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Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023The influences of Mg and Ca on the short-term (1800 s) corrosion behavior of X100 pipeline steel were investigated in a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution saturated with...
The influences of Mg and Ca on the short-term (1800 s) corrosion behavior of X100 pipeline steel were investigated in a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution saturated with CO. Either Ca or Mg in the solution inhibited the short-term corrosion of X100 pipeline steel, with the corrosion current density decreasing from 262.4 μA cm to 163.5 μA cm or 80.8 μA cm. During longer-term (8-48 h) immersion, the Mg inhibited the formation of the protective scale, whereas the Ca accelerated the formation of the scale. Further, an experimental equation establishing the relationship between the precipitation rate of the corrosion scale and the exposure time was proposed to quantitatively study the effects of Mg and Ca on the precipitation rate of the corrosion scale.
PubMed: 37569959
DOI: 10.3390/ma16155258 -
Nano Letters Dec 2023Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have been proposed as a promising alternative to currently commercialized lithium-ion batteries. However, Mg anode passivation in...
Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have been proposed as a promising alternative to currently commercialized lithium-ion batteries. However, Mg anode passivation in conventional electrolytes necessitates the use of highly corrosive Cl ions in the electrolyte. Herein for the first time, we design a chloride-free electrolyte for RMBs with magnesium bis(hexamethyldisilazide) (Mg(HMDS)) and magnesium triflate (Mg(OTf)) as the main salts and tetrabutylammonium triflate (TBAOTf) as an additive. The TBAOTf additive improved the dissolution of Mg salts, consequently enhancing the charge-carrying species in the electrolyte. COMSOL studies further revealed desirable Mg growth in our modulated electrolyte, substantiated by homogeneous electric flux distribution across the electrolyte-electrode interface. Post-mortem chemical composition analysis uncovered a MgF-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that facilitated exceptional Mg deposition/dissolution reversibility. Our study illustrates a highly promising strategy for synthesizing a corrosion-free and reversible Mg battery electrolyte with a widened anodic stability window of up to 4.43 V.
PubMed: 37992235
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03740 -
Journal of Palliative Medicine Dec 2023Peripheral neuropathy is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may be multifactorial in origin, resulting from uremia, hyperkalemia, and diabetes. Previous studies... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Peripheral neuropathy is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may be multifactorial in origin, resulting from uremia, hyperkalemia, and diabetes. Previous studies have suggested that magnesium plays a crucial role in chronic pain. Studies evaluating magnesium in neuropathy have demonstrated mixed results. To provide preliminary data on the effectiveness of transdermal magnesium in treating peripheral neuropathy related to CKD. Twenty participants with advanced CKD were enrolled from a major teaching hospital clinic in Sydney, Australia. Each participant was provided with a spray bottle containing magnesium chloride and instructed to apply five sprays to each limb affected by neuropathy daily for 12 weeks. Participants completed the Neuropathy Total Symptom Score-6 (NTSS-6) every 4 weeks during follow-up. Serum magnesium concentrations were measured at 4-week intervals. Twenty participants were recruited, of which 14 completed the 12-week follow-up period. Mean age was 78.90 years, 80.00% were female and mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 9.78 mL/min/1.73 m. With intention to treat analysis (mean [95% confidence interval]), NTSS-6 was significantly reduced at weeks 8 (4.04 [2.43-5.65]) and 12 (4.26 [2.47-6.05]), compared with baseline (6.92 [5.29-8.55]), < 0.05. Serum magnesium concentration did not change significantly during the study. This pilot study suggests that transdermal magnesium may be beneficial in reducing frequency and severity of peripheral neuropathic symptoms in patients with advanced CKD. australianclinicaltrials.gov.au. Identifier: ACTRN12621000841875. Date first registered January 7, 2021.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Administration, Cutaneous; Magnesium; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Pilot Projects; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 37486715
DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2023.0229 -
Urolithiasis Apr 2024Urolithiasis is a prevalent urological disorder that contributes significantly to global morbidity. This study aimed to assess the anti-urolithic effects of Cymbopogon...
Cymbopogon proximus and Petroselinum crispum seed ethanolic extract/Gum Arabic nanogel emulsion: Preventing ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride-induced urolithiasis in rats.
