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Veterinary World Nov 2023Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS) seriously threatens animal and human health. Repeated antibiotic use allows the bacteria to develop resistance to several...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci (MRS) seriously threatens animal and human health. Repeated antibiotic use allows the bacteria to develop resistance to several antibiotic classes and become multidrug-resistant (MDR). Canine pyoderma, a common skin condition in dogs, is mainly caused by Staphylococci, including MRS. Detecting this infection in all canine populations is crucial to develop a proper preventive plan. This study estimated the prevalence, antibiogram, and risk factors of MRS in canine patients at a referral animal hospital in Khon Kaen, Thailand.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Skin swabs and relevant information were collected from 56 client-owned dogs that visited the hospital from September 2019 to September 2020. Staphylococci colonies were subjected to molecular identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests using an automated system (VITEK 2). These colonies were also genetically identified using multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. The A gene, encoding methicillin resistance, was detected using simplex-PCR. The risk factors of MRS infection and their association with MRS infection were analyzed using logistic regression and the Chi-square test, respectively.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MRS was found to be 35.7% (20/56 dogs). By species, methicillin-resistant was found in 24 of 104 isolates (23.1%), and all samples were MDR. Receiving systemic antibiotics in the past 6 months was a major risk factor associated with MRS infection (p < 0.05; odds ratio (OR) > 1). In addition to the MRS isolates, the A gene was also detected in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococci isolates. This might be because of the high expression of I, and mutations in c-di-AMP cyclase DacA, RelA, and Fem proteins.
CONCLUSION
A high prevalence of MRS and MDR was observed in the studied population, which might be potentially due to improper antibiotic use by the owners and horizontal transfer of drug-resistance genes.
PubMed: 38152262
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2340-2348 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Aug 2023Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a fearsome bacterial pathogen that can colonize and infect humans and animals. Depending on the different sources, MRSA is... (Review)
Review
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a fearsome bacterial pathogen that can colonize and infect humans and animals. Depending on the different sources, MRSA is classified as hospital-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA), community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA), and livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). LA-MRSA is initially associated with livestock, and clonal complexes (CCs) were almost always 398. However, the continued development of animal husbandry, globalization, and the widespread use of antibiotics have increased the spread of LA-MRSA among humans, livestock, and the environment, and other clonal complexes such as CC9, CC5, and CC8 have gradually emerged in various countries. This may be due to frequent host switching between humans and animals, as well as between animals. Host-switching is typically followed by subsequent adaptation through acquisition and/or loss of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as phages, pathogenicity islands, and plasmids as well as further host-specific mutations allowing it to expand into new host populations. This review aimed to provide an overview of the transmission characteristics of S. aureus in humans, animals, and farm environments, and also to describe the main prevalent clones of LA-MRSA and the changes in MGEs during host switching.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Livestock; Farms; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 37418185
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28532-7 -
Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie Mar 2024
Topics: Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Infection Control
PubMed: 38437836
DOI: 10.1055/a-2204-0185 -
Communicable Diseases Intelligence... Nov 2023From 1 January to 31 December 2022, fifty-five institutions across Australia participated in the Australian Staphylococcus aureus Surveillance Outcome Program (ASSOP)....
From 1 January to 31 December 2022, fifty-five institutions across Australia participated in the Australian Staphylococcus aureus Surveillance Outcome Program (ASSOP). The aim of ASSOP 2022 was to determine the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, with particular emphasis on susceptibility to methicillin and on characterisation of the molecular epidemiology of the methicillin-resistant isolates. A total of 3,214 SAB episodes were reported, of which 77.5% were community-onset. Overall, 15.0% of S. aureus were methicillin resistant. The 30-day all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-resistant SAB was 21.4%, which was significantly different to the 16.8% all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-susceptible SAB (p = 0.02). With the exception of the β-lactams and erythromycin, antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus was rare. However, in addition to the β-lactams, approximately 31% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were resistant to ciprofloxacin; 30% to erythromycin; 13% to tetracycline; 11% to gentamicin; and 2% to co-trimoxazole. One MRSA isolate, with a daptomycin MIC of 1.5 mg/L, harboured the A302V mprF and A23V cls2 mutations. When applying the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints, teicoplanin resistance was detected in one MRSA isolate. Resistance to vancomycin or linezolid was not detected. Resistance to non-β-lactam antimicrobials was largely attributable to the healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) clone ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15), and to the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clone ST45-V [5C2&5] which has acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobials including ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. The ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15) clone is the predominant HA-MRSA clone in Australia. Nonetheless, 86% of methicillin-resistant SAB episodes were due to CA-MRSA clones. Although polyclonal, approximately 72% of CA-MRSA clones were characterised as ST93-IV [2B] (Queensland clone); ST5-IV [2B]; ST45-V [5C2&5]; ST1-IV [2B]; ST30-IV [2B]; ST97-IV [2B]; ST953-IV [2B]; and ST8-IV [2B]. As CA-MRSA is well established in the Australian community, it is important to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in community- and healthcare-associated SAB as this information will guide therapeutic practices in treating S. aureus bacteraemia.
