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Nature Reviews. Cardiology Jan 2024Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). As CKD progresses, CKD-specific risk factors, such as disordered... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). As CKD progresses, CKD-specific risk factors, such as disordered mineral homeostasis, amplify traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) regulates mineral homeostasis by activating complexes of FGF receptors and transmembrane klotho co-receptors. A soluble form of klotho also acts as a 'portable' FGF23 co-receptor in tissues that do not express klotho. In progressive CKD, rising circulating FGF23 levels in combination with decreasing kidney expression of klotho results in klotho-independent effects of FGF23 on the heart that promote left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and death. Emerging data suggest that soluble klotho might mitigate some of these effects via several candidate mechanisms. More research is needed to investigate FGF23 excess and klotho deficiency in specific cardiovascular complications of CKD, but the pathophysiological primacy of FGF23 excess versus klotho deficiency might never be precisely resolved, given the entangled feedback loops that they share. Therefore, randomized trials should prioritize clinical practicality over scientific certainty by targeting disordered mineral homeostasis holistically in an effort to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Glucuronidase; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Minerals
PubMed: 37443358
DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00903-0 -
Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation :... Jan 2024Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is, in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi), required for building cell membranes, DNA and RNA molecules, energy metabolism,... (Review)
Review
Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is, in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi), required for building cell membranes, DNA and RNA molecules, energy metabolism, signal transduction and pH buffering. In bone, Pi is essential for bone stability in the form of apatite. Intestinal absorption of dietary Pi depends on its bioavailability and has two distinct modes of active transcellular and passive paracellular absorption. Active transport is transporter mediated and partly regulated, while passive absorption depends mostly on bioavailability. Renal excretion controls systemic Pi levels, depends on transporters in the proximal tubule and is highly regulated. Deposition and release of Pi into and from soft tissues and bone has to be tightly controlled. The endocrine network coordinating intestinal absorption, renal excretion and bone turnover integrates dietary intake and metabolic requirements with renal excretion and is critical for bone stability and cardiovascular health during states of hypophosphataemia or hyperphosphataemia as evident from inborn or acquired diseases. This review provides an integrated overview of the biology of phosphate and Pi in mammals.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Intestinal Absorption; Hyperphosphatemia; Minerals; Mammals
PubMed: 37660247
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad188 -
Radiologie (Heidelberg, Germany) Sep 2023
Topics: Humans; Calcinosis; Calcification, Physiologic
PubMed: 37596416
DOI: 10.1007/s00117-023-01186-9 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Aug 2023Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a connective tissue disorder affecting the skeleton and other organs, which has multiple genetic patterns, numerous causative genes, and... (Review)
Review
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a connective tissue disorder affecting the skeleton and other organs, which has multiple genetic patterns, numerous causative genes, and complex pathogenic mechanisms. The previous classifications lack structure and scientific basis and have poor applicability. In this paper, we summarize and sort out the pathogenic mechanisms of OI, and analyze the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of OI from the perspectives of type I collagen defects(synthesis defects, processing defects, post-translational modification defects, folding and cross-linking defects), bone mineralization disorders, osteoblast differentiation and functional defects respectively, and also generalize several new untyped OI-causing genes and their pathogenic mechanisms, intending to provide the evidence of classification and a scientific basis for the precise diagnosis and treatment of OI.
Topics: Humans; Osteogenesis Imperfecta; Collagen Type I; Osteogenesis; Calcification, Physiologic; Bone Diseases; Mutation
PubMed: 37559063
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02849-5 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2023Trace mineral nutrition of sheep often focuses on their greater susceptibility to copper toxicosis due to a lesser biliary excretion ability compared with other... (Review)
Review
Trace mineral nutrition of sheep often focuses on their greater susceptibility to copper toxicosis due to a lesser biliary excretion ability compared with other ruminants. Our understanding of sheep trace mineral requirements has improved for most elements allowing for a factorial approach to determining daily requirement instead of a dietary concentration. Forage trace mineral content is influenced by many factors making issues of trace mineral supplementation geographic-dependent. Oral delivery of trace elements is a preferred supplementation method, and this can be achieved through free choice trace mineralized salt or direct dietary incorporation.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Trace Elements; Diet; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Dietary Supplements; Minerals
PubMed: 37640586
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.07.001 -
Clinics in Perinatology Sep 2023Inadequate intake of calcium and phosphorus during the perinatal period can result in metabolic bone disease (MBD), characterized by decreased bone mass, altered bone... (Review)
Review
Inadequate intake of calcium and phosphorus during the perinatal period can result in metabolic bone disease (MBD), characterized by decreased bone mass, altered bone mineralization, and increased risk for fractures. Preterm neonates have higher risk of developing MBD. Treating MBD involves ensuring adequate calcium and phosphorus intake, early fortification, and vitamin D supplementation. Health care providers should closely monitor nutrient intake, postnatal growth, and screening of preterm neonates at risk for MBD. This review summarizes the critical roles of calcium and phosphorus in regulating bone physiology, how they regulate bone formation and resorption, and their influence on overall bone health.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Calcium; Infant, Premature; Phosphorus; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Calcification, Physiologic
PubMed: 37536766
DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2023.04.013 -
Bone Research Nov 2023Matrix vesicles (MVs) have shown strong effects in diseases such as vascular ectopic calcification and pathological calcified osteoarthritis and in wound repair of the...
