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International Journal of Biological... Jul 2023Gellan gum (GG) is used in many industries. Here, we obtained a low molecular weight GG (L-GG) directly produced by M155, the high-yield mutant strain of Sphingomonas...
Gellan gum (GG) is used in many industries. Here, we obtained a low molecular weight GG (L-GG) directly produced by M155, the high-yield mutant strain of Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461, which was selected using UV-ARTP combined mutagenesis. The molecular weight of L-GG was 44.6 % lesser than that of the initial GG (I-GG), and the GG yield increased by 24 %. The monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopic patterns of L-GG were similar to those of I-GG, which indicated that the decrease in the molecular weight of L-GG was probably because of reduction in the degree of polymerization. In addition, microstructural analysis revealed that the surface of L-GG was rougher, with smaller pores and tighter network, than that of I-GG. L-GG showed low hardness, gumminess, and chewiness, which are indicative of better taste. The results of rheological analysis revealed that the L-GG solution is a typical non-Newtonian fluid with low viscoelasticity, which exhibited stable dynamic viscoelasticity within 20-65 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of direct biosynthesis of low molecular weight GG during fermentation, which will reduce the manufacturing costs. Our observations provide a reference for precise and expanded applications of GG.
Topics: Molecular Weight; Fermentation; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Sphingomonas
PubMed: 37196715
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124899 -
International Journal of Biological... Dec 2023The incidence of diabetes, as a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels, is increasing every year. The predominantly western medicine treatment is... (Review)
Review
The incidence of diabetes, as a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels, is increasing every year. The predominantly western medicine treatment is associated with certain side effects, which has prompted people to turn their attention to natural active substances. Natural polysaccharide is a safe and low-toxic natural substance with various biological activities. Hypoglycemic activity is one of the important biological activities of natural polysaccharides, which has great potential for development. A systematic review of the latest research progress and possible molecular mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of natural polysaccharides is of great significance for better understanding them. In this review, we systematically reviewed the relationship between the hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharides and their structure in terms of molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic bonds, and summarized underlying molecular mechanisms the hypoglycemic activity of natural polysaccharides. In addition, the potential mechanisms of natural polysaccharides improving the complications of diabetes were analyzed and discussed. This paper provides some valuable insights and important guidance for further research on the hypoglycemic mechanisms of natural polysaccharides.
Topics: Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Polysaccharides; Monosaccharides; Molecular Weight
PubMed: 37562477
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126199 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jul 2023Anthropogenic cadmium (Cd) in arable soils is becoming a global concern due to its harmful effects on crop yield and quality. The current study examined the role of...
Exogenous application of low and high molecular weight organic acids differentially affected the uptake of cadmium in wheat-rice cropping system in alkaline calcareous soil.
Anthropogenic cadmium (Cd) in arable soils is becoming a global concern due to its harmful effects on crop yield and quality. The current study examined the role of exogenously applied low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) including oxalic acid (OxA), tartaric acid (TA) and high molecular weight organic acids (HMWOAs) like citric acid (CA) and humic acid (HA) for the bioavailability of Cd in wheat-rice cropping system. Maximum increase in root dry-weight, shoot dry-weight, and grain/paddy yields was recorded with HA for both crops. The HA significantly decreased AB-DTPA Cd in contaminated soils which remained 41% for wheat and 48% for rice compared with their respective controls. The minimum concentration of Cd in roots, shoots and grain/paddy was observed in HA treatment in both crops. The organic acids significantly increased the growth parameters, photosynthetic activity, and relative leaf moisture contents for both wheat and rice crops compared to that with the contaminated control. Application of OxA and TA increased the bioavailability of Cd in soils and plant tissues while CA and HA decreased the bioavailability of Cd in soils and plants. The highest decrease in Cd uptake, bioaccumulation, translocation factor, immobilization, translocation, harvest, and health risk indices were observed with HA while maximum increase was recorded with OxA for both wheat and rice. The results concluded that use of HMWOAs is effective in soil Cd immobilization being maximum with HA. While LMWOAs can be used for the phytoextraction of Cd in contaminated soils having maximum potential with OxA.
Topics: Soil; Cadmium; Oryza; Triticum; Molecular Weight; Crops, Agricultural; Edible Grain; Oxalic Acid; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 37094734
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121682 -
Polymers Apr 2024The impact protection applications of polycarbonate (PC) products are gradually increasing. Due to the high sensitivity of PC to notches, research on notch impacts has...
