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PloS One 2023The objective of this study was to reveal the growth, colouration and gonado-physiological changes due to the exogenous aromatase inhibitor (AIs) in an ornamental fish....
The objective of this study was to reveal the growth, colouration and gonado-physiological changes due to the exogenous aromatase inhibitor (AIs) in an ornamental fish. 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) and letrozole (LET) were used as potential AIs. The AI were supplemented with a gel-based feed (LET: 50, 100, 150 and MT: 12.5, 25, 37.5 mg/kg feed) in Rosy barb, Pethia conchonius fry. The fishes were reared in a 45-L glass tank using AI treated gel-based feed for 3 months. Growth in AI-based diets was reduced but the reduction was minimal compared to the control. At 25 mg/kg feed of 17 MT, the highest male proportion (84.72% 6.05%) was recorded, which was significantly higher (P≤0.05) than other groups. L*, a*, and b* values showed that 17α-MT-fed groups had brighter coloration (P≤0.05). Histological sections showed that LET-17α-MT suppressed ovarian development, causing atretic oocytes. Testicular development was unaffected. 25 mg/kg-treated feed increased SOD, CAT, GST, and GPX. The AI (MT) at 25 mg/kg gel-based feed could therefore be utilised for musculinization without impacting growth, colour, and antioxidant activity of rosy barb, which serves the entire male population in the ornamental fish sector.
Topics: Animals; Male; Aromatase Inhibitors; Cyprinidae; Letrozole; Methyltestosterone; Diet
PubMed: 37922256
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287934 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024This study investigates the role of lysosomal acid lipase in sex hormone regulation and gonadal development in . The full-length cDNA was cloned, and its expression...
This study investigates the role of lysosomal acid lipase in sex hormone regulation and gonadal development in . The full-length cDNA was cloned, and its expression patterns were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in various tissues and developmental stages. Higher expression levels were observed in the hepatopancreas, cerebral ganglion, and testes, indicating the potential involvement of in sex differentiation and gonadal development. In situ hybridization experiments revealed strong signaling in the spermatheca and hepatopancreas, suggesting their potential role in steroid synthesis (such as cholesterol, fatty acids, cholesteryl ester, and triglycerides) and sperm maturation. Increased expression levels of male-specific genes, such as insulin-like androgenic gland hormone , sperm gelatinase , and mab-3-related transcription factor , were observed after (double-stranded ) injection, and significant inhibition of sperm development and maturation was observed histologically. Additionally, the relationship between and sex-related genes (, , and ) and hormones (17β-estradiol and 17α-methyltestosterone) was explored by administering sex hormones to male prawns, indicating that does not directly control the production of sex hormones but rather utilizes the property of hydrolyzing triglycerides and cholesterol to provide energy while influencing the synthesis and secretion of self-sex hormones. These findings provide valuable insights into the function of in and its potential implications for understanding sex differentiation and gonadal development in crustaceans. It provides an important theoretical basis for the realization of a monosex culture of .
Topics: Animals; Male; Palaemonidae; Semen; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Cholesterol; Triglycerides; Arthropod Proteins
PubMed: 38338678
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031399 -
ACS Omega Oct 2023Single activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in a homogeneous system is sometimes insufficient for producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) for water treatment...
Dual Activation of Peroxymonosulfate Using MnFeO/g-CN and Visible Light for the Efficient Degradation of Steroid Hormones: Performance, Mechanisms, and Environmental Impacts.
