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IUCrData Mar 2024The structure of the title compound, [RuCl(CHN)(CHOS)], has monoclinic (2/) symmetry. The Ru-N distances of the coordination compound are influenced by the chloride or...
The structure of the title compound, [RuCl(CHN)(CHOS)], has monoclinic (2/) symmetry. The Ru-N distances of the coordination compound are influenced by the chloride or di-methyl-sulfoxide-κ ligands. The mol-ecular structure exhibits disorder for two of the terminal methyl groups of a dimethyl sulfoxide ligand.
PubMed: 38586520
DOI: 10.1107/S2414314624001913 -
IUCrData Oct 2023The asymmetric unit in the title salt, (CHN)[SnCl(CHClF)], features a di-butyl-ammonium cation in a general position and a diorganotin tetra-chloride dianion, ....
The asymmetric unit in the title salt, (CHN)[SnCl(CHClF)], features a di-butyl-ammonium cation in a general position and a diorganotin tetra-chloride dianion, . tetra-chlorido-bis-(3-trifuoro-methyl-phen-yl)stannate(IV), located on a centre of inversion; the Sn atom is octa-hedrally coordinated. In the crystal, charge-assisted N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds along with C-H⋯F contacts occur within supra-molecular layers that inter-digitate along the -axis direction.
PubMed: 37936588
DOI: 10.1107/S2414314623009136 -
Experimental Biology and Medicine... Nov 2023Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein-2 (MeCP2) gene that is characterized by epilepsy,... (Review)
Review
Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein-2 (MeCP2) gene that is characterized by epilepsy, intellectual disability, autistic features, speech deficits, and sleep and breathing abnormalities. Neurologically, patients with all three disorders display microcephaly, aberrant dendritic morphology, reduced spine density, and an imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory signaling. Loss-of-function mutations in the cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) and FOXG1 genes also cause similar behavioral and neurobiological defects and were referred to as congenital or variant Rett syndrome. The relatively recent realization that CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), FOXG1 syndrome, and Rett syndrome are distinct neurodevelopmental disorders with some distinctive features have resulted in separate focus being placed on each disorder with the assumption that distinct molecular mechanisms underlie their pathogenesis. However, given that many of the core symptoms and neurological features are shared, it is likely that the disorders share some critical molecular underpinnings. This review discusses the possibility that deregulation of common molecules in neurons and astrocytes plays a central role in key behavioral and neurological abnormalities in all three disorders. These include KCC2, a chloride transporter, vGlut1, a vesicular glutamate transporter, GluD1, an orphan-glutamate receptor subunit, and PSD-95, a postsynaptic scaffolding protein. We propose that reduced expression or activity of KCC2, vGlut1, PSD-95, and AKT, along with increased expression of GluD1, is involved in the excitatory/inhibitory that represents a key aspect in all three disorders. In addition, astrocyte-derived brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and inflammatory cytokines likely affect the expression and functioning of these molecules resulting in disease-associated abnormalities.
Topics: Humans; Rett Syndrome; Mutation; Spasms, Infantile; Disks Large Homolog 4 Protein; Symporters
PubMed: 38057990
DOI: 10.1177/15353702231209419 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Glucose metabolism, specifically, hexokinase 2 (HK2), has a critical role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) phenotype. HK2 localizes not...
BACKGROUND
Glucose metabolism, specifically, hexokinase 2 (HK2), has a critical role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) phenotype. HK2 localizes not only in the cytosol but also in the mitochondria, where it protects mitochondria against stress. We hypothesize that mitochondria-bound HK2 is a key regulator of RA FLS phenotype.
METHODS
HK2 localization was evaluated by confocal microscopy after FLS stimulation. RA FLSs were infected with Green fluorescent protein (GFP), full-length (FL)-HK2, or HK2 lacking its mitochondrial binding motif (HK2ΔN) expressing adenovirus (Ad). RA FLS was also incubated with methyl jasmonate (MJ; 2.5 mM), tofacitinib (1 µM), or methotrexate (1 µM). RA FLS was tested for migration and invasion and gene expression. Gene associations with HK2 expression were identified by examining single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from murine models of arthritis. Mice were injected with K/BxN serum and given MJ. Ad-FLHK2 or Ad-HK2ΔN was injected into the knee of wild-type mice.
