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Clinical Therapeutics Nov 2023Omadacycline is a broad-spectrum intravenous and oral tetracycline antibiotic approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial...
PURPOSE
Omadacycline is a broad-spectrum intravenous and oral tetracycline antibiotic approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Available information on the compatibility of intravenous omadacycline is limited to sterile water, 0.9% sodium chloride, and 5% dextrose via a dedicated line. The objective of this work was to determine the intravenous compatibility of omadacycline with commonly used intravenous fluids and medications using simulated Y-site administration.
METHODS
Omadacycline was prepared at concentrations consistent with a maintenance dose (1 mg/mL) and a loading dose (2 mg/mL) with 0.9% sodium chloride according to the prescribing information. Compatibility via simulated Y-site administration was assessed with selected crystalloids (lactated Ringer's solution, magnesium sulfate, and normal saline with potassium chloride) and intravenous medications (bumetanide, furosemide, heparin, and insulin). Y-site administration was simulated by mixing 5 mL of omadacycline with 5 mL of each parenteral product prepared at standard concentrations for infusion. Compatibility was assessed by using visual, Tyndall beam, microscopy, and spectrophotometry methods at 0, 30, and 60 minutes.
FINDINGS
Omadacycline appeared physically compatible with lactated Ringer's solution, magnesium sulfate, normal saline with potassium chloride, bumetanide, heparin, and insulin at standard infusion concentrations. However, although the lower concentrations of omadacycline 1 mg/mL and furosemide 2 mg/mL showed compatibility, higher concentrations of either agent in combination resulted in incompatibility.
IMPLICATIONS
Omadacycline appeared physically compatible with all products tested and incompatible with furosemide. Simultaneous administration of omadacycline with tested intravenous medications, except furosemide, is suggested to be safe.
Topics: Humans; Sodium Chloride; Ringer's Lactate; Infusions, Intravenous; Saline Solution; Bumetanide; Furosemide; Magnesium Sulfate; Potassium Chloride; Tetracyclines; Glucose; Heparin; Insulins
PubMed: 37777376
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.09.004 -
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics :... Dec 2023Liquid water is essential for life as we know it and the coupling between water and biomolecular dynamics is crucial for life processes. Jupiter's moon Europa is a good...
Liquid water is essential for life as we know it and the coupling between water and biomolecular dynamics is crucial for life processes. Jupiter's moon Europa is a good candidate for searching for extraterrestrial life in our outer solar system, mainly because a liquid water salty ocean in contact with a rocky seafloor underlies its ice shell. Little, however, is known about the chemical composition of the subglacial ocean of Europa or the brine pockets within its ice shell and their impacts on water dynamics. Here, we employ H, O, Na and Cl NMR spectroscopy, especially NMR spin relaxation and diffusion methods, and investigate the mobility of water molecules and ions in eutectic solutions of magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride, two salts ubiquitously present on the surface of Europa, over a range of temperatures and pressures pertinent to Europa's subglacial ocean. The NMR data demonstrate the more pronounced effect of magnesium sulfate compared with sodium chloride on the mobility of water molecules. Even at its much lower eutectic temperature, the sodium chloride solution retains a relatively large level of water mobility. Our results highlight the higher potential of a sodium chloride-rich than magnesium sulfate-rich Europa's ocean to accommodate life and support life origination within the eutectic melts of Europa's ice shell.
PubMed: 38054803
DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03455k -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Soil salinity is a well-known abiotic factor affecting the germination and seedling growth of various plant species. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of different...
