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Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Jul 2023A wide variety of synthetic methods have been developed for the synthesis of functionalized aliphatic amines because of their broad utility in both synthetic and... (Review)
Review
A wide variety of synthetic methods have been developed for the synthesis of functionalized aliphatic amines because of their broad utility in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry. The synthesis of functionalized aliphatic amines direct C-H functionalization of readily available aliphatic amines, the majority of which rely on the use of metallic reagents/catalysts and hazardous oxidants, is advantageous in comparison to the classical multistep approaches. However, the scope to carry out such direct C-H functionalization of aliphatic amines under metal and oxidant-free conditions is being continuously explored. As a result, the examples of C-H functionalization of aliphatic amines employing iminium/azonium ions, which are formed classical condensation of amines and carbonyl/nitroso compounds, are on the rise. This article summarizes the recent developments in the iminium and azonium-activated metal and oxidant-free C-H functionalization of aliphatic amines with the main focus on the intermolecular reactions of iminium/azonium ions, enamines, and zwitterions with suitable nucleophiles, electrophiles and dipolarophiles.
Topics: Oxidants; Amines; Metals; Catalysis
PubMed: 37340857
DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01299a -
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... Sep 2023Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction caused by direct contact with chemical substances in the environment and can either be irritant or allergic in... (Review)
Review
Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction caused by direct contact with chemical substances in the environment and can either be irritant or allergic in nature. The clinical symptoms of contact dermatitis, include local skin rash, itching, redness, swelling, and lesions. Nowadays, 15-20% of people have some degree of contact dermatitis, which can be more or less severe. Immune responses in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are due to the effects of cytokines and allergen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells on the skin. Acids and alkalis such as drain cleaners, plants such as poinsettias, hair colors, and nail polish remover, are all prominent causes of irritant contact dermatitis (ICDs). Heavy metals are metallic elements with a high atomic weight that are hazardous in low quantities and are known to cause dermatitis after systemic or local exposure. Nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) are among the most common heavy metals used in various industries. Metal allergies may cause ACD and also systemic contact dermatitis (SCD). Contact dermatitis is detected by laboratory tests such as patch testing, lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), and evaluation of cytokine production by primary cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This article presents an update on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of ACD and SCD caused by three heavy metals (Cr, Cu, and Pb). Ni is not discussed due to recent coverage. Furthermore, the effects of contact sensitivity to some other heavy metals, such as gold (Au), cobalt (Co), palladium (Pd), and mercury (Hg) are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Irritants; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Lead; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Metals, Heavy; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Nickel; Chromium; Mercury
PubMed: 37331278
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127240 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. General... Sep 2023The remarkable structural diversity of glycans that is exposed at the cell surface and generated along the secretory pathway is tightly regulated by several factors. The... (Review)
Review
The remarkable structural diversity of glycans that is exposed at the cell surface and generated along the secretory pathway is tightly regulated by several factors. The recent identification of human glycosylation diseases related to metal transporter defects opened a completely new field of investigation, referred to herein as "metalloglycobiology", on how metal changes can affect the glycosylation and hence the glycan structures that are produced. Although this field is in its infancy, this review aims to go through the different glycosylation steps/pathways that are metal dependent and that could be impacted by metal homeostasis dysregulations.
Topics: Humans; Cation Transport Proteins; Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Glycomics; Glycosylation; Golgi Apparatus; Homeostasis; Magnesium; Metals; Oxidation-Reduction; Polysaccharides; Zinc
PubMed: 37348823
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130412 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Nov 2023Metals have been reported to affect liver functions; however, the association between mixed metal exposure in the urine and liver functions remains unclear. The present...
Metals have been reported to affect liver functions; however, the association between mixed metal exposure in the urine and liver functions remains unclear. The present study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) program collected in 2005-2018. Weighted multiple linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to explore the relationship between mixed urinary metal contents and liver function tests (LFTs). A total of 8158 participants were analyzed in this study. Multiple methods suggested that cadmium (Cd) was significantly positively related to LFTs, while cobalt (Co) was negatively related to LFTs. Meanwhile, some other metals showed a significant relationship with some indicators of LFTs. Urine metal is related to LFTs, with Cd and Co content changes being closely related to LFTs. The metal in urine may represent a marker for predicting liver dysfunction. Further studies are needed to verify this hypothesis.
