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Environmental Research Jan 2024This review discusses the importance of mitigating CO emissions by valorizing CO through high-pressure catalytic processes. It focuses on various key processes,... (Review)
Review
This review discusses the importance of mitigating CO emissions by valorizing CO through high-pressure catalytic processes. It focuses on various key processes, including CO methanation, reverse water-gas shift, methane dry reforming, methanol, and dimethyl ether synthesis, emphasizing pros and cons of high-pressure operation. CO methanation, methanol synthesis, and dimethyl ether synthesis reactions are thermodynamically favored under high-pressure conditions. However, in the case of methane dry reforming and reverse water-gas shift, applying high pressure, results in decreased selectivity toward desired products and an increase in coke production, which can be detrimental to both the catalyst and the reaction system. Nevertheless, high-pressure utilization proves industrially advantageous for cost reduction when these processes are integrated with Fischer-Tropsch or methanol synthesis units. This review also compiles recent advances in heterogeneous catalysts design for high-pressure applications. By examining the impact of pressure on CO valorization and the state of the art, this work contributes to improving scientific understanding and optimizing these processes for sustainable CO management, as well as addressing challenges in high-pressure CO valorization that are crucial for industrial scaling-up. This includes the development of cost-effective and robust reactor materials and the development of low-cost catalysts that yield improved selectivity and long-term stability under realistic working environments.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Methanol; Methane; Water
PubMed: 37923108
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117520 -
Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) Aug 2023In July 2020, an outbreak of methanol-contaminated hand sanitizers in the United States prompted our regional poison center to implement a more conservative triage...
INTRODUCTION
In July 2020, an outbreak of methanol-contaminated hand sanitizers in the United States prompted our regional poison center to implement a more conservative triage guideline for hand sanitizer exposures. All pediatric hand sanitizer ingestions of more than a "taste" were referred to a healthcare facility for assessment. We then evaluated the effect of this change on identifying patients with methanol poisoning.
METHODS
This was a single-center, retrospective review of pediatric (<19 years) hand sanitizer ingestions reported to our poison center from May 1, 2020 through January 28, 2022. Methanol and ethanol concentrations were collected if available.
RESULTS
During the study period, we received 801 calls regarding hand sanitizer exposure, of which 140 children were referred to a healthcare facility for hand sanitizer ingestions. Of those, 88 (63%) had methanol and/or ethanol concentrations measured. No child had a detectable methanol concentration, 78 had ethanol testing, and 12 had a detectable ethanol concentration.
CONCLUSIONS
In this sample, no patient tested had a detectable methanol concentration. Children who consumed enough to have a detectable ethanol concentration were symptomatic or had an intentional ingestion. Asymptomatic children with unintentional ingestion of hand sanitizer were at low risk for methanol toxicity.
Topics: Humans; Child; United States; Hand Sanitizers; Methanol; Pandemics; COVID-19; Ethanol; Poisons; Poison Control Centers; Eating
PubMed: 37725079
DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2255378 -
Archives of Iranian Medicine Mar 2024Methanol-poisoning can be a challenging cause of mortality. Identifying the epidemiological, clinical, and para-clinical determinants of outcome in methanol-poisoning...
BACKGROUND
Methanol-poisoning can be a challenging cause of mortality. Identifying the epidemiological, clinical, and para-clinical determinants of outcome in methanol-poisoning patients could be a step forward to its management.
METHODS
In this hospital-based cohort study, 123 methanol-poisoning patients were included. Data on background variables, details of methanol consumption, and laboratory assessments were recorded for each patient. Patients underwent brain CT scans without contrast. We evaluated the association of all gathered clinical and para-clinical data with patients' outcome and length of hospital stay (LOS). Independent association of potential determinants of death, and LOS were modeled applying multivariable logistic, and Ordinary Least Square regressions, respectively. Odds ratio (OR), and regression coefficient (RC), and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated.
RESULTS
Most of the study population were male (n=107/123). The mean age of the participants was 30.3±9.1 years. Ninety patients (73.2%) were reported as being conscious on admission, and 34.3% of patients were identified with at least one abnormality in their CT scan. Level of consciousness (LOC) (OR: 42.2; 95% CI: 2.35-756.50), and blood pH (OR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.22-0.65) were associated with death. Supratentorial edema (RC: 17.55; 95% CI: 16.95-18.16) were associated with LOS.
CONCLUSION
Besides LOC, patients with any abnormality in their brain CT scan on admission were found to be at higher risk of death, and patients with supratentorial edema were at risk of longer LOS. Brain CT-scan on admission should be considered as a part of the routine procedure during the management of methanol-poisoning.