Soil salinity is a well-known abiotic factor affecting the germination and seedling growth of various plant species. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of different chloride salts (NaCl, KCl and MgCl) and sulfate salts (NaSO, KSO and MgSO) on the seed germination and early seedling growth of two important ethnomedicinal shrubs of North Africa and the Mediterranean basin ( and ). Seeds of these species were subjected to five salinity levels (0-100 mM) and incubated at 20 °C under a light regime (12 h photoperiod). Both species demonstrated their highest germination percentage under control conditions (i.e., without salinity). However, as salinity levels increased, the germination percentages for both species decreased, regardless of the type of salt used. Cations appeared to be more determinative than the anions in regulating the seed germination of both species. seeds displayed greater sensitivity to sodium (Na) salts, especially when accompanied with chloride (Cl) anions. At the higher salt concentrations (75 and 100 mM), Na salts had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on seedling growth compared to potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) salts. Conversely, Mg salts were more detrimental to seedling growth in . Based on our results, it can be concluded that both of these species are able to tolerate a moderate level of salinity. Overall, may be a promising choice for rehabilitating the soils dominated by chloride salts, while could be utilized for restoring sulfate-dominated soils.
PubMed: 38005803
DOI: 10.3390/plants12223906 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Anesthesia serves as an effective method to mitigate the stress response in aquatic animals during aquaculture and product transportation. In this study, we assessed the...
Anesthesia serves as an effective method to mitigate the stress response in aquatic animals during aquaculture and product transportation. In this study, we assessed the anesthetic efficacy of clove oil, tricaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222), ethanol, and magnesium chloride by anesthesia duration, recovery time, 24-hour survival rate, and the behavior of mud crabs (). Additionally, the optimal anesthetic concentration for varying body weights of mud crabs was also investigated. The results revealed that clove oil emerged as the optimal anesthetic for mud crabs, with a 24-hour survival rate surpassing those observed in MS-222 and magnesium chloride treatments. Ethanol caused amputation and hyperactivity in mud crabs. Regression analyses between the optimal anesthetic concentration of clove oil and the weight categories of 0.03-27.50 g and 27.50-399.73 g for mud crabs yielded the following equations: y = 0.0036 x - 0.1629 x + 1.7314 x + 4.085 (R = 0.7115) and y = 0.0437 x + 2.9461 (R = 0.9549). Clove oil exhibited no significant impact on serum cortisol, glucose, lactate content, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, or superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mud crabs across different treatment groups. Anesthesia induced by clove oil in mud crabs resulted in an increase in inhibitory neurotransmitters such as glycine. However, the recovery from anesthesia was associated with elevated levels of the excitatory neurotransmitters L-aspartic acid and glutamate. In conclusion, clove oil proves to be a safe and optimal anesthetic agent for mud crabs, exerting no physiological stress on the species.
PubMed: 38136243
DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122124 -
Cureus Nov 2023Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widespread neurodegenerative condition with complex causes and a significant global impact, particularly among the elderly. This brief...
INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widespread neurodegenerative condition with complex causes and a significant global impact, particularly among the elderly. This brief introduction emphasizes AD's hallmark features and the urgent public health concern it poses, with numbers on the rise. It also highlights the potential of statins and magnesium L-threonate as a combined therapeutic approach to prevent AD and mitigate its underlying pathological features. The study's goal is to shed light on these promising interventions in a rat model induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 30 aged female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6/group). The vehicle control group received normal saline orally (p.o.).The model control group received AlCl3(4.2 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal (i.p.)). The standard-treated group received rivastigmine (1 mg/kg/day p.o.), and the atorvastatin-treated and atorvastatin with magnesium L-threonate-treated groups received atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/day p.o.) and atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) with magnesium L-threonate (604 mg/kg/day ), respectively. Cognitive functions such as radial arm maze, elevated plus maze (EPM), passive shock avoidance test, and open-field test (OFT) were performed at weekly intervals up to 28 days. After completion of the study on the 29 day, all animals were sacrificed, and the brain was used for estimation of AchE enzyme activity, oxidative stress parameters, and histopathological analysis.
RESULT
At the end of the fourth week, administration of atorvastatin and atorvastatin with magnesium L-threonate resulted in a decreased average time taken to reach the correct arm, reduced transfer latency (TL) in the EPM, shortened latency to reach the shock-free zone (SFZ), and an increase in rearing and counts by locomotion activity in the OFT. It also demonstrated improved anti-cholinesterase activity and suppressed oxidative stress, as indicated by a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) levels and an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels. Additionally, it led to reductions in brain changes observed in histopathological analysis.
