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The Breast Journal 2024Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, benign inflammatory disorder of the breast that is often underrecognized. The exact etiology and pathophysiology are... (Review)
Review
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, benign inflammatory disorder of the breast that is often underrecognized. The exact etiology and pathophysiology are unknown, but milk stasis is felt to play a role. Classically, this condition is noninfectious, but many cases are noted to be associated with species. Most patients affected are parous women with a mean age of 35, and many have breastfed within five years of diagnosis. Patients typically present with a painful mass and symptoms of inflammation, and these features can sometimes mimic breast cancer. Biopsy is needed to make a definitive diagnosis, and noncaseating granulomas are found on core biopsy. Many patients have a waxing and waning course over a period of six months to two years. Goal of treatment is to avoid surgery given poor wound healing, high risk of recurrence, and poor cosmetic outcomes. Medical treatment is preferred and includes observation, antibiotics, steroids, and immune modulators such as methotrexate. In more recent years, topical and intralesional steroids have become the treatment of choice, with similar outcomes to oral steroids.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Granulomatous Mastitis; Breast Neoplasms; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Breast; Steroids
PubMed: 38304866
DOI: 10.1155/2024/6693720 -
Critical Care Nursing QuarterlyFemale patients are at a greater risk for infections such as urinary tract infections and mastitis, as well as complications from abortions/miscarriages, and sexually... (Review)
Review
Female patients are at a greater risk for infections such as urinary tract infections and mastitis, as well as complications from abortions/miscarriages, and sexually transmitted infections. This review highlights risk factors, pathogenesis, complications, diagnostic, and treatment modalities associated with the following infections: mastitis, sexually transmitted diseases, postpartum/abortion-related infections, and urinary tract infections.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Abortion, Induced; Risk Factors; Urinary Tract Infections; Mastitis
PubMed: 37684737
DOI: 10.1097/CNQ.0000000000000477 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. Even though different infectious microorganisms and mechanical injury can cause mastitis, bacteria... (Review)
Review
Bovine mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle. Even though different infectious microorganisms and mechanical injury can cause mastitis, bacteria are the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci, streptococci, and coliforms are the most frequently diagnosed etiological agents of mastitis in dairy cows. Staphylococci that cause mastitis are broadly divided into and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). NAS is mainly comprised of coagulase-negative species (CNS) and some coagulase-positive and coagulase-variable staphylococci. Current staphylococcal mastitis control measures are ineffective, and dependence on antimicrobial drugs is not sustainable because of the low cure rate with antimicrobial treatment and the development of resistance. Non-antimicrobial effective and sustainable control tools are critically needed. This review describes the current status of and NAS mastitis in dairy cows and flags areas of knowledge gaps.
PubMed: 38863450
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1356259 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jun 2024A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and...
A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and internationally.
Topics: Humans; Female; Gonorrhea; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mastitis; Adult; Young Adult
PubMed: 38832624
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0768 -
Rheumatology International Oct 2023Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (IGM) is an infrequent, benign breast disease that primarily affects women during their childbearing years and can be mistaken for...
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (IGM) is an infrequent, benign breast disease that primarily affects women during their childbearing years and can be mistaken for breast cancer. This study aimed to review the clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of patients with IGM in addition to management and outcome. Retrospective cross-sectional study of biopsy-confirmed IGM at an academic medical center and a private hospital in Amman, Jordan. Fifty-four patients were included, with a mean age of 37.0 ± 9.04 years, mostly presenting with a breast lump (n = 52, 96.3%) and breast pain (n = 45 patients, 84.9%). Approximately half of the patients (51.9%) were parous, and 50% had breastfed for an average duration of 30.37 ± 22.38 months. Most of the patients had either solitary or multiple abscesses on breast ultrasound. Histopathological analysis (n = 35) showed mostly either moderate inflammation (n = 16, 45.7%) or severe inflammation (n = 14, 40%). Two-thirds of the patients underwent surgical interventions at the time of diagnosis, mostly incision and drainage (n = 16, 29%) or surgical excision (n = 7, 13%), and no mastectomies were performed. The most common medical treatment included a combination of antibiotics, corticosteroids, and methotrexate (n = 21, 38.8%). After follow-up, 31 patients remained in remission, 3 experienced relapses, and 3 had a chronic course. The use of corticosteroids was significantly associated with remission (p = 0.035). The presentation and demographics of IGM patients in Jordan were consistent with the existing literature. Prospective research is needed to explore different treatment options and disease outcomes.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Granulomatous Mastitis; Retrospective Studies; Prospective Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Inflammation; Immunoglobulin M
PubMed: 37347273
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05375-6 -
Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official... Aug 2023
Topics: Female; Humans; Breast Feeding; Mastitis
PubMed: 37615570
DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2023.29250.abm -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Aug 2023Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cattle farms, and it can affect the health status of the udder and the quantity and quality of milk yielded. The... (Review)
Review
Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cattle farms, and it can affect the health status of the udder and the quantity and quality of milk yielded. The correct management of mastitis is based both on preventive and treatment action. With the increasing concern for antimicrobial resistance, it is strongly recommended to treat only the mammary quarters presenting intramammary infection. For this reason, a timely and accurate diagnosis is fundamental. The possibility to detect and characterize mastitis directly on farm would be very useful to choose the correct management protocol. Some on-field diagnostic tools are already routinely applied to detect mastitis, such as the California Mastitis Test and on-farm culture. Other instruments are emerging to perform a timely diagnosis and to characterize mastitis, such as Infra-Red Thermography, mammary ultrasound evaluation and blood gas analysis, even if their application still needs to be improved. The main purpose of this article is to present an overview of the methods currently used to control, detect, and characterize mastitis in dairy cows, in order to perform a timely diagnosis and to choose the most appropriate management protocol, with a specific focus on on-farm diagnostic tools.