Topics: Humans; Male; Methanol; Female; Adult; Prognosis; Length of Stay; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Young Adult; Poisoning; Iran; Logistic Models; Middle Aged; Cohort Studies; Brain
PubMed: 38685837
DOI: 10.34172/aim.2024.20 -
Journal of AOAC International Nov 2023Chlorate is an effective herbicide, but also a byproduct of chlorinating agents used to disinfect water, which is one of the reasons why it is regularly found in food....
Quantification of Chlorate and Perchlorate in a Broad Range of Food Commodities, Including Baby Food, Nutritional Formulas, and Ingredients by LC-MS/MS: First Action AOAC 2022.06.
BACKGROUND
Chlorate is an effective herbicide, but also a byproduct of chlorinating agents used to disinfect water, which is one of the reasons why it is regularly found in food. Perchlorate is a ubiquitous contaminant, which is naturally occurring in the environment but also released from anthropogenic sources such as the industrial use of certain natural fertilizers. Chlorate affects the hematological system, and perchlorate the thyroid.
OBJECTIVE
Implement and validate a simple and robust analytical method for the accurate determination of chlorate and perchlorate in baby food, infant and adult formulas, and ingredients thereof, which is suited for its application in routine environments where a broad variety of food commodities must be analyzed simultaneously.
METHOD
Typically, analytes are extracted with a mixture of water, acidified methanol, and dichloromethane. Optionally, for dairy products and byproducts, extraction can be performed with water, acidified methanol, and EDTA, followed by two steps of cleanup (freezing out and dispersive solid-phase extraction with C18 in acetonitrile). Quantitative determination is carried out by isotopic dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
RESULTS
The method was single-laboratory validated in five Nestlé Quality Assurance Centers (NQACs) in a comprehensive range of representative matrixes of different categories such as baby foods, infant/adult formulas, and ingredients, with results generally in agreement with the acceptance criteria of the Standard Method Performance Requirement (SMPR®) 2021.001 defined by AOAC INTERNATIONAL, in terms of representative matrixes validated, LOQs, trueness, and precision.The data generated during validation show that the method proposed is simple, accurate and robust enough to be implemented and applied in routine environments.
CONCLUSION
The data generated during validation show that the method proposed is simple, accurate and robust enough to be implemented and applied in routine environments.
HIGHLIGHTS
The AOAC Expert Review Panel approved the present method as AOAC Official First Action 2022.06.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Adult; Chromatography, Liquid; Chlorates; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Perchlorates; Methanol; Infant Formula; Water; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
PubMed: 37462536
DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad086 -
Journal of Complementary & Integrative... Dec 2023In this study, we determined the gastroprotective and ulcer-healing effects of extracts (aqueous and methanolic) of stem-back.
OBJECTIVES
In this study, we determined the gastroprotective and ulcer-healing effects of extracts (aqueous and methanolic) of stem-back.
METHODS
Gastroprotective and healing activity were evaluated following a HCl/ethanol and an indomethacin-induced acute ulcers models; acetic acid, pylorus-ligature, pylorus ligature/histamine and pylorus ligature/acetylcholine-induced chronic ulcers models.
RESULTS
It emerges from this study that, at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, the extracts significantly reduced the various ulceration parameters. Compared to negative control male rats, the aqueous (100 mg/kg) and methanolic (400 mg/kg) extracts of inhibited the ulcers induced by HCl/ethanol by 80.76 % and 100 % respectively, as well as ulcers induced by indomethacin by 88.28 % and 93.47 % respectively. Animals that received 200 mg/kg of both extracts showed a significant reduction in the levels of monocytes, lymphocytes, nitric oxide, MDA and a significant increase in the activities of SOD and catalase. Histological analysis showed repaired mucous epithelium at all doses of both extracts. Aqueous and methanol extracts inhibited ulceration indices by 89.33 % and 88.53 % for pylorus ligature, 83.81 % and 61.07 % for pylorus ligature/acetylcholine and 87.29 % and 99.63 % for pylorus ligature/histamine respectively. Both extracts protected the stomach lining with percentages inhibition of 79.49 % and 81.73 %, respectively in the ethanol test. The extracts induced a significant increase in mucus mass (p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The aqueous and methanol extracts of healed ulcers thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-secretory and cytoprotective properties.
Topics: Rats; Male; Animals; Rats, Wistar; Stomach Ulcer; Ulcer; Plant Extracts; Phytotherapy; Methanol; Rubiaceae; Acetylcholine; Histamine; Indomethacin; Pylorus; Ethanol; Anti-Ulcer Agents; Gastric Mucosa
PubMed: 37382892
DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2023-0024 -
Natural Product Research 2024A previous optimization of supercritical extraction from guarana seeds was performed applying orthogonal array design (OA9(34)). The antioxidant and antimicrobial...
