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Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Mar 2024Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. The importance of MNs in common pathologies is recognized by recent...
BACKGROUND
Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. The importance of MNs in common pathologies is recognized by recent research, with deficiencies significantly impacting the outcome.
OBJECTIVE
This short version of the guideline aims to provide practical recommendations for clinical practice.
METHODS
An extensive search of the literature was conducted in the databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CINAHL for the initial guideline. The search focused on physiological data, historical evidence (for papers published before PubMed release in 1996), and observational and/or randomized trials. For each MN, the main functions, optimal analytical methods, impact of inflammation, potential toxicity, and provision during enteral or parenteral nutrition were addressed. The SOP wording was applied for strength of recommendations.
RESULTS
The limited number of interventional trials prevented meta-analysis and led to a low level of evidence for most recommendations. The recommendations underwent a consensus process, which resulted in a percentage of agreement (%): strong consensus required of >90 % of votes. Altogether the guideline proposes 3 general recommendations and specific recommendations for the 26 MNs. Monitoring and management strategies are proposed.
CONCLUSION
This short version of the MN guideline should facilitate handling of the MNs in at-risk diseases, whilst offering practical advice on MN provision and monitoring during nutritional support.
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamins; Consensus; Databases, Factual
PubMed: 38350290
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.030 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Dec 2023Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of chronic intestinal failure. The duration of parenteral support (PS) and the long-term micronutrient needs in children...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of chronic intestinal failure. The duration of parenteral support (PS) and the long-term micronutrient needs in children with SBS vary, based on their clinical and anatomical characteristics. Our study aimed to review the clinical course and identify high risk patient groups for prolonged PS and long-term micronutrient supplementation.
METHODS
A retrospective review was conducted on electronic medical records of children with SBS and chronic intestinal failure who were enrolled in the multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation program at Manchester Children's Hospital, UK. Children were included in the review if they required PN for more than 60 days out of 74 consecutive days and had at least 3 years of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0.
RESULTS
40 children with SBS achieved enteral autonomy (EA) and 14 remained dependent on PS after 36 months of follow up. Necrotizing enterocolitis was the most common cause for intestinal resection (38.9%) followed by gastroschisis (22.2%), malrotation with volvulus (20.4%), segmental volvulus (9.3%) and long segment Hirschsprung disease (1.9%). Those who achieved EA had significantly longer intestinal length 27.5% (15.0-39.3) than those who remained on PS 6.0% (1.5-12.5) (p < 0.001). Type I SBS was only found in the PS cohort. Median PN dependence was 10.82 months [IQR 5.73-20.78]. Congenital diagnosis was associated with longer PN dependence (21.0 ± 20.0) than acquired (8.7 ± 7.8 months), (p = 0.02). The need for micronutrient supplementation was assessed after the transition to EA; 87.5% children had at least one micronutrient depletion, most commonly Vitamin D (64.1%), followed by iron (48.7%), Vitamin B12 (34.2%), and vitamin E (28.6%). Iron deficiency and vitamin A depletion were correlated with longer PS after multivariate analysis (OR: 1.103, 1.006-1.210, p = 0.037 and OR: 1.048, 0.998-1.102, p = 0.062 respectively).
CONCLUSION
In our cohort, small bowel length was the main predictor for EA. Children on longer PS, had more often a congenital cause of resection and were at risk for micronutrient deficiencies in EA.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Failure; Intestinal Volvulus; Micronutrients; Retrospective Studies; Short Bowel Syndrome; Trace Elements; Parenteral Nutrition
PubMed: 38057017
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.10.008 -
Redox Biology Nov 2023Essential trace elements (ETEs) play essential roles in vital functions, but their effects on epigenetic aging remain poorly understood.
BACKGROUND
Essential trace elements (ETEs) play essential roles in vital functions, but their effects on epigenetic aging remain poorly understood.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to investigate the associations of ETEs with four epigenetic aging indicators and assess the potential mediating role of inflammation.
METHODS
We recruited 93 individuals from hospitals between October 2018 and August 2019. Plasma levels of cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc were measured by ICP-MS, and leukocyte DNA methylation levels were measured using Illumina MethylationEPIC beadchip. Linear regression was used to estimate the association between seven plasma ETEs and epigenetic aging indicators. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to evaluate the effect of ETEs mixtures. Inflammatory status was assessed using four systemic inflammation indices (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII)) and three cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13). Mediation analysis was performed to explore the role of inflammation in the above associations.
RESULTS
Plasma Se levels were significantly negatively associated with DunedinPACE, whereas Cu levels were significantly positively associated with it. Both WQS regression and BKMR models suggested that Se and Cu dominate the effect of the ETEs mixture. MLR and interleukin 6 were significantly and positively associated with DunedinPACE. Further mediation analysis indicated that inflammation partially mediated the association between ETEs and DunedinPACE.
