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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by a virus (monkeypox virus-MPV) belonging to the Poxviridae family. In humans, the disease has an incubation period of... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by a virus (monkeypox virus-MPV) belonging to the Poxviridae family. In humans, the disease has an incubation period of 5-21 days and then progresses in two phases, the prodromal phase and the rash phase. The prodromal phase is characterized by non-specific symptoms such as fever, muscle pain, malaise, lymphadenopathy, headache, and chills. Skin lesions appear in the rash phase of the disease. These lesions progress through different stages (macules, papules, vesicles, and pustules). In May 2022, WHO reported an outbreak of human Mpox in several countries which were previously Mpox-free. As per the CDC report of March 01, 2023, a total of 86,231 confirmed cases of Mpox and 105 deaths have been reported from 110 countries and territories across the globe. Notably, more than 90% of these countries were reporting Mpox for the first time. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that this outbreak was associated with the virus from the West African clade. However, most of the cases in this outbreak had no evidence of travel histories to MPV-endemic countries in Central or West Africa. This outbreak was primarily driven by the transmission of the virus via intimate contact in men who have sex with men (MSM). The changing epidemiology of Mpox raised concerns about the increasing spread of the disease in non-endemic countries and the urgent need to control and prevent it. In this chapter, we present all the documented cases of Mpox from 1970 to 2023 and discuss the past, present, and future of MPV.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Disease Outbreaks; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Phylogeny; Zoonoses
PubMed: 38801568
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_1 -
Archives of Dermatological Research Dec 2023Vitiligo manifests as depigmented macules and patches on the skin and can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. Despite the availability of several treatment... (Review)
Review
Vitiligo manifests as depigmented macules and patches on the skin and can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. Despite the availability of several treatment modalities, rates of repigmentation can vary widely among individuals and disease subtypes. For patients with stable vitiligo who have not achieved satisfactory results with medical treatments, the melanocyte-keratinocyte transplantation procedure (MKTP) is a viable option. While variations of this autologous non-cultured cellular grafting procedure are performed by dermatologic surgeons worldwide and has shown good tolerability and effectiveness, it remains under utilized in the United States. We present a comprehensive overview of MKTP, highlighting evidence-based and practical techniques to enhance patient outcomes. By serving as a valuable resource, this review aims to support dermatologic surgeons seeking to incorporate MKTP into their practice and promote awareness regarding its benefits, ultimately fostering a more comprehensive approach to vitiligo care.
Topics: Humans; Vitiligo; Quality of Life; Keratinocytes; Skin; Melanocytes; Treatment Outcome; Skin Transplantation
PubMed: 38038734
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02761-9 -
Dermatopathology (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024Galli-Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. GGD typically manifests with erythematous... (Review)
Review
Galli-Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. GGD typically manifests with erythematous macules, papules, and reticulate hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. A distinct atypical variant exists, which features brown macules predominantly on the trunk, lower limbs, and extremities, with a notable absence of the hallmark reticulated hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. This review includes a detailed literature search and examines cases since GGD's first description in 1982. It aims to synthesize the current knowledge on GGD, covering its etiology, clinical presentation, histopathology, diagnosis, and treatment. A significant aspect of this review is the exploration of the genetic, histopathological, and clinical parallels between GGD and Dowling-Degos disease (DDD), which is another rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis, particularly focusing on their shared mutations in the and genes. This supports the hypothesis that GGD and DDD may be different phenotypic expressions of the same pathological condition, although they have traditionally been recognized as separate entities, with suprabasal acantholysis being a distinctive feature of GGD. Lastly, this review discusses the existing treatment approaches, underscoring the absence of established guidelines and the limited effectiveness of various treatments.
PubMed: 38390850
DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology11010008 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Dec 2023
PubMed: 38061779
DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-077135 -
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD Oct 2023Porokeratosis is a rare group of acquired or hereditary dermatoses characterized by linear or annular plaques with a keratotic border. DSAP is the most common... (Review)
Review
Porokeratosis is a rare group of acquired or hereditary dermatoses characterized by linear or annular plaques with a keratotic border. DSAP is the most common porokeratosis, and lesions range from asymptomatic to pruritic circular pink to brown macules, papules, or plaques surrounded by a raised border. DSAP carries about 7.5-10% risk of malignant transformation to SCC or BCC. While in the past DSAP has been widely treated with topical diclofenac, ingenol mebutate, topical vitamin D analog, 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod, photodynamic therapy, retinoids, cryotherapy, and laser therapy, these therapies have shown limited efficacy and have caused adverse effects including inflammatory reactions, hyperpigmentation, pain, and erythema. Recently, a formulation of topical statin and cholesterol has surfaced as a new and promising treatment for DSAP which has shown clinical improvement with a tolerable adverse effect profile when compared to the current therapies. Of the 8 case studies with a total of 20 patients with DSAP, 90% (18/20) reported clinical improvement with various forms of topical statin therapy. While promising, larger randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the long-term use of topical statins for DSAP. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(10): doi:10.36849/JDD.7540.
Topics: Humans; Porokeratosis; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Photochemotherapy; Imiquimod; Retinoids
PubMed: 37801522
DOI: 10.36849/JDD.7540 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Mar 2024Melasma is a commonly occurring pigmented skin condition that can significantly affect one's appearance, described as symmetric hyperpigmentation that presents as... (Review)
Review
Melasma is a commonly occurring pigmented skin condition that can significantly affect one's appearance, described as symmetric hyperpigmentation that presents as irregular brown to gray-brown macules on various facial areas, such as the cheeks, forehead, nasal bridge, and upper lip, along with the mandible and upper arms. Due to its complex pathogenesis and recurrent nature, melasma management is challenging and the outcomes following treatment are not always deemed satisfactory. Solely treating hyperpigmentation may prove ineffective unless paired with regenerative techniques and photoprotection, since one of the main reasons for recurrence is sun exposure. Hence, the treatment protocol starts with addressing risk factors, implementing stringent UV protection, and then treatment using different strategies, like applying topical treatments, employing chemical peels, laser and light therapies, microneedling, and systemic therapy. This review aims to provide a summary of the effectiveness and safety of the frequently employed laser and light therapies for treating melasma, focusing on laser therapy as a treatment for melasma.
PubMed: 38592701
DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051468