RESULTS
Cobalt chloride (CoCl) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation induced HK2 mitochondrial translocation. Overexpression of the HK2 mutant and MJ incubation reversed the invasive and migrative phenotype induced by FL-HK2 after PDGF stimulation, and MJ also decreased the expression of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CXCL1) and Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain (COL1A1). Of interest, tofacitinib but not methotrexate had an effect on HK2 dissociation from the mitochondria. In murine models, MJ treatment significantly decreased arthritis severity, whereas HK2FL was able to induce synovial hypertrophy as opposed to HK2ΔN.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that mitochondrial HK2 regulates the aggressive phenotype of RA FLS. New therapeutic approaches to dissociate HK2 from mitochondria offer a safer approach than global glycolysis inhibition.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Synoviocytes; Hexokinase; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Synovitis; Methotrexate; Fibroblasts
PubMed: 37529037
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103231 -
Genes Jul 2023Salt and osmotic stress seriously restrict the growth, development, and productivity of horticultural crops in the greenhouse. The papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs)...
Salt and osmotic stress seriously restrict the growth, development, and productivity of horticultural crops in the greenhouse. The papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) participate in multi-stress responses in plants. We previously demonstrated that salt and osmotic stress affect cysteine protease 15 of pepper ( L.) (); however, the role of in salt and osmotic stress responses is unknown. Here, the function of in regulating pepper salt and osmotic stress resistance was explored. Pepper plants were subjected to abiotic (sodium chloride, mannitol, salicylic acid, ethrel, methyl jasmonate, etc.) and biotic stress ( inoculation). The was silenced through the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transiently overexpressed in pepper plants. The full-length fragment is 1568 bp, with an open reading frame of 1032 bp, encoding a 343 amino acid protein. CaCP15 is a senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) subfamily member containing two highly conserved domains, Inhibitor 129 and Peptidase_C1. expression was the highest in the stems of pepper plants. The expression was induced by salicylic acid, ethrel, methyl jasmonate, and was infected by inoculation. Furthermore, was upregulated under salt and osmotic stress, and silencing in pepper enhanced salt and mannitol stress resistance. Conversely, transient overexpression of increased the sensitivity to salt and osmotic stress by reducing the antioxidant enzyme activities and negatively regulating the stress-related genes. This study indicates that negatively regulates salt and osmotic stress resistance in pepper via the ROS-scavenging.
Topics: Osmoregulation; Sodium Chloride; Capsicum; Antioxidants; Salicylic Acid; Mannitol
PubMed: 37510313
DOI: 10.3390/genes14071409 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Dec 2023Ionic liquids (ILs) are generally considered eco-friendly alternatives to conventional industrial solvents, but they are hard to degrade and easily accumulate in the...
Ionic liquids (ILs) are generally considered eco-friendly alternatives to conventional industrial solvents, but they are hard to degrade and easily accumulate in the environment. Therefore, their long-term toxicities are especially vital to estimate their potential risk. However, the chronic toxicities of ILs over generations lacked intensive investigation. In the present work, acute toxicity and chronic toxicity of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride ([Omim]Cl) and 1-dodecylpyridinium chloride ([DPy]Cl) were studied on Moina macrocopa with the first exposed generation (F0) and two successive recovery generation (F1 to F2). The acute results showed that both [Omim]Cl and [DPy]Cl exhibited high toxicity to M. macrocopa. The chronic results indicated that the exposure of [Omim]Cl and [DPy]Cl could inhibit the survivorship, body length, and reproduction of M. macrocopa and exhibited a significant dose-related decrease. Furthermore, these two types of ILs presented intergenerational toxicity in the water flea. And the toxic effects of [Omim]Cl disappeared in the recovery tests of F2 generation, while the [DPy]Cl toxic effects continued. Our research suggested a potential risk for the aquatic ecosystem induced by ILs. And the damage done by these chemicals to the aquatic environment is worthy of attention.