Urolithiasis is a prevalent urological disorder that contributes significantly to global morbidity. This study aimed to assess the anti-urolithic effects of Cymbopogon proximus (Halfa Bar) and Petroselinum crispum (parsley) seed ethanolic extract /Gum Arabic (GA) emulsion, and its nanogel form against ethylene glycol (EG) and ammonium chloride (AC)-induced experimental urolithiasis in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: group 1 served as the normal control, group 2 received EG with AC in drinking water for 14 days to induce urolithiasis, groups 3 and 4 were orally administered emulsion (600 mg/kg/day) and nanogel emulsion (600 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, followed by co-administration with EG and AC in drinking water for 14 days. Urolithiatic rats exhibited a significant decrease in urinary excreted magnesium, and non-enzymic antioxidant glutathione and catalase activity. Moreover, they showed an increase in oxalate crystal numbers and various urolithiasis promoters, including excreted calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid. Renal function parameters and lipid peroxidation were intensified. Treatment with either emulsion or nanogel emulsion significantly elevated urolithiasis inhibitors, excreted magnesium, glutathione levels, and catalase activities. Reduced oxalate crystal numbers, urolithiasis promoters' excretion, renal function parameters, and lipid peroxidation while improving histopathological changes. Moreover, it decreased renal crystal deposition score and the expression of Tumer necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cleaved caspase-3. Notably, nanogel emulsion showed superior effects compared to the emulsion. Cymbopogon proximus (C. proximus) and Petroselinum crispum (P. crispum) seed ethanolic extracts/GA nanogel emulsion demonstrated protective effects against ethylene glycol induced renal stones by mitigating kidney dysfunction, oxalate crystal formation, and histological alterations.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Petroselinum; Ammonium Chloride; Cymbopogon; Gum Arabic; Emulsions; Catalase; Drinking Water; Magnesium; Nanogels; Urolithiasis; Kidney Calculi; Seeds; Antioxidants; Ethanol; Glutathione; Oxalates; Ethylene Glycols; Plant Extracts; Polyethylene Glycols; Polyethyleneimine
PubMed: 38564033
DOI: 10.1007/s00240-024-01559-2 -
Nutrients Dec 2023Adequate water intake and optimal hydration status during pregnancy are crucial for maternal and infant health. However, research on water intake by pregnant women in...
Adequate water intake and optimal hydration status during pregnancy are crucial for maternal and infant health. However, research on water intake by pregnant women in China is very limited. This study mainly aimed to observe the daily total water intake (TWI) of pregnant women and its different sources and to investigate the relationship between their water intake and hydration biomarkers. From October to November 2020, a convenience sample of pregnant women in the second trimester ( = 21) was recruited. Under conditions close to daily life, they undertook a 3-day metabolic trial. Each participant was provided with sufficient bottled water, and the weight of what they drank each time was measured. The intake of other beverages and foods was measured using a combination of weighing and duplicate portion method. Fasting venous blood and 24 h urine samples were collected and analyzed for the hydration biomarkers, including the serum/urine osmolality, urine pH, urine specific gravity, and the concentrations of major electrolytes in urine and serum. The results showed that the mean daily TWI was 3151 mL, of which water from beverages and foods accounted for 60.1% and 39.9%, respectively. The mean total fluid intake (TFI) was 1970 mL, with plain water being the primary contributor (68.7%, = 0.896). Among the participants, 66.7% ( = 14, Group 1) met the TWI recommendation set by the Chinese Nutrition Society. Further analysis revealed that the TFI, water from beverages and foods, plain water, and milk and milk derivatives (MMDs) were significantly higher in Group 1 than those who did not reach the adequate intake value (Group 2) ( < 0.05). The results of hydration biomarkers showed that the mean 24 h urine volume in Group 1 was significantly higher than that in Group 2 ( < 0.05), while the 24 h urine osmolality, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride, and creatinine concentrations in Group 1 were significantly lower than those in Group 2 ( < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in serum biomarkers. Partial correlation analysis showed that TWI was moderately positively correlated with 24 h urine volume ( 0.675) and negatively correlated with urine osmolality, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and chloride concentrations ( = from-0.505 to -0.769), but it was not significantly correlated with serum biomarkers. Therefore, under free-living conditions, increasing the daily intake of plain water and MMDs is beneficial for pregnant women to maintain optimal hydration. The hydration biomarkers in urine are more accurate indicators of water intake and exhibit greater sensitivity compared to serum biomarkers. These findings provide a scientific basis for establishing appropriate water intake and hydration status for pregnant women in China.