The impact protection applications of polycarbonate (PC) products are gradually increasing. Due to the high sensitivity of PC to notches, research on notch impacts has become very important. In this paper, the impact performance of PC with two different molecular weights under different notch states was investigated. Three notch size factors, namely notch tip radius, notch angle, and notch center depth, were selected to design orthogonal experiments and research impact toughness. Subsequently, a single-factor study was conducted on the impact radius at the tip of the notch, which was the most important factor affecting the impact performance. Research shows that the brittle-ductile-transition tip radius of high-molecular-weight PC is 0.15 mm, and it has a higher impact toughness than low-molecular-weight PC during the brittle fracture process. The brittle-ductile-transition tip radius of lower molecular weight is 0.25 mm, while low-molecular-weight PC has a higher impact toughness during the ductile fracture process. The brittle and ductile fracture mechanisms of PC with different molecular weights were analyzed by observing the stress changes and cross-sectional morphology.
PubMed: 38674992
DOI: 10.3390/polym16081072 -
International Journal of Biological... Dec 2023Crataegus, is a genus within the Rosaceae family. It is recognized as a valuable plant with both medicinal and edible qualities, earning it the epithet of the... (Review)
Review
Crataegus, is a genus within the Rosaceae family. It is recognized as a valuable plant with both medicinal and edible qualities, earning it the epithet of the "nutritious fruit" owing to its abundant bioactive compounds. Polysaccharides are carbohydrate polymers linked by glycosidic bonds, one of the crucial bioactive ingredients of Crataegus spp. Recently, Crataegus spp. polysaccharides (CPs) have garnered considerable attention due to their diverse range of bioactivities, including prebiotic, hypolipidemic, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunobiological properties. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent research on CPs. The analysis revealed that CPs exhibited a broad molecular weight distribution, ranging from 5.70 Da to 4.76 × 10 Da, and are composed of various monosaccharide constituents such as mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the biological function of CPs is closely associated with their molecular weight, galacturonic acid content, and chemical modifications. Additionally, CPs have excellent bioavailability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, which make them promising candidates for applications in the food, medicine, and cosmetic industries. The article also scrutinized the potential development and future research directions of CPs. Overall, this article provides comprehensive knowledge and underpinnings of CPs for future research and development as therapeutic agents and multifunctional food additives.
Topics: Crataegus; Polysaccharides; Monosaccharides; Molecular Weight; Mannose; Antioxidants
PubMed: 37689285
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126671 -
Amino Acids Oct 2023Peptides are short linear molecules consisting of amino acids that play an essential role in most biological processes. They can treat diseases by working as a vaccine...
Peptides are short linear molecules consisting of amino acids that play an essential role in most biological processes. They can treat diseases by working as a vaccine or antimicrobial agent and serves as a cancer molecule to deliver the drug to the target site for the treatment of cancer. They have the potential to solve the drawbacks of current medications and can be industrially produced in large quantities at low cost. However, poor chemical and physical stability, short circulating plasma half-life, and solubility are some issues that need solutions before they can be used as therapeutics. PepAnalyzer tool is a user-friendly tool that predicts 15 different properties such as binding potential, half-life, transmembrane patterns, test tube stability, charge, isoelectric point, molecular weights, and molar extinction coefficients only using the sequence. The tool is designed using BioPython utility and has even results with standard tools, such as Expasy, EBI, Genecorner, and Geneinfinity. The tool assists students, researchers, and the pharmaceutical sector. The PepAnalyzer tool's online platform is accessible at the link: http://www.iksmbrlabdu.in/peptool .
Topics: Humans; Peptides; Amino Acids; Anti-Infective Agents; Isoelectric Point; Molecular Weight
PubMed: 37668712
DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03317-x -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Nov 2023The manufacture, purification, and applications of hyaluronic acid (HA) are discussed in this article. Concerning the growing need for affordable, high-quality HA, it is... (Review)
Review
The manufacture, purification, and applications of hyaluronic acid (HA) are discussed in this article. Concerning the growing need for affordable, high-quality HA, it is essential to consider diverse production techniques using renewable resources that pose little risk of cross-contamination. Many microorganisms can now be used to produce HA without limiting the availability of raw materials and in an environmentally friendly manner. The production of HA has been associated with Streptococci A and C, explicitly S. zooepidemicus and S. equi. Different fermentation techniques, including the continuous, batch, fed-batch, and repeated batch culture, have been explored to increase the formation of HA, particularly from S. zooepidemicus. The topic of current interest also involves a complex broth rich in metabolites and residual substrates, intensifying downstream processes to achieve high recovery rates and purity. Although there are already established methods for commercial HA production, the anticipated growth in trade and the diversification of application opportunities necessitate the development of new procedures to produce HA with escalated productivity, specified molecular weights, and purity. In this report, we have enacted the advancement of HA technical research by analyzing bacterial biomanufacturing elements, upstream and downstream methodologies, and commercial-scale HA scenarios.