Single activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in a homogeneous system is sometimes insufficient for producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) for water treatment applications. In this work, manganese spinel ferrite and graphitic carbon nitride (MnFeO/g-CN; MnF) were successfully used as an activator for PMS under visible light irradiation to remove the four-most-detected-hormone-contaminated water under different environmental conditions. The incorporation of g-CN in the nanocomposites led to material enhancements, including increased crystallinity, reduced particle agglomeration, amplified magnetism, improved recyclability, and increased active surface area, thereby facilitating the PMS activation and electron transfer processes. The dominant active radical species included singlet oxygen (O) and superoxide anions (O), which were more susceptible to the estrogen molecular structure than testosterone due to the higher electron-rich moieties. The self-scavenging effect occurred at high PMS concentrations, whereas elevated constituent ion concentrations can be both inhibitors and promoters due to the generation of secondary radicals. The MnF/PMS/vis system degradation byproducts and possible pathways of 17β-estradiol and 17α-methyltestosterone were identified. The impact of hormone-treated water on L. seed germination, shoot length, and root length was found to be lower than that of untreated water. However, the viability of both ELT3 and Sertoli TM4 cells was affected only at higher water compositions. Our results confirmed that MnF and visible light could be potential PMS activators due to their superior degradation performance and ability to produce safer treated water.
PubMed: 37810650
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04333 -
Drug Testing and Analysis Jun 2024Novel metabolites of the anabolic androgenic steroid 17α-methyltestosterone have been detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Their...
Novel metabolites of the anabolic androgenic steroid 17α-methyltestosterone have been detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Their detection was accomplished through targeted gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry analysis that has been based on microscale synthesized standards. The related synthesis and the gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry characterization of the analytical standards are described. All newly presented metabolites have a fully reduced steroid A-ring with either an 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure or they have been further oxidized at position 16 of the steroid backbone. Metabolites with 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure may be considered as side products of phase II metabolic sulfation of the 17β-hydroxy group of methyltestosterone or its reduced tetrahydro-methyltestosterone metabolites 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol that produce the known epimeric 17β-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol and 17β-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17α-diol metabolites. The prospective of these new metabolites to increase detection time windows and improve identification was investigated by applying the World Anti-doping Agency TD2021IDCR criteria. The new metabolites, presented herein, complement the current knowledge on the 17α-methyltestosterone metabolism and in some cases can be used as additional long-term markers in the frame of sport doping drug testing.
Topics: Humans; Methyltestosterone; Hep G2 Cells; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Substance Abuse Detection; Doping in Sports; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Anabolic Agents; Androgens
PubMed: 37903531
DOI: 10.1002/dta.3589 -
Biology of Reproduction Oct 2023The male external genitalia of the black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii Hilgendorf, 1880) is a fleshy protrusion known as the urogenital papilla (UGP), which functions to...
The male external genitalia of the black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii Hilgendorf, 1880) is a fleshy protrusion known as the urogenital papilla (UGP), which functions to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract for internal fertilization. It is not known which genes regulate the development of the UGP. The aim of this study was to identify key genes that regulate the development of the UGP in black rockfish and to determine the distribution of androgen receptor gene (ar) in the UGP. A total of 26 adult males and 560 juvenile fish were used in the experiment, in which we divided all normally developing juveniles into normal development and androgen groups. We added methyltestosterone solution (100 μg/l) to the androgen group-treated fish tank, soaked for 2 h per day for 38 days, and sampled 5~10 samples each time every 5 days during the culture process. Gene expression changes related to UGP were analyzed with tissue specificity between control and androgen groups during sex differentiation, adult male maturation, and the copulation stage (September to December) using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of ar was also localized by two-color in situ hybridization in the UGP region of juvenile fish. Androgen treatment enhanced ar expression levels and the ar signal was stronger in the UGP region of both adult breeding fish and androgen-treated juvenile fish. This study provides insights into the regulation of the external genitalia of black rockfish and presents vital information for the artificial breeding of viviparous fish.
PubMed: 37552063
DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad086 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2024Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are hormones that primarily stimulate and regulate animal physiological processes. In this study, we cloned and identified the open...