Topics: Pregnancy; Infant; Humans; Female; Animals; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnant Women; Chlorides; Drinking; Magnesium; China; Milk; Biomarkers; Phosphorus; Sodium; Water
PubMed: 38201946
DOI: 10.3390/nu16010116 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Sep 2023Organomagnesium halides (Grignard reagents) are essential carbanionic building blocks widely used in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions with...
Organomagnesium halides (Grignard reagents) are essential carbanionic building blocks widely used in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions with various electrophiles. In the Barbier variant of the Grignard synthesis, the generation of air- and moisture-sensitive Grignard reagents occurs concurrently with their reaction with an electrophile. Although operationally simpler, the classic Barbier approach suffers from low yields due to multiple side reactions, thereby limiting the scope of its application. Here, we report a mechanochemical adaptation of the Mg-mediated Barbier reaction, which overcomes these limitations and facilitates the coupling of versatile organic halides (e.g., allylic, vinylic, aromatic, aliphatic) with a diverse range of electrophilic substrates (e.g., aromatic aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides, O-benzoyl hydroxylamine, chlorosilane, borate ester) to assemble C-C, C-N, C-Si, and C-B bonds. The mechanochemical approach has the advantage of being essentially solvent-free, operationally simple, immune to air, and surprisingly tolerant to water and some weak Brønsted acids. Notably, solid ammonium chloride was found to improve yields in the reactions of ketones. Mechanistic studies have clarified the role of mechanochemistry in the process, indicating the generation of transient organometallics facilitated by improved mass transfer and activation of the surface of magnesium metal.
PubMed: 37387203
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305775 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... May 2024While previous studies have addressed the desirable effects of biochar (BC) or magnesium nanoparticles (Mg NPs) on salinity stress individually, there is a research gap...
While previous studies have addressed the desirable effects of biochar (BC) or magnesium nanoparticles (Mg NPs) on salinity stress individually, there is a research gap regarding their simultaneous application. Additionally, the specific mechanisms underlying the effects of BC and Mg NPs on salinity in Physalis alkekengi L. remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of BC and Mg NPs on P. alkekengi L. under salinity stress conditions. A pot experiment was conducted with salinity at 100 and 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), as well as soil applied BC (4% v/v) and foliar applied Mg NPs (500 mg L) on physiological and biochemical properties of P. alkekengi L. The results represented that salinity, particularly 200 mM NaCl, significantly reduced plant yield (58%) and total chlorophyll (Chl, 36%), but increased superoxide dismutase (SOD, 82%) and catalase (CAT, 159%) activity relative to non-saline conditions. However, the co-application of BC and Mg NPs mitigated these negative effects and improved fruit yield, Chl, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid. It also decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Salinity also altered the fatty acid composition, increasing saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), while decreasing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). The heat map analysis showed that fruit yield, anthocyanin, Chl, and CAT were sensitive to salinity. The findings can provide insights into the possibility of these amendments as sustainable strategies to mitigate salt stress and enhance plant productivity in affected areas.
Topics: Physalis; Salt Stress; Fatty Acids; Charcoal; Magnesium; Salinity; Metal Nanoparticles; Chlorophyll
PubMed: 38637482
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33329-3 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Uroliths are concretions formed in the urinary tract. These can be problematic in humans and companion animals such as cats. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and...
INTRODUCTION
Uroliths are concretions formed in the urinary tract. These can be problematic in humans and companion animals such as cats. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) are the most common forms of uroliths. The relative supersaturation (RSS) is a relative risk index of crystal formation. Here, an updated program for calculating RSS, EQUIL-HL21, was used to detect differences in RSS values when cats were fed foods formulated for urinary and non-urinary conditions. In addition, the contributions of urinary analytes to RSS values were examined via regression analyses.
METHODS
Historical data from feeding trials including foods indicated for use in urinary or non-urinary conditions were analyzed for nutrient composition and urinary parameters. RSS was calculated by EQUIL-HL21. The relationship between RSS values calculated by EQUIL-HL21 and urinary analytes was examined by regression models, which were selected by R and stepwise methods.