Topics: Animals; Cladocera; Ecosystem; Ionic Liquids
PubMed: 37953428
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30928-4 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Jul 2023MasR is a critical element in the RAS accessory pathway that protects the heart against myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and pathological remodeling... (Review)
Review
MasR is a critical element in the RAS accessory pathway that protects the heart against myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and pathological remodeling by counteracting the effects of AT1R. This receptor is mainly stimulated by Ang 1-7, which is a bioactive metabolite of the angiotensin produced by ACE2. MasR activation attenuates ischemia-related myocardial damage by facilitating vasorelaxation, improving cell metabolism, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, inhibiting thrombosis, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque. It also prevents pathological cardiac remodeling by suppressing hypertrophy- and fibrosis-inducing signals. In addition, the potential of MasR in lowering blood pressure, improving blood glucose and lipid profiles, and weight loss has made it effective in modulating risk factors for coronary artery disease including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Considering these properties, the administration of MasR agonists offers a promising approach to the prevention and treatment of ischemic heart disease.: Acetylcholine (Ach); AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); Angiotensin (Ang); Angiotensin receptor (ATR); Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB); Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI); Anti-PRD1-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 16 (PRDM16); bradykinin (BK); Calcineurin (CaN); cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB); Catalase (CAT); C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2); Chloride channel 3 (CIC3); c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK); Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36); Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART); Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); Coronary artery disease (CAD); Creatine phosphokinase (CPK); C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10); Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR); Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2); Fatty acid transport protein (FATP); Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21); Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1); Glucokinase (Gk); Glucose transporter (GLUT); Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β); High density lipoprotein (HDL); High sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); Inositol trisphosphate (IP3); Interleukin (IL); Ischemic heart disease (IHD); Janus kinase (JAK); Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4); Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP); Left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP); Lipoprotein lipase (LPL); L-NG-Nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME); Low density lipoprotein (LDL); Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgpr); Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP); MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1); Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); NADPH oxidase (NOX); Neuropeptide FF (NPFF); Neutral endopeptidase (NEP); Nitric oxide (NO); Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB); Nuclear-factor of activated T-cells (NFAT); Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1); Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ (PPARγ); Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3k); Phospholipase C (PLC); Prepro-orexin (PPO); Prolyl-endopeptidase (PEP); Prostacyclin (PGI2); Protein kinase B (Akt); Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Renin-angiotensin system (RAS); Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK); Serum amyloid A (SAA); Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT); Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1); Slit guidance ligand 3 (Slit3); Smooth muscle 22α (SM22α); Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1c); Stromal-derived factor-1a (SDF); Superoxide dismutase (SOD); Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); Tissue factor (TF); Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1); Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1); Ventrolateral medulla (VLM).
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Ligands; Coronary Artery Disease; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Ischemia; Angiotensins; Chemokines
PubMed: 37365840
DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2228089 -
Chembiochem : a European Journal of... Oct 2023Three dinuclear coordination complexes generated from 1-n-butyl-2-((5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-yl)methyl)-1H-benzimidazole (L), have been synthesized and characterized...
Three dinuclear coordination complexes generated from 1-n-butyl-2-((5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-yl)methyl)-1H-benzimidazole (L), have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and structurally by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Reaction with iron(II) chloride and then copper(II) nitrate led to a co-crystal containing 78 % of [Cu(NO )(μ-Cl)(L')] (C ) and 22 % of [Cu(NO )(μ-NO )(L')] (C ), where L was oxidized to a new ligand L . A mechanism is provided. Reaction with copper chloride led to the dinuclear complex [Cu(Cl)(μ-Cl)(L)] (C ). The presence of N-H⋅⋅⋅O and C-H⋅⋅⋅O intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure of C and C , and C-H⋅⋅⋅N and C-H⋅⋅⋅Cl hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of C led to supramolecular structures that were confirmed by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The ligands and their complexes were tested for free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The complex C /C shows remarkable antioxidant activities as compared to the ligand L and reference compounds.
Topics: Copper; Antioxidants; Ligands; Chlorides; Coordination Complexes; Benzimidazoles; Crystallography, X-Ray
PubMed: 37548339
DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300331 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Dec 2023The reaction between the (,)-fixolide 4-methyl-thio-semicarbazone and Pd chloride yielded the title compound, [Pd(CHNS)]·CHO {common name: -bis-[(,)-fixolide...
Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld analysis of -bis-(2-{1-[(6,)-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexa-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydronaphthalen-2-yl]ethyl-idene}--methyl-hydrazinecarbo-thio-amidato-κ,)palladium(II) ethanol monosolvate.
The reaction between the (,)-fixolide 4-methyl-thio-semicarbazone and Pd chloride yielded the title compound, [Pd(CHNS)]·CHO {common name: -bis-[(,)-fixolide 4-methyl-thio-semicarbazonato-κ ]palladium(II) ethanol monosolvate}. The asymmetric unit of the title compound consists of one bis-thio-semicarbazonato Pd complex and one ethanol solvent mol-ecule. The thio-semicarbazononato ligands act as metal chelators with a configuration in a distorted square-planar geometry. A C-H⋯S intra-molecular inter-action, with graph-set motif (6), is observed and the coordination sphere resembles a hydrogen-bonded macrocyclic environment. Additionally, one C-H⋯Pd anagostic inter-action can be suggested. Each ligand is disordered over the aliphatic ring, which adopts a half-chair conformation, and two methyl groups [s.o.f. = 0.624 (2):0.376 (2)]. The disorder includes the chiral carbon atoms and, remarkably, one ligand has the ()-isomer with the highest s.o.f. value atoms, while the other one shows the opposite, the atoms with the highest s.o.f. value are associated with the ()-isomer. The N-N-C(=S)-N fragments of the ligands are approximately planar, with the maximum deviations from the mean plane through the selected atoms being 0.0567 (1) and -0.0307 (8) Å (r.m.s.d. = 0.0403 and 0.0269 Å) and the dihedral angle with the respective aromatic rings amount to 46.68 (5) and 50.66 (4)°. In the crystal, the complexes are linked pairs of N-H⋯S inter-actions, with graph-set motif (8), into centrosymmetric dimers. The dimers are further connected by centrosymmetric pairs of ethanol mol-ecules, building mono-periodic hydrogen-bonded ribbons along [011]. The Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the major contributions for the crystal cohesion are [atoms with highest/lowest s.o.f.s considered separately]: H⋯H (81.6/82.0%), H⋯C/C⋯H (6.5/6.4%), H⋯N/N⋯H (5.2/5.0%) and H⋯S/S⋯H (5.0/4.9%).
PubMed: 38313134
DOI: 10.1107/S2056989023009908 -
Organometallics Nov 2023Protolysis of AlMe or AlBu with 2-diisopropylphosphinopyrrole (1) yields molecules containing two flanking phosphines and a central Al-Me (2-Me), Al-Bu (2-Bu), or Al-H...
Protolysis of AlMe or AlBu with 2-diisopropylphosphinopyrrole (1) yields molecules containing two flanking phosphines and a central Al-Me (2-Me), Al-Bu (2-Bu), or Al-H (2-H) unit. The reactions of 2-Me with [LMCl] (L = cyclooctene or 1/2 1,5-cyclooctadiene and M = Rh or Ir) in the presence of pyridine produces PAlP pincer complexes (3-Rh and 3-Ir) with Al-Cl and M-Me bonds. The analogous reaction of a mixture of 2-Bu and 2-H with [LMCl] and pyridine resulted in the formation of analogous Rh-H (4-Rh) and Ir-H (4-Ir) complexes. Treatment of 3-Rh with NaBEtH produced compound 5-Rh with an Al-Me and a Rh-H bond; the analogous reaction of 3-Ir did not result in a clean product. 4-Ir accepted an equivalent of H to produce 6-Ir with two terminal Ir-H bonds and one bridging Al-H-Ir moiety, whereas 4-Rh did not react with H. The density functional theoretical treatment is in accord with this finding, highlights the likely mechanism for the H addition, and supports the bonding picture in 6-Ir arising from NMR and X-ray diffraction (XRD) observations. Spectroscopic data and XRD studies are consistent with distorted square-pyramidal structures (about Rh or Ir) for compounds 3-5, with an alane occupying the apical position. Complexes 3 and 4 possess some of the shortest known Rh-Al or Ir-Al distances.
PubMed: 38357656
DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00359