with a lower intake of α-linoleic acid and trans fatty acids as compared to low adherence to Mediterranean diet.
CONCLUSION
High adherence to Mediterranean diet was associated with higher diet quality and lower proportion of inadequate micro and macronutrient intake. The Mediterranean diet promotion, particularly among pregnant women, may be a useful and public health strategy to avoid overweight and nutrient deficiencies.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Diet, Mediterranean; Calcium; Cross-Sectional Studies; Magnesium; Pregnant Women; Nutrients; Vitamins; Micronutrients
PubMed: 37645706
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144942