Topics: Humans; Cadmium; Nutrition Surveys; Bayes Theorem; Metals; Cobalt; Liver
PubMed: 37833592
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30242-z -
ChemPlusChem Jun 2024Metal ions such as iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and calcium are essential for normal cellular processes, including DNA synthesis, enzyme activity, cellular signaling,... (Review)
Review
Metal ions such as iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and calcium are essential for normal cellular processes, including DNA synthesis, enzyme activity, cellular signaling, and oxidative stress regulation. When the balance of metal homeostasis is disrupted, it can lead to various pathological conditions, including cancer. Thus, understanding the role of metal homeostasis in cancer has led to the development of anti-tumor strategies that specifically target the metal imbalance. Up to now, diverse small molecule-based chelators, ionophores, metal complexes, and metal-based nanomaterials have been developed to restore the normal balance of metals or exploit the dysregulation for therapeutic purposes. They hold great promise in inhibiting tumor growth, preventing metastasis, and enhancing the effectiveness of existing cancer therapies. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the strategies employed to modulate the homeostasis of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and calcium for cancer therapy. Their modulation mechanisms for metal homeostasis are succinctly described, and their recent applications in the field of cancer therapy are discussed. At the end, the limitations of these approaches are addressed, and potential avenues for future developments are explored.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Homeostasis; Antineoplastic Agents; Metals; Iron; Chelating Agents; Copper; Animals; Coordination Complexes; Manganese; Calcium
PubMed: 38315756
DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300624 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2024The development of metallic joint prostheses has been ongoing for more than a century alongside advancements in hip and knee arthroplasty. Among the materials utilized,... (Review)
Review
The development of metallic joint prostheses has been ongoing for more than a century alongside advancements in hip and knee arthroplasty. Among the materials utilized, the Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) and Titanium-Aluminum-Vanadium (Ti-Al-V) alloys are predominant in joint prosthesis construction, predominantly due to their commendable biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance. Nonetheless, over time, the physical wear, electrochemical corrosion, and inflammation induced by these alloys that occur post-implantation can cause the release of various metallic components. The released metals can then flow and metabolize in vivo, subsequently causing potential local or systemic harm. This review first details joint prosthesis development and acknowledges the release of prosthetic metals. Second, we outline the metallic concentration, biodistribution, and elimination pathways of the released prosthetic metals. Lastly, we discuss the possible organ, cellular, critical biomolecules, and significant signaling pathway toxicities and adverse effects that arise from exposure to these metals.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Metals; Metal-on-Metal Joint Prostheses; Tissue Distribution; Titanium; Joint Prosthesis; Prosthesis Design; Alloys
PubMed: 38855732
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S459255 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Aug 2023Water pollution caused by organic dyes is one of the greatest threats to the ecosystem. The removal of dyes from water has remained a challenge for... (Review)
Review
Water pollution caused by organic dyes is one of the greatest threats to the ecosystem. The removal of dyes from water has remained a challenge for scientists. Recently, metal sulphides have emerged as a potential candidate for water remediation applications. The efficient charge transportation, greater surface-active sites, and low bandgap of metal sulphides make them an excellent choice of semiconductor photocatalysts for degradation of dyes. This review summarises the potential application of metal sulphides and their heterojunctions for the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes from wastewater. A detailed study has been presented on the synthesis, basics of photodegradation and heterojunctions and photocatalytic activity. The effect of the use of templates, doping agents, synthesis route, and various other factors affecting the photocatalytic activity of metal sulphides have been summarised in this review. The synthesis techniques, characterisation techniques, mechanism of degradation of organic dyes by Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst, reusability and stability of metal sulphides, and the scope of future research are also discussed. This study indicates that Scopus-based core gathered data could be used to give an objective overview of the global dye degradation research from 2008 to 2023 (15 years). All data (articles, authors, keywords, and publications) is compiled in the Scopus database. For the bibliometric study, 1962 papers relevant to dye photodegradation by sulfide-based photocatalysts were found, and this number rises yearly. A bibliometric analysis provides a 15-year evaluation of the state-of-the-art research on the impact of metal sulfide-based photocatalysts on the photodegradation of dyes.
Topics: Ecosystem; Catalysis; Metals; Water; Coloring Agents
PubMed: 37474851
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28753-w -
Journal of Virology Dec 2023Metal-binding proteins are pivotal components with diverse functions in organisms, including viruses. Despite their significance, many metalloproteins in viruses remain...
Metal-binding proteins are pivotal components with diverse functions in organisms, including viruses. Despite their significance, many metalloproteins in viruses remain uncharacterized, posing challenges to understanding viral systems. This study addresses this knowledge gap by identifying and analyzing metal-binding proteins and proteases in RNA viruses. The findings emphasize the prevalence of these proteins as essential functional classes within viruses and shed light on the role of metal ions and metalloproteins in viral replication and pathogenesis. Moreover, this research serves as a crucial foundation for further investigations in this field, offering the potential for developing innovative antiviral strategies. Additionally, the study enhances our understanding of the distribution and evolutionary patterns of metal-binding proteases in major human viruses. Continually exploring metal-binding proteomes across diverse viruses will deepen our knowledge of metal-dependent biological processes and provide valuable insights for combating viral infections, including respiratory viruses and other life-threatening diseases.
