-
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2024During their lifetime, sheep undergo many painful husbandry and disease processes. Procedures undertaken on the farm, such as tail docking, castration, and mulesing, all... (Review)
Review
During their lifetime, sheep undergo many painful husbandry and disease processes. Procedures undertaken on the farm, such as tail docking, castration, and mulesing, all cause considerable pain. In addition, sheep may experience painful diseases and injuries that require treatment by veterinary practitioners, and in biomedical research, sheep may undergo painful experimental procedures or conditions. It is important due to ethics, animal welfare, social licence, and, at times, legal requirements for farmers, veterinary practitioners, and researchers to provide pain relief for animals in their care. While there is a heightened awareness of and a greater interest in animal welfare, there remain few licensed and known analgesia options for sheep within Australia. A literature review was undertaken to identify currently known and potential future options for analgesic agents in sheep in farm and biomedical settings. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, opioids, local anaesthetics, α adrenoreceptor agonists, and NMDA receptor antagonists are some of the more common classes of analgesic drugs referred to in the literature, but few drugs are registered for use in sheep, with even fewer proven to be effective. Only six analgesic product formulations, namely, lignocaine (e.g., Numocaine), Tri-Solfen, ketamine, xylazine, and meloxicam (oral transmucosal and injectable formulations), are currently registered in Australia and known to be efficacious in some types of painful conditions in sheep. The gap in knowledge and availability of analgesia in sheep can pose risks to animal welfare, social licence, and research outcomes. This article presents a summary of analgesic agents that have been used in sheep on farms and in clinical veterinary and biomedical research settings along with details on whether their efficacy was assessed, doses, routes of administration, indication for use, and pain assessment techniques (if any) used. The outcome of this research highlights the challenges, gaps, and opportunities for better analgesia options in sheep.
PubMed: 38612229
DOI: 10.3390/ani14070990 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2023This systematic review aimed to identify the evidence concerning the analgesic efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to treat abdominal pain in horses, and... (Review)
Review
This systematic review aimed to identify the evidence concerning the analgesic efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to treat abdominal pain in horses, and to establish whether one non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug could provide better analgesia compared to others. This systematic review was conducted following the "Systematic Review Protocol for Animal Intervention Studies". Research published between 1985 and the end of May 2023 was searched, using three databases, namely, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, using the words equine OR horse AND colic OR abdominal pain AND non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug AND meloxicam OR flunixin meglumine OR phenylbutazone OR firocoxib OR ketoprofen. Risk of bias was assessed with the SYRCLE risk of bias tool, and level of evidence scored according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. A total of 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. From those only one study judged pain with a validated pain score, and a high risk of bias was identified due to the presence of selection, performance, and "other" types of bias. Therefore, caution is required in the interpretation of results from individual studies. To date, the evidence on analgesic efficacy to determine whether one drug is more potent than another regarding the treatment of abdominal pain in horses is sparse.
PubMed: 38003065
DOI: 10.3390/ani13223447 -
Nanomedicine (London, England) Mar 2024We aimed to investigate the simultaneous effects of meloxicam and rifampin nanoformulations with solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)...
We aimed to investigate the simultaneous effects of meloxicam and rifampin nanoformulations with solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) substrates on inhibiting the quorum-sensing system of and preventing biofilm formation by this bacterium. Antimicrobial activity of rifampin and meloxicam encapsulated with SLNs and NLCs against PAO1 was assessed by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The SLN formulation was associated with lower doses for the MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration in comparison to NLC. Moreover, our results demonstrated that both nanoformulations were able to produce 100% inhibition of the biofilm formation of PAO1. All these findings suggest that meloxicam and rifampin encapsulated with SLNs could be the most effective formulation against .
Topics: Quorum Sensing; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Biofilms; Meloxicam; Rifampin; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38348578
DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0268 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Jul 2023Sustained local delivery of meloxicam by polymeric structures is desirable for preventing subacute inflammation and biofilm formation following tissue incision or...
Sustained local delivery of meloxicam by polymeric structures is desirable for preventing subacute inflammation and biofilm formation following tissue incision or injury. Our previous study demonstrated that meloxicam release from hot-melt extruded (HME) poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) matrices could be controlled by adjusting the drug content. Increasing drug content accelerated the drug release as the initial drug release generated a pore network to facilitate subsequent drug dissolution and diffusion. In this study, high-resolution micro-computed tomography (HR μCT) and artificial intelligence (AI) image analysis were used to visualize the microstructure of matrices and simulate the drug release process. The image analysis indicated that meloxicam release from the PCL matrix was primarily driven by diffusion but limited by the amount of infiltrating fluid when drug content was low (i.e., the connectivity of the drug/pore network was poor). Since the drug content is not easy to change when a product has a fixed dose and dimension/geometry, we sought an alternative approach to control the meloxicam release from the PCL matrices. Here, magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)) was employed as a solid porogen in the drug-PCL matrix so that Mg(OH) dissolved with time in the aqueous environment creating additional pore networks to facilitate local dissolution and diffusion of meloxicam. PCL matrices were produced with a fixed 30 wt% meloxicam loading and variable Mg(OH) loadings from 20 wt% to 50 wt%. The meloxicam release increased in proportion to the Mg(OH) content, resulting in almost complete drug release in 14 d from the matrix with 50 wt% Mg(OH). The porogen addition is a simple strategy to tune drug release kinetics, applicable to other drug-eluting matrices with similar constraints.