CONCLUSION
Atorvastatin with magnesium L-threonate provides a better beneficial protective effect against AD than atorvastatin alone. This combination can be a first choice for patients who are already taking atorvastatin in the early stages of AD.
PubMed: 38074017
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48400 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2023A wide variety of substances have been used to anaesthetise invertebrates, but many are not anaesthetics and merely incapacitate animals rather than preventing pain. In...
A wide variety of substances have been used to anaesthetise invertebrates, but many are not anaesthetics and merely incapacitate animals rather than preventing pain. In essence, the role of an ideal general anaesthetic is to act as a muscle relaxant, an analgesic, an anaesthetic, and an amnesic. To achieve all these properties with a single substance is difficult, and various adjuvants usually need to be administered, resulting in a cocktail of drugs. In a clinical setting, the vast majority of patients are unaware of surgery being carried out and have no memory of it, so they can claim to have felt no pain, but this is much more difficult to demonstrate in invertebrates. Here, we show that 1% MgCl a muscle relaxant is a useful adjuvant for the clinical anaesthetic isoflurane on when applied alone in seawater for 10 min before the clinical anaesthetic. After this, full anaesthesia can be achieved in 5 min using 1% isoflurane insufflated into the saline still containing MgCl. Full recovery takes place rapidly in about 10 to 15 min. The depth of anaesthesia was monitored using changes in respiratory rate, chromatophore pattern, and withdrawal movements of the arms and siphon. This methodology reduces stress on the animal and minimises the quantity of anaesthetic used.
PubMed: 38003196
DOI: 10.3390/ani13223579 -
Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Jul 2023The preparation of a new class of reactive porous solids, prepared via straightforward salt metathesis reactions, is described here. Reaction of the dimethylammonium...
The preparation of a new class of reactive porous solids, prepared via straightforward salt metathesis reactions, is described here. Reaction of the dimethylammonium salt of a magnesium-based porous coordination cage with the chloride salt of [Cr Cl(Me cyclam)] affords a porous solid with concomitant removal of dimethylammonium chloride. The salt consists of the ions combined in the expected ratio based on their charge as confirmed by UV-vis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, ion chromatography (IC), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The porous salt boasts a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 213 m g . Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the chromium(II) cations in the structure reside in the interstitial space between porous cages. Importantly, the chromium(II) centers, previously shown to react with O to afford reactive chromium(III)-superoxide adducts, are still accessible in the solid state as confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy. The site-isolated reactive centers have competence toward hydrogen atom abstraction chemistry and display significantly increased stability and reactivity as compared to dissolved ions.
PubMed: 37052509
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207507 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) exhibits inferior mechanical and durability properties owing to the deterioration of the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) surface...
Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) exhibits inferior mechanical and durability properties owing to the deterioration of the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) surface quality. To improve the surface properties of RCA, the reinforcement efficiency of RAC, and the maneuverability of the surface treatment method, this study used magnesium phosphate cement (MPC), a clinker-free low-carbon cement with excellent bonding properties, to precoat RCA under three-day pre-conditioning. Moreover, variable amounts of fly ash (FA) or granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) were utilized to partly substitute MPC to enhance the compressive strength and chloride ion penetration resistance. Subsequently, FA-MPC and GBFS-MPC hybrid slurries with the best comprehensive performance were selected to coat the RCA for optimal reinforcement. The crushing value and water absorption of RCA, as well as the mechanical strengths and durability of RAC, were investigated, and microstructures around interfaces were studied via BSE-EDS and microhardness analysis to reveal the strengthening mechanism. The results indicated that the comprehensive property of strengthening paste was enhanced significantly through substituting MPC with 10% FA or GBFS. Surface coating resulted in a maximum reduction of 8.15% in the crushing value, while the water absorption barely changed. In addition, modified RAC outperformed untreated RAC regarding compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and chloride ion penetration resistance with maximum optimization efficiencies of 31.58%, 49.75%, and 43.11%, respectively. It was also evidenced that the improved MPC paste properties enhanced the performance of modified RAC. Microanalysis revealed that MPC pastes exhibited an excellent bond with RCA or new mortar, and the newly formed interfacial transition zone between MPC and the fresh mortar exhibited a dense microstructure and outstanding micro-mechanical properties supported with an increase in the average microhardness value of 30.2-33.4%. Therefore, MPC pastes incorporating an appropriate mineral admixture have enormous potential to be utilized as effective RCA surface treatment materials and improve the operability of RCA application in practice.