Topics: Humans; Carrier Proteins; Endopeptidases; Metals; Proteome; RNA Viruses; Virus Replication
PubMed: 37982624
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01399-23 -
Environment International Sep 2023Maternal exposure to metals may pose a risk to the health of newborns, however, the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Herein, we aimed to investigate the influence...
BACKGROUND
Maternal exposure to metals may pose a risk to the health of newborns, however, the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. Herein, we aimed to investigate the influence of metals exposure on birth outcomes and reveal the importance of metabolites in the exposure-outcomes association by using metabolomics methods.
METHODS
In our study, 292 mother-pairs were included who were recruited from the affiliated hospitals of Nanjing Medical University between 2006 and 2011. We measured fifteen metals (mercury, lead, vanadium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, rubidium, copper, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, strontium, thallium, magnesium and calcium) and metabolites in maternal second trimester serums by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high resolution accurate mass spectrometry, respectively. A multi-step statistical analysis strategy including exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) model, variable selection models and multiple-exposure models were performed to systematically appraise the associations of individual and mixed metals exposure with birth outcomes. Furthermore, differential metabolites that associated with metals exposure and birth outcomes were identified using linear regression models.
RESULTS
Metal's levels in maternal serums ranged from 0.05 μg/L to 1864.76 μg/L. In the ExWAS model, maternal exposure to arsenic was negatively associated with birth weight (β = 188.83; 95% CI: -368.27, -9.39), while maternal mercury exposure showed a positive association (β = 533.65; 95%CI: 179.40, 887.90) with birth weight. Moreover, each unit increase in mercury (1 ng/mL-log transformed) was associated with a 1.82 week-increase (95%CI: 0.85, 2.79) in gestational age. These findings were subsequently validated by variable selection models and multiple exposure models. Metabolomic analysis further revealed the significant role of 3-methyladenine in the relationship between arsenic exposure and birth weight.
CONCLUSION
This study provides new epidemiological evidence indicating the associations of metals exposure and neonatal birth outcomes, and emphasizes the potential role of metabolite biomarkers and their importance in monitoring adverse birth outcomes.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Female; Humans; Arsenic; Birth Weight; Maternal Exposure; Prospective Studies; Mercury; Magnesium
PubMed: 37690219
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108183 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Dec 2023The rapid evolution of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) products warrants surveillance of the differences in exposure across device types-modifiable devices (MODs),...
BACKGROUND
The rapid evolution of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) products warrants surveillance of the differences in exposure across device types-modifiable devices (MODs), cartridge ("pod")-containing devices (PODs), disposable PODs (d-PODs)-and flavors of the products available on the market.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to measure and compare metal aerosol concentrations by device type and common flavors.
METHODS
We collected aerosol from 104 MODs, 67 PODs (four brands: JUUL, Bo, Suorin, PHIX), and 23 d-PODs (three brands: ZPOD, Bidi, Stig) via droplet deposition in a series of conical pipette tips. Metals and metalloids [aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn)] were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), results were log-transformed for statistical analysis, and concentrations are reported in aerosol units ().
RESULTS
Of the 12 elements analyzed, concentrations were statistically significantly higher in MOD devices, except for Co and Ni, which were higher in PODs and d-PODs. Of the POD brands analyzed, PHIX had the highest median concentrations among four metals (Al, Ni, Pb, and Sn) compared to the rest of the POD brands. According to POD flavor, seven metals were three to seven orders of magnitude higher in tobacco-flavored aerosol compared to those in mint and mango flavors. Among the d-POD brands, concentrations of four metals (Al, Cu, Ni, and Pb) were higher in the ZPOD brand than in Bidi Stick and Stig devices. According to d-POD flavor, only Cr concentrations were found to be statistically significantly higher in mint than tobacco-flavored d-PODs.
DISCUSSION
We observed wide variability in aerosol metal concentrations within and between the different e-cigarette device types, brands, and flavors. Overall, MOD devices generated aerosols with higher metal concentrations than PODs and d-PODs, and tobacco-flavored aerosols contained the highest metal concentrations. Continued research is needed to evaluate additional factors (i.e., nicotine type) that contribute to metal exposure from new and emerging e-cigarette devices in order to inform policy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11921.
Topics: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Lead; Aluminum; Aerosols; Copper; Chromium
PubMed: 38048100
DOI: 10.1289/EHP11921