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Food Research International (Ottawa,... Oct 2023Aroma is a crucial determinant of tea quality. While some studies have examined the aroma of yellow tea, there are no reports of the difference and formation mechanism...
Aroma is a crucial determinant of tea quality. While some studies have examined the aroma of yellow tea, there are no reports of the difference and formation mechanism of aroma quality between yellow and green teas from the same tea tree variety. This study employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the difference and formation mechanism of the aroma of yellow and green tea at the omics level, based on sensory evaluation. The sensory evaluation revealed that green tea has a distinct faint scent and bean aroma, while yellow tea, which was yellowed for 48 h, has a noticeable corn aroma and sweet fragrance. A total of 79 volatile metabolites were detected in the processing of yellow and green tea, covering 11 subclasses and 27 were differential volatile metabolites. Benzoic acid, 2-(methylamino-), methyl ester, terpinen-4-ol ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl-), 3-penten-2-one, 4-methyl- and benzaldehyde were characteristic components of the difference in aroma quality between green and yellow teas. Eleven volatile metabolites significantly contributed to the aroma quality of green and yellow teas, especially acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester, with rose and fruity aromas. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the arginine and proline metabolism might be the key mechanism of aroma formation during green and yellow teas' processing. These finding provide a theoretical basis way for the aroma formation of green and yellow teas.
Topics: Odorants; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; Esters
PubMed: 37689901
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113137 -
Bio Systems Oct 2023Qualia have traditionally been considered difficult to measure objectively, but with the recent spread of fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and other...
Qualia have traditionally been considered difficult to measure objectively, but with the recent spread of fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and other techniques, various experimental efforts have been made. In this paper, focusing on the qualia for color, we created 6 colors with different RGB values for reference colors of RED, light GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, and PURPLE, and showed them to 306 subjects. For example, for RED and 5 generated colors, we asked them, "Choose a color that you feel is RED," and asked them to choose. A probability density function was defined for each of the five generated colors and the reference color, which is the primary color of RED, light GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, and PURPLE, and the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the probability density function of the reference color and the generated color was calculated, the relationship between the number of samples of the selected color and the Kullback-Leibler divergence was obtained, and the difference in color sensation-qualia was calculated accordingly. As a result, it was confirmed that the larger the distance of the Kullback-Leibler divergence, the smaller the number of samples, but that the distribution shape in which the number of samples decreased for each color differed greatly. This suggests that if we see a color such as RED to PURPLE, we are randomly choosing a color that "feels."
Topics: Humans; Methyl Green; Emotions; Likelihood Functions; Mental Processes
PubMed: 37657748
DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105011 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Freshness is one of the main factors affecting consumers' purchase of food. The freshness indicator labels of packaged fresh green bell pepper ( L.) and greengrocery (...
Freshness is one of the main factors affecting consumers' purchase of food. The freshness indicator labels of packaged fresh green bell pepper ( L.) and greengrocery ( L.) were constructed, and pH-sensitive indicator labels based on the dye of anthocyanin and the mixing dye of methyl red and bromothymol blue were prepared in this study. At the same time, the color, chlorophyll content and vitamin C content of vegetables were measured in order to explore the applicability of indicator labels in the cool chain transportation of vegetables. Compared with the nature dye, the chemical dye-type indicator labels are more sensitive to pH changes. The results showed that the mixed indicator intelligent label had the best indication effect, and the MB 2 (mixing 1 g/L methyl red and bromothymol blue solutions at a ratio of 3:2 with a concentration of 70 mL/L in indicator film solution) indicator label could effectively indicate the freshness changes in vegetables during storage. Meanwhile, the color changes of the MB 2-type indicator label were correlated with the colors change of the sample, changes in nutrients, and changes in CO content inside the packaging. In addition, freshness detection models for green bell pepper and greengrocery by using color information of MB 2 intelligent labels were established. Hence, this pH-sensitive label can be applied as a promising intelligent packaging for non-destructively monitoring the freshness of respiratory and non-respiratory climacteric vegetables.
PubMed: 37761197
DOI: 10.3390/foods12183489 -
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology Sep 2023Herbicide resistance is rapidly emerging in Cyperus difformis in rice fields across China. The response of a C. difformis population GX-35 was tested against five... (Review)
Review
Herbicide resistance is rapidly emerging in Cyperus difformis in rice fields across China. The response of a C. difformis population GX-35 was tested against five acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, auxin herbicide MCPA and photosynthesis II (PSII)-inhibitor bentazone. Population GX-35 evolved multiple resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides (penoxsulam, bispyribac‑sodium, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, halosulfuron-methly and imazapic) and auxin herbicide MCPA, with resistance levels of 140-, 1253-, 578-, 18-, 13-, and 21-fold, respectively, compared to the susceptible population. In this population, ALS gene expression was similar to that of the susceptible population. However, an Asp376Glu mutation in ALS gene was observed, leading to reduced inhibition of in-vitro ALS activities by five ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Furthermore, CYP71D8, CYP77A3, CYP78A5 and three ABC transporter genes (cluster-14412.23067, cluster-14412.25321, and cluster-14412.24716) over-expressed in absence of penoxsulam. On the other hand, an UGT73C1 and an ABC transporter (cluster-14412.25038) were induced by penoxsulam. Additionally, both over-expression and induction were observed for CYP74, CYP71A1, UGT88A1 and an ABC transporter (cluster-14412.21723). The GX-35 population has indeed evolved multiple herbicide resistance in China. Therefore, a diverse range of weed control tactics should be implemented in rice field.