DISCUSSION
Plasma Se and Cu levels are closely associated to epigenetic aging, and inflammation might be a potential mechanism underlying this relationship. These findings contribute to the prevention of health hazards associated with population aging.
Topics: Humans; Trace Elements; Copper; Bayes Theorem; Inflammation; Aging; Epigenesis, Genetic
PubMed: 37793240
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102910 -
Nutrition Bulletin Sep 2023Due to sustainability concerns related to current diets and environmental challenges, it is crucial to have sound policies to protect human and planetary health. It is... (Review)
Review
Due to sustainability concerns related to current diets and environmental challenges, it is crucial to have sound policies to protect human and planetary health. It is proposed that sustainable diets will improve public health and food security and decrease the food system's effect on the environment. Micronutrient deficiencies are a well-known major public health concern. One-third to half of the world's population suffers from nutrient deficiencies, which have a negative impact on society in terms of unrealised potential and lost economic productivity. Large-scale fortification with different micronutrients has been found to be a useful strategy to improve public health. As a cost-effective strategy to improve micronutrient deficiency, this review explores the role of micronutrient fortification programmes in ensuring the nutritional quality (and affordability) of diets that are adjusted to help ensure environmental sustainability in the face of climate change, for example by replacing some animal-sourced foods with nutrient-dense, plant-sourced foods fortified with the micronutrients commonly supplied by animal-sourced foods. Additionally, micronutrient fortification considers food preferences based on the dimensions of a culturally sustainable diet. Thus, we conclude that investing in micronutrient fortification could play a significant role in preventing and controlling micronutrient deficiencies, improving diets and being environmentally, culturally and economically sustainable.
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; Food, Fortified; Diet; Malnutrition; Trace Elements
PubMed: 37503811
DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12630 -
Biological Trace Element Research Dec 2023Zinc is a tightly regulated trace mineral element playing critical roles in growth, immunity, neurodevelopment, and synaptic and hormonal signaling. Although severe... (Review)
Review
Zinc is a tightly regulated trace mineral element playing critical roles in growth, immunity, neurodevelopment, and synaptic and hormonal signaling. Although severe dietary zinc deficiency is relatively uncommon in the United States, dietary zinc deficiency is a substantial public health concern in low- and middle-income countries. Zinc status may be a key determinant of neurodevelopmental processes. Indeed, limited cohort studies have shown that serum zinc is lower in people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression. These observations have sparked multiple studies investigating the mechanisms underlying zinc status and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Animal models of perinatal and adult dietary zinc restriction yield distinct behavioral phenotypes reminiscent of features of ASD, ADHD, and depression, including increased anxiety and immobility, repetitive behaviors, and altered social behaviors. At the cellular and molecular level, zinc has demonstrated roles in neurogenesis, regulation of cellular redox status, transcription factor trafficking, synaptogenesis, and the regulation of synaptic architecture via the Shank family of scaffolding proteins. Although mechanistic questions remain, the current evidence suggests that zinc status is important for adequate neuronal development and may be a yet overlooked factor in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric conditions. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the role of zinc in the neurophysiology of the perinatal period, the many cellular targets of zinc in the developing brain, and the potential consequences of alterations in zinc homeostasis in early life.
Topics: Adult; Pregnancy; Animals; Female; Humans; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Minerals; Zinc; Trace Elements; Signal Transduction; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
PubMed: 36964812
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03630-2 -
Nutrients Jul 2023Molybdenum is an essential trace element for human health and survival, with molybdenum-containing enzymes catalysing multiple reactions in the metabolism of purines,... (Review)
Review
Molybdenum is an essential trace element for human health and survival, with molybdenum-containing enzymes catalysing multiple reactions in the metabolism of purines, aldehydes, and sulfur-containing amino acids. Recommended daily intakes vary globally, with molybdenum primarily sourced through the diet, and supplementation is not common. Although the benefits of molybdenum as an anti-diabetic and antioxidant inducer have been reported in the literature, there are conflicting data on the benefits of molybdenum for chronic diseases. Overexposure and deficiency can result in adverse health outcomes and mortality, although physiological doses remain largely unexplored in relation to human health. The lack of knowledge surrounding molybdenum intake and the role it plays in physiology is compounded during pregnancy. As pregnancy progresses, micronutrient demand increases, and diet is an established factor in programming gestational outcomes and maternal health. This review summarises the current literature concerning varied recommendations on molybdenum intake, the role of molybdenum and molybdoenzymes in physiology, and the contribution these play in gestational outcomes.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Placenta; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Molybdenum; Dietary Supplements; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome
PubMed: 37571285
DOI: 10.3390/nu15153348 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2023Trace minerals and vitamins are essential for optimizing feedlot cattle growth, health, and carcass characteristics. Understanding factors that influence trace mineral... (Review)
Review