RESULTS
Cats that consumed urinary foods had significantly greater levels of urinary sodium and chloride compared with those that consumed non-urinary foods, consistent with the greater amounts of sodium and chloride in the urinary foods. Those that consumed non-urinary foods had higher urine pH, ammonium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, oxalate, citrate, and sulfate. Struvite RSS value and number of urinary crystals were significantly lower in cats fed the urinary foods. Mean CaOx RSS values were similar in both foods, though the number of CaOx crystals were significantly higher in cats that consumed non-urinary foods. A model predicting the natural log of struvite RSS values indicated that these values would increase with increasing urine pH, ammonium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and would decrease with increasing urine citrate and sulfate. CaOx RSS was predicted to increase as urinary chloride, calcium, and oxalates increased, and would decrease as urine pH, sodium, phosphorus, citrate, and sulfate increased.
DISCUSSION
These analyses demonstrate that the EQUIL-HL21 program can accurately detect expected differences between foods formulated for urinary and non-urinary indications. Regression models showed the eight urinary analytes that, respectively, contribute to the predicted RSS values for struvite and CaOx.
PubMed: 37601750
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1167840 -
Membranes Nov 2023The removal of three emerging pollutants: carbamazepine, ketoprofen, and bisphenol A, has been studied using the nanofiltration flat sheet membrane NF99HF. The removal...
The removal of three emerging pollutants: carbamazepine, ketoprofen, and bisphenol A, has been studied using the nanofiltration flat sheet membrane NF99HF. The removal efficiencies of the membrane have been evaluated by two system characteristic parameters: permeate flux and rejection coefficient. The influence of two operating variables has been analysed: operating pressure and feed concentration. Before and after the tests with emerging pollutants, the membrane has been characterized by determining its water permeability coefficient and its magnesium chloride rejection coefficient to find out if the removal of emerging pollutants causes membrane fouling. The results show that operating pressure has significant separation effects, obtaining the highest efficiencies at a pressure of 20 bar for pollutant concentrations between 5 and 25 mg/L. Moreover, rejection of ketoprofen was found to be dependent on electrostatic repulsion, while rejection of bisphenol A was significantly affected by adsorption onto the membrane. Finally, the experimental data have been fitted to the solution diffusion model and to the simplified model of Spiegler-Kedem-Katchalsky to predict the behaviour of the nanofiltration membrane in the removal of the tested pollutants. Good agreement between the experimental and predicted carbamazepine and bisphenol A data has been obtained with each model, respectively.
PubMed: 37999354
DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110868 -
Kidney International Feb 2024Acute electrolyte and acid-base imbalance is experienced by many children following kidney transplant. This is partly because doctors give very large volumes of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Acute electrolyte and acid-base imbalance is experienced by many children following kidney transplant. This is partly because doctors give very large volumes of artificial fluids to keep the new kidney working. When severe, fluid imbalance can lead to seizures, cerebral edema and death. In this pragmatic, open-label, randomized controlled trial, we randomly assigned (1:1) pediatric kidney transplant recipients to Plasma-Lyte-148 or standard of care perioperative intravenous fluids (predominantly 0.45% sodium chloride and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions). We then compared clinically significant electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities in the first 72 hours post-transplant. The primary outcome, acute hyponatremia, was experienced by 53% of 68 participants in the Plasma-Lyte-148 group and 58% of 69 participants in the standard fluids group (odds ratio 0·77 (0·34 - 1·75)). Five of 16 secondary outcomes differed with Plasma-Lyte-148: hypernatremia was significantly more frequent (odds ratio 3·5 (1·1 - 10·8)), significantly fewer changes to fluid prescriptions were made (rate ratio 0·52 (0·40-0·67)), and significantly fewer participants experienced hyperchloremia (odds ratio 0·17 (0·07 - 0·40)), acidosis (odds ratio 0·09 (0·04 - 0·22)) and hypomagnesemia (odds ratio 0·21 (0·08 - 0·50)). No other secondary outcomes differed between groups. Serious adverse events were reported in 9% of participants randomized to Plasma-Lyte-148 and 7% of participants randomized to standard fluids. Thus, perioperative Plasma-Lyte-148 did not change the proportion of children who experienced acute hyponatremia compared to standard fluids. However fewer fluid prescription changes were made with Plasma-Lyte-148, while hyperchloremia and acidosis were less common.
Topics: Humans; Child; Sodium Chloride; Hyponatremia; Kidney Transplantation; Electrolytes; Acidosis; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance; Fluid Therapy; Isotonic Solutions; Gluconates; Potassium Chloride; Magnesium Chloride; Sodium Acetate
PubMed: 37914088
DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.09.032