Topics: Oryza; 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Cyperus; Herbicide Resistance; China; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Acetolactate Synthase; Herbicides; Indoleacetic Acids
PubMed: 37666602
DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105576 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Feb 2024Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common primary intracranial tumors in the central nervous system with poor prognosis, high invasiveness, risk of...
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common primary intracranial tumors in the central nervous system with poor prognosis, high invasiveness, risk of recurrence and low survival rate. Thus, it is urgent and vital to develop drug effective delivery systems that efficiently to traverse the blood-brain barrier and targeted transport therapeutic agents into the GBM tumor site for the treatment of brain tumors. Recently, amphiphilic cucurbit[7]uril-polyethylene glycol-hydrophobic Chlorin e6 (CB[7]-PEG-Ce6) polymer was designed, prepared, and self-assembled into micells (CPC) in an aqueous solution, and chemo drug methyl-triazeno-imidazole-carboxamide (MTIC), loaded into the cavity of CB[7] was subsequently coated with hybrid membrane mUMH (HMC3 membrane: macrophage membrane: U87MG membrane = 1:1:2) to afford mUMH@CPC@MTIC. The surface hybrid membrane mUMH potentially enhance the targeted delivery of CPC@MTIC to GBM tissue. Bioactive MTIC was released from the cavity of CB[7] in response to the high spermine level in GBM tumor microenvironments for effective tumor chemotherapy. The biomimetic mUMH@CPC@MTIC exhibited superior antitumor efficacy against GBM in mice. These findings provide new strategies for the design of biomimetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and promising therapy of GBM.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Micelles; Glioblastoma; Tumor Microenvironment; Cell Membrane; Brain Neoplasms; Imidazoles; Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System; Dacarbazine
PubMed: 38142965
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.033 -
Polymers Jul 2023A novel thiol-functionalized polysilsesqioxane containing hydroxyl and methyl groups was synthesized using a simple acid-catalyzed sol-gel method to develop an epoxy...
A novel thiol-functionalized polysilsesqioxane containing hydroxyl and methyl groups was synthesized using a simple acid-catalyzed sol-gel method to develop an epoxy hardener with low odor, low volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, and fast curing at low temperatures. The synthesized thiol-based hardeners were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography and compared with commercially available hardeners in terms of odor intensity and VOC emissions using the air dilution olfaction method and VOC analysis. The curing behavior and thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy compounds prepared with the synthesized thiol-based hardeners were also evaluated. The results showed that synthetic thiol-based hardeners containing methyl and hydroxyl groups initiated the curing reaction of epoxy compounds at 53 °C and 45 °C, respectively. In contrast, commercial thiol-based hardeners initiated the curing reaction at 67 °C. Additionally, epoxy compounds with methyl-containing synthetic thiol-based hardeners exhibited higher TGA at a 5% weight loss temperature (>50 °C) and lap shear strength (20%) than those of the epoxy compounds with commercial thiol-based hardeners.
PubMed: 37447592
DOI: 10.3390/polym15132947 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Apr 2024Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) and morphology are considered key readouts of mitochondrial functional state. This morphofunction can be studied using...
Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) and morphology are considered key readouts of mitochondrial functional state. This morphofunction can be studied using fluorescent dyes ("probes") like tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) and Mitotrackers (MTs). Although these dyes are broadly used, information comparing their performance in mitochondrial morphology quantification and Δψ-sensitivity in the same cell model is still scarce. Here we applied epifluorescence microscopy of primary human skin fibroblasts to evaluate TMRM, Mitotracker Red CMXros (CMXros), Mitotracker Red CMHXros (CMH2Xros), Mitotracker Green FM (MG) and Mitotracker Deep Red FM (MDR). All probes were suited for automated quantification of mitochondrial morphology parameters when Δψ was normal, although they did not deliver quantitatively identical results. The mitochondrial localization of TMRM and MTs was differentially sensitive to carbonyl cyanide-4-phenylhydrazone (FCCP)-induced Δψ depolarization, decreasing in the order: TMRM ≫ CHM2Xros = CMXros = MDR > MG. To study the effect of reversible Δψ changes, the impact of photo-induced Δψ "flickering" was studied in cells co-stained with TMRM and MG. During a flickering event, individual mitochondria displayed subsequent TMRM release and uptake, whereas this phenomenon was not observed for MG. Spatiotemporal and computational analysis of the flickering event provided evidence that TMRM redistributes between adjacent mitochondria by a mechanism dependent on Δψ and TMRM concentration. In summary, this study demonstrates that: (1) TMRM and MTs are suited for automated mitochondrial morphology quantification, (2) numerical data obtained with different probes is not identical, and (3) all probes are sensitive to FCCP-induced Δψ depolarization, with TMRM and MG displaying the highest and lowest sensitivity, respectively. We conclude that TMRM is better suited for integrated analysis of Δψ and mitochondrial morphology than the tested MTs under conditions that Δψ is not substantially depolarized.