A previous optimization of supercritical extraction from guarana seeds was performed applying orthogonal array design (OA9(34)). The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of these extracts, as well as metabolomic profiling and correlations from the compounds by statistical analysis were determined. Extracts 1 (40% ethanol; 20 min; 40 °C and 100 bar), 2 (40% methanol; 60 min; 40 °C and 200 bar), and 8 (40% methanol; 40 min; 60 °C and 100 bar) had the highest combined values of antioxidant capacity for the DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and xanthine oxidase system methods, and were identified by chemometric analysis. Similar chemical profiles of the extracts were obtained by LC-DAD-MS, and were identified: methyl-xanthine, (epi)catechin and dimers and trimers of type A and B proanthocyanidins. The heat map analysis showed positive correlation between antioxidant methods DPPH, FRAP and ABTS and with flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins. Extract 3 was active against Gram-negative and -positive bacteria and .
Topics: Antioxidants; Paullinia; Proanthocyanidins; Methanol; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 36028332
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2116705 -
Environmental Research Feb 2024This research was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Lannea coromandelica bark against fruit damage causing microbes such as fungi:...
This research was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of Lannea coromandelica bark against fruit damage causing microbes such as fungi: Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Botrytis sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Phytophthora sp., and Trichoderma sp. The bacteria: such as Chromobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Erwinia sp., Flavobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Xanthomonas sp. was investigated. Furthermore, their biocompatibility nature was determined through animal (rat) model study and their fruit preserving potential was determined by edible coating preparation with chitosan and other substances. Interestingly, the extract showed dose dependent (1000 μg mL) activity against these microbes in the following order: Enterobacter sp. (26.4 ± 1.5) > Chromobacter sp. (25.4 ± 1.6) > Pseudomonas sp. (24.5 ± 1.3) > Flavobacterium sp. (24.3 ± 1.4) > Xanthomonas sp. (23.6 ± 1.6) > Erwinia sp. (23.6 ± 1.6) > Lactobacillus sp. (19.6 ± 1.3). Similarly, the antifungal activity was found as Penicillium sp. (32.6 ± 1.3) > Cladosporium sp. (32.6 ± 1.5) > Alternaria sp. (30.3 ± 1.2) > Aspergillus sp. (29.9 ± 1.8) > Botrytis sp. (29.8 ± 1.2) > Fusarium sp. (28.6 ± 1.5) > Trichoderma sp. (19.8 ± 1.4) > Phytophthora sp. (16.2 ± 1.1). The acute toxicity and histopathological study results revealed that the extract possesses biocompatible in nature. The illumination transmittance and active functional groups involved in interaction among test methanol extract and chitosan investigated by UV-vis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses and found average light transmittance and few vital functional groups accountable for optimistic interaction to creak edible coating. Approximately four (set I-IV) treatment sets were prepared, and it was discovered that all of the coated Citrus maxima fruit quality characteristics including total soluble solids (TSS), weight loss (%), pH of fruit pulp juice, and decay percentage were significantly (p>0.05) better than uncoated fruit.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Methanol; Edible Films; Fruit; Chitosan; Plant Bark; Antifungal Agents; Citrus; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 38070851
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117861 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jul 2023The present study analyzes the emission mitigation ability of a porous media combustion (PMC) technology-based cookstove compared to a free flame combustion (FFC)...
The present study analyzes the emission mitigation ability of a porous media combustion (PMC) technology-based cookstove compared to a free flame combustion (FFC) technology-based cookstove. Emission of pollutants, i.e., PM2.5, PM10, and CO, caused due to burning of fuels, namely, methanol, ethanol, kerosene, and LPG in the kitchen environment are measured. The study incorporated exhaustive real-time indoor air quality (IAQ) measurements and presented the temporal variation of measured pollutant concentrations for 2 h (morning meal duration). In addition, 24 h average concentration of the measured pollutants is also compared with the limits prescribed in WHO guidelines for domestic settings. The results emphasized that the utilization of cookstove based on PMC would help in improving the IAQ of the kitchen area by decreasing the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and CO. For 2 h duration measurements, the methanol cookstove based on PMC reduced the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and CO by 7.7%, 8.1%, and 17.2%, respectively, compared to FFC cookstove. Similarly, in the case of PMC-based LPG cookstove and kerosene cookstove, the respective values were 11.7%, 20.4%, and 41.6% and 55.3%, 62.6%, and 66.6%. Among all the tested cookstoves, PMC-based LPG cookstove achieved the lowest emission values (PM2.5: 20.6 μg/m, PM10: 31.3 μg/m, and CO: 1 ppm) which are lower than the prescribed WHO values (PM2.5: 25 μg/m, PM10: 50 μg/m, and CO: 6 ppm).