Trace minerals and vitamins are essential for optimizing feedlot cattle growth, health, and carcass characteristics. Understanding factors that influence trace mineral and vitamin absorption and metabolism is important when formulating feedlot cattle diets. Current feedlot industry supplementation practices typically exceed published trace mineral requirements by a factor of 2 to 4. Therefore, the intent of this review is to briefly discuss the functions of trace minerals and vitamins that are typically supplemented in feedlot diets and to examine the impact of dose of trace mineral or vitamin on growth performance, health, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Vitamins; Trace Elements; Dietary Supplements; Vitamin A; Diet; Ruminants; Animal Feed; Minerals
PubMed: 37455235
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.06.005 -
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... May 2024Zinc is an essential trace element for humans, and its homeostasis is essential for the health of the central nervous system. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the... (Review)
Review
Zinc is an essential trace element for humans, and its homeostasis is essential for the health of the central nervous system. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, play the roles of sustaining, nourishing, and immune surveillance. Microglia are sensitive to microenvironment changes and are easily activated to M1 phenotype to enhance disease progression or the M2 phenotype to improve peripheral nerves injury repair. Zinc is requisite for microglial activation, However, the cytotoxicity outcome of zinc against microglia, the activated microglia phenotype, and activated microglia function are ambiguous. Herein, we have reviewed the neurological function of zinc and microglia, particularly the ambiguous role of zinc on microglia. We also pay attention to the role of zinc homeostasis on microglial function within the central nervous system disease. Finally, we observe the relationship between zinc and microglia, attempting to design new therapeutic measures against major nervous system disorders.
Topics: Humans; Microglia; Zinc; Macrophages; Trace Elements; Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 38171037
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127380 -
Environmental Science & Technology Aug 2023Exploration of stage-specific effects of maternal exposure to trace elements and toxic metals on infancy continuous growth and trajectories is critical for early-life...
Exploration of stage-specific effects of maternal exposure to trace elements and toxic metals on infancy continuous growth and trajectories is critical for early-life health management. Within a Chinese prospective cohort in 2014-2015, a total of 919 mother-infant pairs were included, and the urinary levels of 17 elements including vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, molybdenum, palladium, cadmium, tin, gold, mercury, thallium, and lead in early (mean: 11.9 weeks), and late pregnancy (mean: 32.4 weeks) were assessed. Standardized anthropometric assessments of infants were conducted at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 12 months of age. A three-step longitudinal and high-dimensional data analysis procedure was carried out to estimate the impacts of exposome on dynamic growth. Early-pregnancy exposures to V and Cr were positively associated with repeated measurements of length-for-age -scores (LAZ). Six trajectories were identified based on LAZ. Maternal single exposure to V and Cr as well as mixed exposure to trace elements in early pregnancy were associated with raised odds for the high-stable group. Our results suggested positive associations between maternal trace element exposome and infancy dynamic growth. V and Cr were the key elements and the early pregnancy might be the critical window.
Topics: Female; Infant; Humans; Pregnancy; Trace Elements; Prospective Studies; Maternal Exposure; Copper; Chromium; Cadmium; Anthropometry
PubMed: 37525382
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02535 -
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science... May 2024Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring essential micronutrient that is required for human health. Selenium supports cellular antioxidant defense and possesses bioeffects... (Review)
Review
Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring essential micronutrient that is required for human health. Selenium supports cellular antioxidant defense and possesses bioeffects such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and cardiovascular and liver protective effects arising from Se-enhanced cellular antioxidant activity. Past studies on Se have focused on elucidating Se speciation in foods, biofortification strategies to produce Se-enriched foods to address Se deficiency in the population, and the biochemical activities of Se in health. The bioavailability and toxicity of Se are closely correlated to its chemical forms and may exhibit varying effects on body physiology. Selenium exists in inorganic and organic forms, in which inorganic Se such as sodium selenite and sodium selenate is more widely available. However, it is a challenge for safe and effective supplementation considering inorganic Se low bioavailability and high cytotoxicity. Organic Se, by contrast, exhibits higher bioavailability and lower toxicity and has a more diverse composition and structure. Organic Se exists as selenoamino acids and selenoproteins, but recent research has provided evidence that it also exists as selenosugars, selenopolysaccharides, and possibly as selenoflavonoids. Different food categories contain various Se compounds, and their Se profiles vary significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to delineate Se speciation in foods to understand their impact on health. This comprehensive review documents our knowledge of the recent uncovering of the existence of selenosugars and selenopolysaccharides and the putative evidence for selenoflavonoids. The bioavailability and bioactivities of these food-derived organic Se compounds are highlighted, in addition to their composition, structural features, and structure-activity relationships.
Topics: Humans; Selenium; Selenium Compounds; Selenic Acid; Antioxidants; Trace Elements
PubMed: 38551194
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13329