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are hormones that primarily stimulate and regulate animal physiological processes. In this study, we cloned and identified the open reading frame (ORF) cDNA sequences of IGF family genes: the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), and insulin-like growth factor 3 (IGF3). We found that IGF1, IGF2, and IGF3 have a total length of 558, 648, and 585 base pairs (bp), which encoded a predicted protein with 185, 215, and 194 amino acids (aa), respectively. Multiple sequences and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the mature golden pompano IGFs had been conserved and showed high similarities with other teleosts. The tissue distribution experiment showed that IGF1 and IGF2 mRNA levels were highly expressed in the liver of female and male fish. In contrast, IGF3 was highly expressed in the gonads and livers of male and female fish, suggesting a high influence on fish reproduction. The effect of fasting showed that IGF1 and mRNA expression had no significant difference in the liver but significantly decreased after long-term (7 days) fasting in the muscles and started to recover after refeeding. IGF2 mRNA expression showed no significant difference in the liver but had a significant difference in muscles for short-term (2 days) and long-term fasting, which started to recover after refeeding, suggesting muscles are more susceptible to both short-term and long-term fasting. In vitro incubation of 17β-estradiol (E) was observed to decrease the IGF1 and IGF3 mRNA expression level in a dose- (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) and time- (3, 6, and 12 h) dependent manner. In addition, E had no effect on IGF2 mRNA expression levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The effect of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) in vitro incubation was observed to significantly increase the IGF3 mRNA expression level in a time- and dose-dependent manner. MT had no effect on IGF2 mRNA but was observed to decrease the IGF1 mRNA expression in the liver. Taken together, these data indicate that E and MT may either increase or decrease IGF expression in fish; this study provides basic knowledge and understanding of the expression and regulation of IGF family genes in relation to the nutritional status, somatic growth, and reproductive endocrinology of golden pompano for aquaculture development.
Topics: Animals; Insulin-Like Peptides; Phylogeny; Amino Acid Sequence; Fishes; RNA, Messenger; Gene Expression; Cloning, Molecular
PubMed: 38473747
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052499 -
General and Comparative Endocrinology May 2024In black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii), the brain-pituitary-testis (Gnrh-Gths-Dmrt1) axis plays a vital role in male fate determination and maintenance, and then...
In black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii), the brain-pituitary-testis (Gnrh-Gths-Dmrt1) axis plays a vital role in male fate determination and maintenance, and then inhibiting female development in further (puberty). However, the feedback of gonadal hormones on regulating brain signaling remains unclear. In this study, we conducted short-term sex steroid treatment and surgery of gonadectomy to evaluate the feedback regulation between the gonads and the brain. The qPCR results show that male phase had the highest gths transcripts; treatment with estradiol-17β (E2) or 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) resulted in the increased pituitary lhb transcripts. After surgery, apart from gnrh1, there is no difference in brain signaling genes between gonadectomy and sham fish. In the diencephalon/mesencephalon transcriptome, de novo assembly generated 283,528 unigenes; however, only 443 (0.16%) genes showed differentially expressed between sham and gonadectomy fish. In the present study, we found that exogenous sex steroids affect the gths transcription; this feedback control is related to the gonadal stage. Furthermore, gonadectomy may not affect gene expression of brain signaling (Gnrh-Gths axis). Our results support the communication between ovotestis and brain signaling (Gnrh-Gths-testicular Dmrt1) for the male fate.
Topics: Animals; Female; Male; Sex Determination Processes; Sexual Maturation; Gonads; Perciformes; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Estradiol; Fishes; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Brain; Gene Expression
PubMed: 38432348
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114482 -
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry Apr 2024To investigate the effects of exogenous steroid hormones on growth, body color, and gonadal development in the Opsariichthys bidens (O. bidens), synthetic...
To investigate the effects of exogenous steroid hormones on growth, body color, and gonadal development in the Opsariichthys bidens (O. bidens), synthetic methyltestosterone (MT) and 17β-estradiol (E) were used for 28 days' treatment of 4-month-old O. bidens before the breeding season. Our results suggested that MT had a significant growth-promoting effect (P < 0.05), whereas E played an inhibitory role. On the body surface, the females in the MT group showed gray stripes, and the fish in other groups showed no obvious stripes. The males with MT treatment displayed brighter blue-green stripes compared to the CK and E groups. The histological analysis showed that the MT significantly promoted testes development in males, blocked oocyte development, and caused massive apoptosis in females, whereas the E group promoted ovarian development and inhibited testes development. Based on qRT-PCR analysis, in females, the expression of igf-1, dmrt1, and cyp19a1a genes revealed that E treatment resulted in down-regulation of igf-1 expression and up-regulation of cyp19a1a expression. In males, igf-1 and dmrt1 were significantly up-regulated after MT treatment, and E treatment led to down-regulation of igf-1. Therefore, this study demonstrates that MT and E play an important role in reversing the morphological sex characteristics of females and males.