Topics: Humans; Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone; Mitochondria; Aldehydes; Fibroblasts; Organic Chemicals
PubMed: 38109971
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.149027 -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Nov 2023Textile dyes and heavy metals like hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are considered major water pollutants. In addition, microbial contamination also seriously threatens...
Textile dyes and heavy metals like hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are considered major water pollutants. In addition, microbial contamination also seriously threatens potable water availability. The present study used seed aqueous extract to synthesize copper nanoparticles (MOS-CuNPs). MOS-CuNPs were characterized by various spectroscopy and microscopic techniques. MOS-CuNPs were shown to be effectual at removal of Cr(VI). The initial concentration of Cr(VI), contact time, pH, and temperature all impacted the removal of Cr(VI) by different concentrations of MOS-CuNPs. At low concentrations of MOS-CuNPs (0.3 mg/ml) pseudo-first order and high concentrations of MOS-CuNPs (0.4 and 0.5 mg/ml), pseudo-second order kinetics were obeyed. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that Cr(VI) was removed spontaneously, and the reaction was exothermic. In adsorption isotherm, equilibrium data followed Langmuir equation for Cr(VI) adsorption by MOS-CuNPs and maximum uptake capacity calculated was 38.6 mg/g. MOS-CuNPs efficiently removed cationic (rhodamine B, malachite green and methylene blue and) and anionic (congo red, titan yellow and methyl orange) dyes within 10 min of contact time. Further MOS-CuNPs showed antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Altogether, MOS-CuNPs could be used for environmental (water treatment) and biological applications.
PubMed: 37841667
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103820 -
The Analyst Oct 2023Industrialization, especially in textile industries, has led to increased use of dyes and pigments to impart colours to fabrics. Textile dyes are one of the chief...
Industrialization, especially in textile industries, has led to increased use of dyes and pigments to impart colours to fabrics. Textile dyes are one of the chief emerging pollutants of water resources as industrial effluents. In the current research, we report the development and utilization of pH-sensitive carbon quantum dots (CQDs) immobilized in polymer thin films acting as sensors for textile dye detection. The CQDs and CQD-containing polymer films were characterized by various techniques like XRD, TEM, XPS, and CLSM. The synthesized CQD thin films possess a unique pH-sensitive property that can be used to detect various model acidic and basic dyes that are important components of industrial effluents from textile dyes. The detection capability of the sensor films was evaluated by spiking dyes in various water matrices, like household tap water and river water. The results indicate that pH-sensitive CQD thin film was able to detect three acidic dyes, namely methyl red, methyl orange, and bromocresol green, and one basic dye, methylene blue, in a linear range of 0-100 μM with a response time of 1 minute. The CQD thin-film sensors have a limit of detection of 26.4 ppb, 214.5 ppb, 46.2 ppb, and 29.7 ppb for methyl red, methyl orange, bromocresol green and methylene blue, respectively. The accuracy of detection performed by spiking studies in water resources indicated an ∼100% recovery value in all tested acidic and basic dyes. The sensor films were compared for analytical parameters using UV-visible-fluorescence spectroscopy and HPLC.
PubMed: 37721153
DOI: 10.1039/d3an01343j -
Journal of Fluorescence Nov 2023Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials have drawn great attention for their wide applications as optical materials. The applications of AIE materials, however, are...
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) materials have drawn great attention for their wide applications as optical materials. The applications of AIE materials, however, are restricted by the complicated syntheses, hydrophobic properties and short emission wavelengths. Herein, an imidazolium based hydrazone (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methylene)hydrazine hydrochloride (1) and a pyridinium based hydrazone (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(pyridin-4-ylmethylene)hydrazine hydrochloride (2) have been synthesized. Notably, 1 and 2 in crystals show distinct green and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence, with emission peaks at 530 and 688 nm, and Stokes shifts of 176 and 308 nm, respectively. After grinding the crystals to powder, the absolute fluorescence quantum yield (Φ) of 1 is increased from 4.2% to 10.6%, and the Φ of 2 is increased from 0.2% to 0.7%. X-ray crystallography studies together with theoretical calculations indicate that the enhanced emission of 1 arises from hydrogen bonding induced rigid network, and the fluorescence in the NIR region and large Stokes shift of 2 are attributed to its twisted molecular structure and strong push-pull effect.
PubMed: 37000366
DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03202-6