Topics: Hyaluronic Acid; Streptococcus equi; Fermentation; Molecular Weight
PubMed: 36961510
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04461-6 -
Acta Biomaterialia Oct 2023While hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels have been used clinically for decades, the mechanisms by which HA exerts molecular weight-dependent bioactivity and how...
While hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels have been used clinically for decades, the mechanisms by which HA exerts molecular weight-dependent bioactivity and how chemical modification and crosslinking may affect molecular weight-dependent bioactivity remain poorly understood. This knowledge gap presents a significant barrier to designing HA hydrogels with predictable bioactivities. As HA has been widely reported to have molecular weight-dependent effects on endothelial cells (ECs), we investigated how the molecular weight of HA in either soluble or crosslinked forms affects angiogenesis and interrogated CD44 clustering on the surface of endothelial cells as a candidate mechanism for these affects. Using soluble HA, our results show high molecular weight (HMW) HA, but not low molecular weight (LMW) HA, increased viability and tube formation in cultured human cerebral microvascular ECs (HCMVECs). No size of HA affected proliferation. When HCMVECs were cultured with crosslinked HA of varying molecular weights in the form of HA-based microporous annealed particle scaffold (HMAPS), the cell response was comparable to when cultured with soluble HA. Similarly, when implanted subcutaneously, HMAPS with HMW HA were more vascularized than those with LMW HA. We also show that antibody-mediated CD44 clustering resulted in HCMVECs with increased viability and tube-like structure formation in a manner comparable to exposure to HMW HA, suggesting that HMW acts through CD44 clustering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials based on hyaluronic acid (HA), a bioactive extracellular matrix polysaccharide, have been used in clinical products for several years. Despite the knowledge that HA molecular weight heavily influences its bioactivity, molecular weight has been largely ignored in the development of HA-based biomaterials. Given the high viscosity of high molecular weight HA typically found in native tissues, lower molecular weight polysaccharides have been used most commonly for biomaterial fabrication. By comparing the ability of injectable, microporous annealed particle scaffolds (MAPS) fabricated from variably sized HA to promote angiogenesis, this study demonstrates that MAPS with high molecular weight HA better support vascularization, likely through an unique ability to induce clustering of CD44 receptors on endothelial cells.
Topics: Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Biocompatible Materials; Molecular Weight; Endothelial Cells; Hydrogels
PubMed: 37572983
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.001 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Sep 2023Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that is abundant in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of all vertebrate cells. HA-based hydrogels have...
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that is abundant in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of all vertebrate cells. HA-based hydrogels have attracted great interest for biomedical applications due to their high viscoelasticity and biocompatibility. In both ECM and hydrogel applications, high molecular weight (HMW)-HA can absorb a large amount of water to yield matrices with a high level of structural integrity. To understand the molecular underpinnings of structural and functional properties of HA-containing hydrogels, few techniques are available. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for such studies, e.g. C NMR measurements can reveal the structural and dynamical features of (HMW) HA. However, a major obstacle to C NMR is the low natural abundance of C, necessitating the generation of HMW-HA that is enriched with C isotopes. Here we present a convenient method to obtain C- and N-enriched HMW-HA in good yield from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. The labeled HMW-HA has been characterized by solution and magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectroscopy, as well as other methods. These results will open new ways to study the structure and dynamics of HMW-HA-based hydrogels, and interactions of HMW-HA with proteins and other ECM components, using advanced NMR techniques.
Topics: Hyaluronic Acid; Molecular Weight; Proteins; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Hydrogels
PubMed: 37321744
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121063 -
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry Oct 2023Alkaline proteases from microbial sources have been found suitable for diverse industrial applications, with serine proteases being the most common enzymes used in the...
Alkaline proteases from microbial sources have been found suitable for diverse industrial applications, with serine proteases being the most common enzymes used in the detergent industry. In the present study, we have purified and characterized an extracellular alkaline serine protease from Microbacterium paraoxydans sp. SKS10. The protease was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by different chromatography techniques (fold purification 6.919). K and V for the protease were determined to be 0.183 mg/mL and 4.904 U/mL, respectively. This enzyme is a thermostable high molecular weight (∼109.4 kDa) protease which has maximal activity at 60°C, and above pH 10. Inhibitor assays revealed the enzyme to be a serine protease whose activity increased by 2.5-fold in the presence of EDTA. This enzyme remained active in the presence of various metal salts and organic solvents and was compatible with commercially available laundry detergents highlighting its potential for use in the detergent industry.
Topics: Serine Proteases; Detergents; Molecular Weight; Endopeptidases; Bacterial Proteins; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Enzyme Stability; Temperature
PubMed: 37183365
DOI: 10.1002/bab.2472