Matrix vesicles (MVs) have shown strong effects in diseases such as vascular ectopic calcification and pathological calcified osteoarthritis and in wound repair of the skeletal system due to their membranous vesicle characteristics and abundant calcium and phosphorus content. However, the role of MVs in the progression of osteoporosis is poorly understood. Here, we report that annexin A5, an important component of the matrix vesicle membrane, plays a vital role in bone matrix homeostasis in the deterioration of osteoporosis. We first identified annexin A5 from adherent MVs but not dissociative MVs of osteoblasts and found that it could be sharply decreased in the bone matrix during the occurrence of osteoporosis based on ovariectomized mice. We then confirmed its potential in mediating the mineralization of the precursor osteoblast lineage via its initial binding with collagen type I to achieve MV adhesion and the subsequent activation of cellular autophagy. Finally, we proved its protective role in resisting bone loss by applying it to osteoporotic mice. Taken together, these data revealed the importance of annexin A5, originating from adherent MVs of osteoblasts, in bone matrix remodeling of osteoporosis and provided a new strategy for the treatment and intervention of bone loss.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Annexin A5; Calcification, Physiologic; Bone Matrix; Vascular Calcification; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 37940665
DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00290-9 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jul 2023Mineral nutrients spatiotemporally participate in the biosynthesis and accumulation of storage biopolymers, which directly determines the harvested grain yield and... (Review)
Review
Mineral nutrients spatiotemporally participate in the biosynthesis and accumulation of storage biopolymers, which directly determines the harvested grain yield and quality. Optimizing fertilizer nutrient availability improves the grain yield, but quality aspects are often underestimated. We hypothesize that extensive mineral nutrients have significant effects on the biosynthesis, content, and composition of storage proteins, ultimately determining physicochemical properties and food quality, particularly in the context of climate change. To investigate this, we hierarchized 16 plant mineral nutrients and developed a novel climate-nutrient-crop model to address the fundamental question of the roles of protein and starch in grain-based food quality. Finally, we recommend increasing the added value of mineral nutrients as a socioeconomic strategy to enhance agro-food profitability, promote environmental sustainability, and improve climate resilience.
Topics: Edible Grain; Nutrients; Food Quality; Minerals
PubMed: 37384408
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01076 -
JCI Insight Dec 2023Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphate-regulating (Pi-regulating) hormone produced by bone. Hereditary hypophosphatemic disorders are associated with FGF23...
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphate-regulating (Pi-regulating) hormone produced by bone. Hereditary hypophosphatemic disorders are associated with FGF23 excess, impaired skeletal growth, and osteomalacia. Blocking FGF23 became an effective therapeutic strategy in X-linked hypophosphatemia, but testing remains limited in autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR). This study investigates the effects of Pi repletion and bone-specific deletion of Fgf23 on bone and mineral metabolism in the dentin matrix protein 1-knockout (Dmp1KO) mouse model of ARHR. At 12 weeks, Dmp1KO mice showed increased serum FGF23 and parathyroid hormone levels, hypophosphatemia, impaired growth, rickets, and osteomalacia. Six weeks of dietary Pi supplementation exacerbated FGF23 production, hyperparathyroidism, renal Pi excretion, and osteomalacia. In contrast, osteocyte-specific deletion of Fgf23 resulted in a partial correction of FGF23 excess, which was sufficient to fully restore serum Pi levels but only partially corrected the bone phenotype. In vitro, we show that FGF23 directly impaired osteoprogenitors' differentiation and that DMP1 deficiency contributed to impaired mineralization independent of FGF23 or Pi levels. In conclusion, FGF23-induced hypophosphatemia is only partially responsible for the bone defects observed in Dmp1KO mice. Our data suggest that combined DMP1 repletion and FGF23 blockade could effectively correct ARHR-associated mineral and bone disorders.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Calcification, Physiologic; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Hypophosphatemia; Mice, Knockout; Minerals; Osteomalacia
PubMed: 37943605
DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156850 -
Biochimie Dec 2023Liposomes are versatile lipid-based vesicles with interesting physicochemical properties, making them excellent candidates for interdisciplinary applications in the... (Review)
Review
Liposomes are versatile lipid-based vesicles with interesting physicochemical properties, making them excellent candidates for interdisciplinary applications in the medicinal, biological, and environmental sciences. The synthesis of mineral-liposome hybrid systems lends normally inert vesicles with the catalytic, magnetic, electrical, and optical properties of the integrated mineral species. Such applications require an understanding of the physicochemical interactions between organic molecules and inorganic crystal structures. This review provides an overview on these interactions and details on synthesis and characterization methods for these systems.
Topics: Liposomes; Metals; Minerals
PubMed: 37699473
DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.009