PubMed: 38203976
DOI: 10.3390/ma17010122 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jul 2023The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different types of potassium and magnesium on the reproductive performance,...
Dietary Supplementation with Different Types of Potassium and Magnesium during Late Gestation and Lactation Modulates the Reproductive Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Function of Sows.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different types of potassium and magnesium on the reproductive performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of sows. Forty-five Landrace × Yorkshire sows at the late gestation stage (85 d) were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 15). Sows in the control group (CON), potassium chloride and magnesium sulfate group (PM), and potassium-magnesium sulfate group (PMS) were fed with a basal diet, a basal diet supplemented with magnesium sulfate (0.20%) and potassium chloride (0.15%), or a basal diet supplemented with potassium-magnesium sulfate (0.45%), respectively. The results showed that dietary supplementation with PMS did not yield significant effects on the reproductive performance compared with the CON group ( > 0.05). However, it significantly elevated the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in plasma and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in colostrum ( < 0.05). Furthermore, PMS significantly augmented the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) while reducing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in comparison to the CON group ( < 0.05). Compared with the PM group, the PMS group significantly reduced the incidence rate of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) ( < 0.05) and significantly decreased the concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) level in plasma ( < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplementation with PMS during late gestation could enhance sows' antioxidant capacity and the IgA level in colostrum. These findings will provide a theoretical reference for the use of magnesium and potassium in sow production to improve sows' health.
PubMed: 37443982
DOI: 10.3390/ani13132183 -
The Science of the Total Environment Feb 2024Increasing salinity is a concern for biodiversity in many freshwater ecosystems globally. Single species laboratory toxicity tests show major differences in freshwater... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Increasing salinity is a concern for biodiversity in many freshwater ecosystems globally. Single species laboratory toxicity tests show major differences in freshwater organism survival depending on the specific ions that comprise salinity types and/or their ion ratios. Toxicity has been shown to be reduced by altering ionic composition, despite increasing (total) salinity. For insistence, single species tests show the toxicity of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO, which commonly is a large proportion of the salts from coalbeds) to freshwater invertebrates is reduced by adding magnesium (Mg) or chloride (Cl). However, it is uncertain whether reductions in mortality observed in single-species laboratory tests predict effects within populations, communities and to ecosystem processes in more complex multi-species systems both natural and semi-natural. Here we report the results of an outdoor multi-species mesocosm experiment to determine if the effects of NaHCO are reduced by increasing the concentrations of Mg or Cl on: a) stream macroinvertebrate populations and communities; b) benthic chlorophyll-a and; c) the ecosystem process of leaf litter decomposition. We found a large effect of a high NaHCO concentration (≈4.45 mS/cm) with reduced abundances of multiple taxa, reduced emergence of adult insects and reduced species richness, altered community structure and increased leaf litter breakdown rates but no effect on benthic chlorophyll-a. However, despite predictions based on laboratory findings, we found no evidence that the addition of either Mg or Cl altered the effect of NaHCO. In semi-natural environments such as mesocosms, and natural environments, organisms are subject to varying temperature and habitat factors, while also interacting with other species and trophic levels (e.g. predation, competition, facilitation), which are absent in single species laboratory tests. Thus, it should not be assumed single-species tests are good predictors of the effects of changing ionic compositions on stream biota in more natural environments.
Topics: Animals; Bicarbonates; Chlorides; Chlorophyll; Chlorophyll A; Ecosystem; Invertebrates; Magnesium; Rivers; Sodium Bicarbonate
PubMed: 38043815
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169003