Topics: Air Pollution, Indoor; Kerosene; Methanol; Porosity; Particulate Matter; Cooking; Biomass; Environmental Pollutants; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution
PubMed: 37261687
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27760-1 -
Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Jul 2023Carboxylated poly-l-lysine (CPLL) is an anti-freeze agent having pronounced non-permeating yet membrane stabilizing cryoprotective capabilities. The objective was to...
Carboxylated poly-l-lysine (CPLL) is an anti-freeze agent having pronounced non-permeating yet membrane stabilizing cryoprotective capabilities. The objective was to evaluate the CPLL supplementation in extender in terms of post-thaw quality (sperm), total anti-oxidant activity (milt) and fertilization potential of cryopreserved Labeo rohita sperm. For this purpose, male brood fish reared at a fish seed hatchery, Rawal Town Islamabad, Pakistan were captured from different rearing ponds and acclimatized in hatchery ponds for 6 h. The brooder was injected with Ovaprim (0.2 mL/kg), and milt was collected after 8 h in cooled sterilized falcon tubes, maintained at 4°C and evaluated for sperm motility. The milt collected from three brooders (n = 3) was diluted in extenders viz., modified Kurokura-2 extender having 10% methanol (control); experimental extenders with CPLL supplementation at the rate of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Diluted milt was filled in 0.5 mL straws, exposed to liquid nitrogen vapours and cryopreserved. Cryopreserved milt was thawed at 25°C and assessed for post-thaw sperm quality. Sperm motility, motility duration, viability, total anti-oxidant capacity and DNA integrity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the extender having 1.5% CPLL than control. To evaluate the fertilization rates, male and female brooders were injected with Ovaprim at 0.2 mL/Kg and 0.5 mL/Kg body weight respectively. Fresh eggs and milt were collected through abdominal stripping. Batches of 10 g of eggs from each female (n = 2) were fertilized with one straw, each from frozen sperm with KE + methanol (control), KE + methanol + 1.5% CPLL and 50 μL fresh milt (negative control). After 1.5 h of fertilization, eggs were collected from all jars and a total of 200 eggs were counted. The fertilized eggs appeared clear and transparent while unfertilized eggs looked opaque with disintegrated nuclei. Sperm fertilization rate (%) was higher (p < 0.05) in extender KE + methanol + 1.5% CPLL (78.7 ± 0.5) compared to control (KE + methanol) (52.0 ± 0.4) however, it was lower compared to that of negative control, the fresh milt (85.2 ± 0.6). In conclusion, supplementation of carboxylated poly-l-lysine (1.5%) to modified Kurokura-2 extender having 10% methanol improves post-thaw motility, motility duration, viability, DNA integrity, anti-oxidant capacity (milt) and fertilizing ability of cryopreserved L. rohita sperm.
Topics: Male; Female; Animals; Polylysine; Sperm Motility; Methanol; Antioxidants; Semen Preservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Seeds; Spermatozoa; Cryopreservation
PubMed: 37191551
DOI: 10.1111/rda.14391 -
Natural Product Research Jul 2023This study investigated the content and biological activity of three solvent extracts of Franch (AR), which contains 12 types of phytochemicals. The overall yield and...
This study investigated the content and biological activity of three solvent extracts of Franch (AR), which contains 12 types of phytochemicals. The overall yield and total protein content of the aqueous extract were the highest, and it exhibited the highest hydroxyl and superoxide radical-scavenging abilities, copper chelating abilities, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity. Ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic, flavonoid, and carbohydrate contents, and it showed the highest iron chelating activity, and HClO- and nitrite-scavenging abilities. Methanol AR extract contained the highest total steroid and tannin contents; it also demonstrated high radical- and reactive oxygen species-scavenging abilities and had the best ferric reducing antioxidant power, which allowed it to effectively prevent -carotene bleaching. Methanol extract also showed good stability and low toxicity. All tested solvent extracts of AR exhibited weak enzyme-inhibitory activities for four enzymes (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase). Overall, AR can serve as a natural antioxidant.
Topics: Antioxidants; Adonis; Plant Extracts; Butyrylcholinesterase; Methanol; Acetylcholinesterase; Solvents; Phytochemicals
PubMed: 35045779
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2027937