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Vaccine Dec 2023Since 1969, rubella and its harmful effect on fetuses infected in utero can be prevented by rubella vaccine, usually given in combination with measles vaccine. The... (Review)
Review
Since 1969, rubella and its harmful effect on fetuses infected in utero can be prevented by rubella vaccine, usually given in combination with measles vaccine. The rubella vaccine is highly protective both in children and in adults including women intending to become pregnant. Owing to the use of combined measles and rubella vaccines, congenital rubella infection has been eliminated from the Western Hemisphere and nearly all of Europe. Such combined vaccination is now being applied throughout the world, posing the possibility of eventual rubella eradication. The existence of viruses of animals related to rubella does not appear to be a barrier to eradication of the human virus. However, persistent rubella virus in infants infected in utero and of immunosuppressed patients with granulomas may pose a problem for eradication. Nevertheless, this review posits that eradication of rubella is now feasible if routine vaccination of infants and surveillance for chronic infection are correctly applied.
Topics: Child; Infant; Pregnancy; Adult; Humans; Female; Rubella; Rubella Vaccine; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Rubella virus; Vaccination; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
PubMed: 37973510
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.014 -
Vaccines Oct 2023The association between vaccines and ocular disorders has attracted significant attention in scientific research. Numerous mainstream vaccines are associated with a... (Review)
Review
The association between vaccines and ocular disorders has attracted significant attention in scientific research. Numerous mainstream vaccines are associated with a range of uveitis types, including anterior, intermediate, and posterior uveitis. Additionally, they are associated with distinct ocular diseases such as multifocal choroiditis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease, acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), and multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS). These ocular conditions are often transient, with a vast majority of patients experiencing improvement after steroid intervention. To date, numerous cases of vaccine-induced uveitis have been reported. This study analyzed the correlation between antiviral vaccines, including the hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and influenza vaccines, and different manifestations of uveitis. This is the first comprehensive study to offer a detailed analysis of uveitis types induced by antiviral vaccines. Through an extensive database search, we found a particularly strong link between influenza vaccines, followed by VZV and HPV vaccines. While anterior uveitis is common, conditions such as APMPPE, MEWDS, and VKH are particularly notable and merit careful consideration in clinical practice. Corticosteroid treatment was effective; however, half of the observed patients did not achieve full recovery, indicating potentially prolonged effects of the vaccine.
PubMed: 37897028
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101626 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024An interesting article recently published in Medicine reports a variable risk of persistent COVID-19 among patients affected by different immunodeficiency conditions...
An interesting article recently published in Medicine reports a variable risk of persistent COVID-19 among patients affected by different immunodeficiency conditions [...].
PubMed: 38535569
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13030226 -
Heliyon Mar 2024Thrombocytopenia, characterized by a decrease in platelet count, is a multifaceted clinical manifestation that can arise from various underlying causes. This review... (Review)
Review
Thrombocytopenia, characterized by a decrease in platelet count, is a multifaceted clinical manifestation that can arise from various underlying causes. This review delves into the intriguing nexus between viruses and thrombocytopenia, shedding light on intricate pathophysiological mechanisms and highlighting the pivotal role of platelets in viral infections. The review further navigates the landscape of thrombocytopenia in relation to specific viruses, and sheds light on the diverse mechanisms through which hepatitis C virus (HCV), measles virus, parvovirus B19, and other viral agents contribute to platelet depletion. As we gain deeper insights into these interactions, we move closer to elucidating potential therapeutic avenues and preventive strategies for managing thrombocytopenia in the context of viral infections.
PubMed: 38524607
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27844 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2023Many pediatric patients with malignant tumors continue to suffer poor outcomes. The current standard of care includes maximum safe surgical resection followed by... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Many pediatric patients with malignant tumors continue to suffer poor outcomes. The current standard of care includes maximum safe surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and radiation which may be associated with considerable long-term morbidity. The emergence of oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) may provide an alternative or adjuvant treatment for pediatric oncology patients.
AREAS COVERED
We reviewed seven virus types that have been investigated in past or ongoing pediatric tumor clinical trials: adenovirus (AdV-tk, Celyvir, DNX-2401, VCN-01, Ad-TD-nsIL-12), herpes simplex virus (G207, HSV-1716), vaccinia (JX-594), reovirus (pelareorep), poliovirus (PVSRIPO), measles virus (MV-NIS), and Senecavirus A (SVV-001). For each virus, we discuss the mechanism of tumor-specific replication and cytotoxicity as well as key findings of preclinical and clinical studies.
EXPERT OPINION
Substantial progress has been made in the past 10 years regarding the clinical use of OVT. From our review, OVT has favorable safety profiles compared to chemotherapy and radiation treatment. However, the antitumor effects of OVT remain variable depending on tumor type and viral agent used. Although the widespread adoption of OVT faces many challenges, we are optimistic that OVT will play an important role alongside standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of malignant pediatric solid tumors in the future.
Topics: Humans; Child; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Neoplasms; Simplexvirus; Vaccinia virus; Genetic Therapy
PubMed: 37749907
DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2245326 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Measles IgG avidity assays determine the overall strength of molecular binding between measles-specific IgG antibodies and measles virus antigens. Avidity results can...
Measles IgG avidity assays determine the overall strength of molecular binding between measles-specific IgG antibodies and measles virus antigens. Avidity results can distinguish recent from distant measles virus infections. Individuals who are immunologically naïve to measles virus develop low-avidity antibodies upon measles virus infection or first-time vaccination. Within 4-6 months, antibodies mature to high avidity. Measles avidity assays are most useful in the context of measles elimination. In such settings, avidity and epidemiological and clinical information are used to classify measles breakthrough infections for control and surveillance purposes and to assist in case confirmation when other laboratory results are inconclusive or nonexistent. We present a highly accurate end-titer measles avidity assay that delivers results based on IgG quality (avidity) that are independent of IgG concentration.
Topics: Antibody Affinity; Immunoglobulin G; Humans; Antibodies, Viral; Measles virus; Measles; Antigens, Viral; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
PubMed: 38743375
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3870-5_18 -
Nature Feb 2024An ideal vaccine both attenuates virus growth and disease in infected individuals and reduces the spread of infections in the population, thereby generating herd...
An ideal vaccine both attenuates virus growth and disease in infected individuals and reduces the spread of infections in the population, thereby generating herd immunity. Although this strategy has proved successful by generating humoral immunity to measles, yellow fever and polio, many respiratory viruses evolve to evade pre-existing antibodies. One approach for improving the breadth of antiviral immunity against escape variants is through the generation of memory T cells in the respiratory tract, which are positioned to respond rapidly to respiratory virus infections. However, it is unknown whether memory T cells alone can effectively surveil the respiratory tract to the extent that they eliminate or greatly reduce viral transmission following exposure of an individual to infection. Here we use a mouse model of natural parainfluenza virus transmission to quantify the extent to which memory CD8 T cells resident in the respiratory tract can provide herd immunity by reducing both the susceptibility of acquiring infection and the extent of transmission, even in the absence of virus-specific antibodies. We demonstrate that protection by resident memory CD8 T cells requires the antiviral cytokine interferon-γ (IFNγ) and leads to altered transcriptional programming of epithelial cells within the respiratory tract. These results suggest that tissue-resident CD8 T cells in the respiratory tract can have important roles in protecting the host against viral disease and limiting viral spread throughout the population.
Topics: Animals; Mice; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Immunity, Herd; Immunologic Memory; Interferon-gamma; Memory T Cells; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory System; Transcription, Genetic; Humans
PubMed: 38086420
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06937-1