Topics: Drug Liberation; Delayed-Action Preparations; Meloxicam; Kinetics; Artificial Intelligence; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 37295729
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.05.049 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Dec 2023To determine the influence of stage of lactation on the pharmacokinetics in milk when multiple doses of meloxicam were administered alone or in combination with...
OBJECTIVE
To determine the influence of stage of lactation on the pharmacokinetics in milk when multiple doses of meloxicam were administered alone or in combination with gabapentin to postpartum (PP) and mid-lactation (ML) cows.
ANIMALS
8 postpartum and 8 mid-lactation dairy cows.
METHODS
Cows were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 8) which included 4 PP cows and 4 ML cows. Group I received only 6 oral daily doses of meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg for 6 doses). Group II received 6 oral daily doses of co-administered meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg) and gabapentin (20 mg/kg) for 6 doses. Meloxicam and gabapentin were quantified in plasma and milk samples by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the pharmacokinetic analysis of milk and plasma was performed using a non-compartmental approach.
RESULTS
Regardless of lactation status, dairy cattle administered multiple doses of meloxicam and/or gabapentin showed low drug residue concentrations and little accumulation in milk. The terminal plasma half-life of meloxicam was significantly increased (P < .02) in PP cows (12.9 hr) compared to ML cows (9.4 hr). The apparent terminal half-life in milk for meloxicam and gabapentin was not affected by stage of lactation. Co-administration of gabapentin did not alter plasma or milk concentrations of meloxicam.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The results of this study suggest that milk from cows treated with multiple doses of meloxicam alone or in combination with gabapentin will have low drug concentrations and falls below our reported limit of detection for meloxicam or gabapentin 120 and 60 hours respectively, following the final dose regardless of their stage of lactation.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Meloxicam; Milk; Lactation; Gabapentin; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Diet
PubMed: 37734723
DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.06.0329 -
Inflammopharmacology Oct 2023QP001, a novel meloxicam formulation, has been developed to manage moderate to severe postoperative pain. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of QP001... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
QP001, a novel meloxicam formulation, has been developed to manage moderate to severe postoperative pain. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of QP001 injections for moderate to severe pain following abdominal surgery.
METHOD
This prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial enlisted patients experiencing moderate to severe pain following abdominal surgery. These patients were randomized to receive either QP001 injections (30 mg or 60 mg) or a placebo pre-surgery. The primary efficacy endpoint was the total morphine consumption within 24 h after the first administration.
RESULTS
A total of 108 patients were enrolled, and 106 patients completed the study. The total morphine consumption in the QP001 30 mg group and 60 mg group, versus placebo group, were significantly lower over the following 24 h (5.11[5.46] vs 8.86[7.67], P = 0.011; 3.11[3.08] vs 8.86[7.67], P < 0.001), respectively. The total morphine consumption in the QP001 30 mg and 60 mg groups, versus placebo group, was also significantly decreased over the following 48 h, including the 24-48 h period (P ≤ 0.001). The QP001 30 mg and 60 mg groups, versus placebo, showed a significant decrease in the area under the curve for pain intensity-time as well as a significant decrease in the effective pressing times of the analgesic pump over the 24 h and 48 h periods (P < 0.05). The QP001 groups, versus placebo, show no significant different in Adverse Events or Adverse Drug Reactions (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Preoperative/preemptive QP001 provides analgesia and reduces opioid consumption in patients with moderate to severe pain following abdominal surgery, while maintaining a favorable safety profile.
Topics: Humans; Analgesics, Opioid; Meloxicam; Prospective Studies; Analgesia; Morphine; Pain, Postoperative
PubMed: 37646897
DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01322-w -
Poultry Science Aug 2023Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used in an extra-label manner in commercial laying hens for the treatment of foot lesions, which are...
Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used in an extra-label manner in commercial laying hens for the treatment of foot lesions, which are a common issue in this species. The present study aimed to determine the depletion profiles of meloxicam in eggs with multiple oral administration under 2 different dosing regimens and to further recommend reasonable withdrawal intervals (WDIs). Meloxicam (1 mg/kg) was administered orally to laying hens under 2 dosing schedules: 10 doses at 24-h intervals and 15 doses at 12-h intervals. Eggs were collected daily after the first dosing, and meloxicam concentrations in both yolk and white were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The weight ratio of white to yolk in the whole egg was 1.54 (the mean of 20 eggs with repeated tests), and this value combined with the meloxicam concentrations in white and yolk were used to calculate the drug concentrations in whole eggs. Meloxicam was quickly eliminated from egg white, and its concentrations could only be quantified at 2 time points during the elimination phase. The elimination half-lives in yolk and whole egg were 3.07 ± 1.00 and 2.98 ± 0.88 d, respectively, after 10 repeated doses. And the corresponding elimination half-lives were 2.30 ± 0.83 and 2.18 ± 0.67 d, respectively, after repeated 15 doses. Considering the time when meloxicam was not detectable in eggs with the time of ovum development and maturation, a withdrawal interval (WDI) was suggested as 17 d for both dosing schedules. The current results enriched the study on the residue of meloxicam in domestic Jing Hong laying hens and provided WDIs to help ensure animal-derived food safety.