Topics: Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Agar; Cross Infection; Methicillin; Australia; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Anti-Infective Agents; Erythromycin; Ciprofloxacin; Gentamicins; Tetracycline
PubMed: 37968066
DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2023.47.67 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is a common complication in diabetes patients, with foot infections being the leading cause of amputations. is frequently found in...
Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is a common complication in diabetes patients, with foot infections being the leading cause of amputations. is frequently found in diabetic foot infections, of which methicillin-resistant (MRSA) has become a major clinical and epidemiological challenge. Since MRSA strains are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics, and also partially resistant to other antibiotics, treatment is difficult and costly. The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria often arises from overuse or misuse of antibiotics. Clinically, canagliflozin is commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. On this basis, we investigated the antibacterial activity and mechanism of canagliflozin against MRSA, with the aim to discover novel functions of canagliflozin and provide new insights for the treatment of MRSA. Using the microbroth dilution method to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentration of drugs, we found that canagliflozin not only can inhibit the growth of methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) but also exhibits antibacterial activity against MRSA. The IC50 values, at approximately 56.01 μM and 57.60 μM, were almost the same. At 12 h, canagliflozin showed a significant antibacterial effect against MRSA at and above 30 μM. In addition, its combined use with penicillin achieved better antibacterial effects, which were increased by about three times. Additive antibacterial activity (FICI = 0.69) was found between penicillin and canagliflozin, which was better than that of doxycycline and canagliflozin (FICI = 0.95). Canagliflozin also affected bacterial metabolic markers, such as glucose, ATP, and lactic acid. The results of crystal violet staining indicate that canagliflozin disrupted the formation of bacterial biofilm. Our electron microscopy results showed that canagliflozin distorted the bacterial cell wall. The results of RT-PCR suggest that canagliflozin down-regulated the expressions of biofilm-related gene (clfA, cna, agrC, mgrA, hld) and methicillin-resistance gene (mecA), which was related to MRSA. Molecular docking also indicated that canagliflozin affected some interesting targets of MRSA, such as the sarA, crtM and fnbA proteins. In conclusion, canagliflozin exhibits antibacterial activity against MRSA by affecting bacterial metabolism, inhibiting its biofilm formation, distorting the bacterial cell wall, and altering the gene expression of biofilm formation and its virulence. Our study reveals the antibacterial activity of canagliflozin against MRSA, providing a new reference for treating diabetic foot infections.
PubMed: 37570637
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155668 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jul 2023The characterization of staphylococcal species that colonize pets is important to maintain animal health and to minimize the risk of transmission to owners. Here, the...
BACKGROUND
The characterization of staphylococcal species that colonize pets is important to maintain animal health and to minimize the risk of transmission to owners. Here, the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. and methicillin resistance was investigated in canine and feline isolates, and risk factors of staphylococcal colonization were determined. Pets were examined and separated into four groups: (1) healthy dogs, (2) healthy cats, and (3) dogs and (4) cats with clinical signs of bacterial infections of skin, mucous membranes, or wounds. Specimens were collected by a veterinary physician from six anatomic sites (external ear canal, conjunctival sacs, nares, mouth, skin [groin], and anus). In total, 274 animals (cats n = 161, dogs n = 113) were enrolled.
RESULTS
Staphylococcus species were highly diverse (23 species; 3 coagulase-positive and 20 coagulase-negative species), with the highest variety in healthy cats (19 species). The most frequent feline isolates were S. felis and S. epidermidis, while S. pseudintermedius was the most prevalent isolate in dogs. Risk factors of staphylococcal colonization included the presence of other animals in the same household, medical treatment within the last year, and a medical profession of at least one owner. Methicillin resistance was higher in coagulase-negative (17.86%) compared to coagulase-positive (1.95%) staphylococci. The highest prevalence of methicillin-resistant CoNS colonization was observed in animals kept in homes as the most common (dogs and cats).
CONCLUSIONS
The association of methicillin-resistant CoNS colonization with animals most often chosen as pets, represents a high risk of transmission between them and owners. The importance of nosocomial transmission of CoNS was also confirmed. This information could guide clinical decisions during the treatment of veterinary bacterial infections. In conclusion, the epidemiologic characteristics of CoNS and their pathogenicity in pets and humans require further research.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cats; Dogs; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Methicillin Resistance; Cat Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Coagulase; Prevalence; Dog Diseases; Staphylococcus; Pets; Risk Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37464252
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03640-1 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 2023Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) remains an important pathogen in the hospital setting and causes significant morbidity and mortality each year. Since the initial discovery... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) remains an important pathogen in the hospital setting and causes significant morbidity and mortality each year. Since the initial discovery over 60 years ago, vancomycin has remained a first-line treatment for many different types of MRSA infections. However, significant concerns related to target attainment and nephrotoxicity have spurred efforts to develop more effective agents in the last two decades.
AREAS COVERED
Newer anti-MRSA antibiotics that have been approved since 2000 include linezolid, daptomycin, and ceftaroline. As clinical evidence has accumulated, these newer agents have become more frequently used, and some are now recommended as co-first-line options (along with vancomycin) in clinical practice guidelines. For this review, a scoping review of the literature was conducted to support our findings and recommendations.