Topics: Male; Female; Animals; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Gonads; Methyltestosterone; Estradiol; Sex Differentiation; Cypriniformes; Gonadal Steroid Hormones
PubMed: 38079050
DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01275-5 -
Drug Testing and Analysis Jan 2024Methandienone is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that is prohibited in equine sports due to its potential performance enhancing properties. Metabolism and detection of...
Methandienone is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that is prohibited in equine sports due to its potential performance enhancing properties. Metabolism and detection of methandienone in equine urine have been investigated comprehensively in literature; however, there is a limited knowledge about its metabolites in equine plasma and no information about its detection in equine hair. Following a multi-dose oral administration of methandienone to two Thoroughbred horses, 17-epimethandienone, methyltestosterone, two mono-hydroxylated, two di-hydroxylated and three 17α-methylandrostanetriol metabolites were detected in plasma. The majority of these were present as free analytes, whilst the mono-hydroxylated metabolites and one isomer of 17α-methylandrostanetriol were partially conjugated. Estimated peak concentrations of methandienone were 6,000 and 11,100 pg/ml; meanwhile, they were 25.4 and 40.5 pg/ml for methyltestosterone. The most abundant analyte in the post-administration plasma samples of both horses was the mono-hydroxylated metabolite; however, the parent compound provided the longest detection (up to 96 h). Screening analysis of hair enabled the detection of methandienone in mane hair samples only, for up to 3 months. Its mono- and di-hydroxylated metabolites were detected with greater peak responses for up to 6 months post-administration in both mane and tail samples, showing that these metabolites could be better analytical targets for hair analysis when administered orally. A follow-up methodology with an extensive wash procedure confirmed the presence of methandienone and its metabolites in a number of post-administration hair samples. Final wash samples were also analysed to assess the degree of internal incorporation (via bloodstream) against possible external deposition (via sweat/sebum).
PubMed: 38234065
DOI: 10.1002/dta.3633 -
Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods Jul 2024This study focuses on the comparative metabolic profiling and effects of two steroid types: natural and synthetic, specifically 17α-methyl testosterone (17α-MT) at... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Analyzing the impact of synthetic and natural steroids: a study of cytochrome P450 metabolism, morphological alterations through metabolomics, and histopathological Examination.
This study focuses on the comparative metabolic profiling and effects of two steroid types: natural and synthetic, specifically 17α-methyl testosterone (17α-MT) at varying concentrations (1.5, 2, and 3 mg/kg) in rainbow trout (). Over a 75-day feeding trial, growth metrics, such as feed efficiency, daily specific growth, live weight gain, total weight gain, and survival rate were systematically monitored every 15 days. At the end of the feeding trial, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and metabolome analyses were performed in the high-concentration groups (3 mg/kg natural and 3 mg/kg synthetic), in which the lowest survival rate was determined. Key findings reveal that the type of hormone significantly influences growth parameters. While some natural steroids enhanced certain growth aspects, synthetic variants often yielded better results. The metabolomic analysis highlighted significant shifts in the metabolism of tryptophan, purine, folate, primary bile acids, phosphonates, phosphinates, and xenobiotics cytochrome P450 pathways. Histopathologically, the natural hormone groups showed similar testicular, hepatic, muscular, gill, cerebral, renal, and intestinal tissue structures to the control, with minor DNA damage and apoptosis observed through immunohistochemistry. Conversely, the synthetic hormone groups exhibited moderate DNA damage and mild degenerative and necrotic changes in histopathology.
Topics: Animals; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Metabolomics; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Male; Methyltestosterone; Testosterone Congeners; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Metabolome
PubMed: 38379298
DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2322006