Topics: Animals; Female; Meloxicam; Egg Yolk; Chickens; Drug Residues; Ovum; Administration, Oral; Eggs
PubMed: 37270891
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102761 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Meloxicam; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Thiazoles; Capillaries; Thiazines
PubMed: 37653568
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15892 -
New Zealand Veterinary Journal Nov 2023To evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetics of IM and oral firocoxib, and IM meloxicam, and detect their effect on renal function and average daily gain (ADG) in lambs...
AIMS
To evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetics of IM and oral firocoxib, and IM meloxicam, and detect their effect on renal function and average daily gain (ADG) in lambs undergoing tail docking and castration.
METHODS
Seventy-five male Romney lambs, aged 3-6 weeks, were randomised into five treatment groups (n = 15 per group): IM firocoxib (1 mg/kg); oral firocoxib (1 mg/kg); IM meloxicam (1 mg/kg); normal saline (approximately 2 mL, oral); or sham. Following the treatment administration, hot-iron tail docking and rubber ring castration were performed in all groups except the sham group, which did not undergo the procedures, but the animals were handled in the same manner as castrated and tail docked lambs. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after treatment administration, and drug concentrations in plasma were quantified by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Plasma urea and creatinine concentrations were determined at a commercial laboratory. Lamb body weights were recorded before and 2, 4 and 8 weeks after tail docking and castration. The pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out using a non-compartmental approach. Between-group and between-time-point differences were compared using mixed model analyses.
RESULTS
There was no evidence for a difference in plasma elimination half-life between firocoxib given IM (LSM 18.6 (SE 1.4) hours), firocoxib given orally (LSM 18.2 (SE 1.4) hours), and meloxicam given IM (LSM 17. 0 (SE 1.4) hours). Firocoxib (IM) had a significantly greater volume of distribution (LSM 3.7 (SE 0.2) L/kg) than IM meloxicam (LSM 0.2 (SE 0.2) L/kg). Lambs in the meloxicam group had higher (p < 0.05) plasma urea and creatinine concentrations than those in the firocoxib, saline and sham groups. Lambs' ADG was decreased ( < 0.01) compared to the other treatment groups in the 0-2 week period following meloxicam administration.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Both formulations of firocoxib had a long plasma elimination half-life and large volume of distribution. There was a transient reduction in ADG in the meloxicam group, possibly due to mild renal toxicity. Comparative studies on dose-response effects of firocoxib and meloxicam in lambs following the procedures are required.: ADG: Average daily gain; C: Maximum concentration; COX: Cyclooxygenase; LOD: Limit of detection; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; CL: Plasma clearance; T: Plasma elimination half-life; T: Time to achieve C; V: Volume of distribution.
Topics: Animals; Male; Administration, Oral; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Creatinine; Kidney; Meloxicam; Orchiectomy; Sheep; Tail; Urea
PubMed: 37409352
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2232337 -
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Mar 2024The vast majority of knowledge related to the question "To what extent do pharmaceuticals in the environment pose a risk to wildlife?" stems from the Asian vulture...
The vast majority of knowledge related to the question "To what extent do pharmaceuticals in the environment pose a risk to wildlife?" stems from the Asian vulture crisis (>99% decline of some species of Old World vultures on the Indian subcontinent related to the veterinary use of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID] diclofenac). The hazard of diclofenac and other NSAIDs (carprofen, flunixin, ketoprofen, nimesulide, phenylbutazone) to vultures and other avian species has since been demonstrated; indeed, only meloxicam and tolfenamic acid have been found to be vulture-safe. Since diclofenac was approved for veterinary use in Spain and Italy in 2013 (home to ~95% of vultures in Europe), the risk of NSAIDs to vultures in these countries has become one of the principal concerns related to pharmaceuticals and wildlife. Many of the other bodies of work on pharmaceutical exposure, hazard and risk to wildlife also relate to adverse effects in birds (e.g., poisoning of scavenging birds in North America and Europe from animal carcasses containing pentobarbital, secondary and even tertiary poisoning of birds exposed to pesticides used in veterinary medicine as cattle dips, migratory birds as a vector for the transfer of antimicrobial and antifungal resistance). Although there is some research related to endocrine disruption in reptiles and potential exposure of aerial insectivores, there remain numerous knowledge gaps for risk posed by pharmaceuticals to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. Developing noninvasive sampling techniques and new approach methodologies (e.g., genomic, in vitro, in silico, in ovo) is important if we are to bridge the current knowledge gaps without extensive vertebrate testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:595-610. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Animals, Wild; Diclofenac; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Meloxicam; Falconiformes; Birds; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Mammals
PubMed: 36398854
DOI: 10.1002/etc.5528