PubMed: 37570346
DOI: 10.3390/ani13152538 -
The British Journal of Surgery Jan 2024The aim of this multicentre prospective audit was to describe the current practice in the management of mastitis and breast abscesses in the UK and Ireland, with a...
BACKGROUND
The aim of this multicentre prospective audit was to describe the current practice in the management of mastitis and breast abscesses in the UK and Ireland, with a specific focus on rates of surgical intervention.
METHODS
This audit was conducted in two phases from August 2020 to August 2021; a phase 1 practice survey and a phase 2 prospective audit. Primary outcome measurements for phase 2 included patient management pathway characteristics and treatment type (medical/radiological/surgical).
RESULTS
A total of 69 hospitals participated in phase 2 (1312 patients). The key findings were a high overall rate of incision and drainage (21.0 per cent) and a lower than anticipated proportion of ultrasound-guided aspiration of breast abscesses (61.0 per cent). Significant variations were observed regarding the rate of incision and drainage (range 0-100 per cent; P < 0.001) and the rate of needle aspiration (range 12.5-100 per cent; P < 0.001) between individual units. Overall, 22.5 per cent of patients were admitted for inpatient treatment, out of whom which 72.9 per cent were commenced on intravenous antibiotics. The odds of undergoing incision and drainage for a breast abscess or being admitted for inpatient treatment were significantly higher if patients presented at the weekend compared with a weekday (P ≤ 0.023). Breast specialists reviewed 40.9 per cent of all patients directly, despite the majority of patients (74.2 per cent) presenting within working hours on weekdays.
CONCLUSIONS
Variation in practice exists in the management of mastitis and breast abscesses, with high rates of incision and drainage in certain regions of the UK. There is an urgent need for a national best-practice toolbox to minimize practice variation and standardize patient care.
Topics: Female; Humans; Abscess; Breast Diseases; Ireland; Mastitis; Drainage; United Kingdom
PubMed: 37930678
DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad333 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2024Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare inflammatory breast disease with unknown etiology, characterized by non-caseous granulomatous inflammation of the lobules,... (Review)
Review
Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare inflammatory breast disease with unknown etiology, characterized by non-caseous granulomatous inflammation of the lobules, which infiltrate lymphocytes, neutrophils, plasma cells, monocytes, and eosinophils may accompany. GLM is often misdiagnosed as breast cancer due to the lack of specificity in clinical and imaging examinations, and therefore histopathology is the main basis for confirming the diagnosis. This review provides an overview of the pathological features of granulomatous lobular mastitis and cystic neutrophil granulomatous mastitis (CNGM, a pathologic subtype of GLM). As well as pathologic manifestations of other breast diseases that need to be differentiated from granulomatous lobular mastitis such as breast tuberculosis, lymphocytic mastopathy/diabetic mastopathy, IgG4-related sclerosing mastitis (IgG4-RSM), nodular disease, Wegener's granulomatosis, and plasma cell mastitis. Besides, discusses GLM and CNGM, GLM and breast cancer, emphasizing that their relationship deserves further in-depth exploration. The pathogenesis of GLM has not yet been clearly articulated and needs to be further explored, pathology enables direct observation of the microscopic manifestations of the disease and contributes to further investigation of the pathogenesis.
PubMed: 38371511
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1326587