EXPERT OPINION
Vancomycin remains an important standard of care for MRSA infections but is limited with respect to nephrotoxicity and rapid target attainment. Newer agents such as linezolid, daptomycin, and ceftaroline have specific indications for treating different types of MRSA infections; however, newer agents also have unique attributes which require consideration during therapy.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Vancomycin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Linezolid; Daptomycin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcal Infections; Ceftaroline
PubMed: 37876291
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2275663 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023Previous studies have shown that the increased prevalent ST764 clone in China, Japan, and other Asian areas. However, the knowledge of the genetic features and virulence...
Previous studies have shown that the increased prevalent ST764 clone in China, Japan, and other Asian areas. However, the knowledge of the genetic features and virulence characteristics of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) ST764 in China is still limited. In this study, we identified 52 ST764-SCC type II isolates collected from five cities in China between 2014 and 2021. Whole genome sequencing showed that the most common staphylococcal protein A () types of ST764 in China were t002 (55.78%) and t1084 (40.38%). Virulence assays showed that ST764-t1084 isolates had high haemolytic activity and α-toxin levels. Of the critical regulatory factors affecting α-toxin production, only the was highly expressed in ST764-t1084 isolates. Mouse abscess model indicated that the virulence of ST764-t1084 isolates was comparable to that of USA300-LAC famous for its hypervirulence. Interestingly, ST764-t002 isolates exhibited stronger biofilm formation and cell adhesion capacities than ST764-t1084 isolates. This seems to explain why ST764-t002 subclone has become more prevalent in China in recent years. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that all ST764 isolates from China in Clade III were closely related to KUN1163 (an isolate from Japan). Notably, genomic analysis revealed that the 52 ST764 isolates did not carry arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), which differed from ST764 isolates in Japan. Additionally, most ST764 isolates (69.23%) harboured an obvious deletion of approximately 5 kb in the SCC II cassette region compared to KUN1163. Our findings shed light on the potential global transmission and genotypic as well as phenotypic characteristics of ST764 lineage.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Phylogeny; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence; Genotype; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 36628606
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2165969 -
China CDC Weekly Dec 2023Bacterial resistance surveillance is crucial for monitoring and understanding the trends and spread of drug-resistant bacteria.
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC?
Bacterial resistance surveillance is crucial for monitoring and understanding the trends and spread of drug-resistant bacteria.
WHAT IS ADDED BY THIS REPORT?
The number of strains collected in 2022 increased compared to 2021. The top five bacteria, including , , , , and Acinetobacter baumannii, remained largely unchanged. The detection rate of methicillin-resistant strains continued to decrease. Among clinical isolates, the resistance rate to carbapenems was generally below 13%, except for spp., which had a resistance range of 20.4% to 21.9%. Most clinical isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline, colistin, and polymyxin B, with resistance rates ranging from 0.1% to 12.6%. The detection rate of meropenem-resistant and meropenem-resistant showed a decreasing trend for the fourth consecutive year.
WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE?
Multidrug-resistant bacteria remain a significant public health challenge in clinical antimicrobial treatment. To effectively address bacterial resistance, it is essential to enhance both bacterial resistance surveillance and the prudent use of antimicrobial agents.
PubMed: 38164466
DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2023.217 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... Dec 2023This study investigated combination of the Rapid Sepsityper Kit and a machine learning (ML)-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass...
Prediction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from flagged blood cultures by combining rapid Sepsityper MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with machine learning.
This study investigated combination of the Rapid Sepsityper Kit and a machine learning (ML)-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) approach for rapid prediction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) from positive blood culture bottles. The study involved 461 patients with monomicrobial bloodstream infections. Species identification was performed using the conventional MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper system and the Rapid Sepsityper protocol. The data underwent preprocessing steps, and ML models were trained using preprocessed MALDI-TOF data and corresponding labels. The interpretability of the model was enhanced using SHapely Additive exPlanations values to identify significant features. In total, 44 S. aureus isolates comprising 406 MALDI-TOF MS files and 126 K. pneumoniae isolates comprising 1249 MALDI-TOF MS files were evaluated. This study demonstrated the feasibility of predicting MRSA among S. aureus and CRKP among K. pneumoniae isolates using MALDI-TOF MS and Sepsityper. Accuracy, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and F1 score for MRSA/methicillin-susceptible S. aureus were 0.875, 0.898 and 0.904, respectively; for CRKP/carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumoniae, these values were 0.766, 0.828 and 0.795, respectively. In conclusion, the novel ML-based MALDI-TOF MS approach enables rapid identification of MRSA and CRKP from flagged blood cultures within 1 h. This enables earlier initiation of targeted antimicrobial therapy, reducing deaths due to sepsis. The favourable performance and reduced turnaround time of this method suggest its potential as a rapid detection strategy in clinical microbiology laboratories, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Blood Culture; Staphylococcus aureus; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Sepsis; Carbapenems; Machine Learning
PubMed: 37802231
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106994