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International Journal of Biological... Dec 2023Lutein is an antioxidant with multiple beneficial functions. However, its therapeutic potential is hampered by its low water solubility and bioavailability. The goal of...
Enhancing stability of liposomes using high molecular weight chitosan to promote antioxidative stress effects and lipid-lowering activity of encapsulated lutein in vivo and in vitro.
Lutein is an antioxidant with multiple beneficial functions. However, its therapeutic potential is hampered by its low water solubility and bioavailability. The goal of this study is to compare the stability of lutein-loaded liposomes (Lu-lip) and low (LC)/high molecular weight (HC) chitosan-coated Lu-lip, along with their antioxidant capacity using HO-induced HepG2 cells and their lipid-lowering activity using high-fat diet mice. Both LC and HC reduced the lutein degradation rate by 17.5 % and 26.72 % in a challenging environment at pH 6 and T = 4 °C. Compared to LC, the HC coating improved the size- and zeta-potential-stability of Lu-lip at 5 < pH < 7, with the best performance at pH 6. The HC coating prolonged the lutein release profile, increased the cellular uptake of Lu-lip, and reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the HO-induced necrotic cell ratios by increasing the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Animal experiments have shown that oral administration of LC and HC coated Lu-lip can significantly reduce body weight levels, total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and non-high-density lipoprotein (n-HDL-C) in high-fat diet mice while significantly increasing the levels of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px in the liver of mice. LC and HC coated Lu-lip can reduce fat accumulation in the liver and epididymal adipose tissue.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Antioxidants; Liposomes; Chitosan; Lutein; Hydrogen Peroxide; Molecular Weight; Oxidative Stress; Liver; Triglycerides; Superoxide Dismutase; Glutathione Peroxidase
PubMed: 37714230
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126564 -
Gut Microbes Dec 2023Low molecular weight (6.5 kDa) polysaccharide (GP) exhibits good immunomodulatory activity, however, the mechanism underlying GP-mediated regulation of immunity and gut...
Low molecular weight (6.5 kDa) polysaccharide (GP) exhibits good immunomodulatory activity, however, the mechanism underlying GP-mediated regulation of immunity and gut microbiota remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the mechanisms underlying GP-mediated regulation of immunity and gut microbiota using cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed and intestinal mucosal injury models. GP reversed CTX-induced intestinal structural damage and increased the number of goblet cells, CD4, CD8 T lymphocytes, and mucin content, particularly by maintaining the balance of helper T lymphocyte 1/helper T lymphocyte 2 (Th1/Th2). Moreover, GP alleviated immunosuppression by down-regulating extracellular regulated protein kinases/p38/nuclear factor kappa-Bp50 pathways and increasing short-chain fatty acids level and secretion of cytokines, including interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-2, IL-10, IL-22, and transforming growth factor-β3 and immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG and secretory immunoglobulin A. GP treatment increased the total species and diversity of the gut microbiota. Microbiota analysis showed that GP promoted the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, including , , , , and , and reduced the abundance of and CTX-derived bacteria (, , , and ). The studies of fecal microbiota transplantation and the pseudo-aseptic model conformed that the gut microbiota is crucial in GP-mediated immunity regulation. GP shows great potential as an immune enhancer and a natural medicine for treating intestinal inflammatory diseases.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Molecular Weight; Polysaccharides; Glycyrrhiza; Immunity
PubMed: 37948152
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2276814 -
International Journal of Biological... May 2024This investigation aimed to scrutinize the chemical and structural analogies between chitosan extracted from crab exoskeleton (High Molecular Weight Chitosan, HMWC) and...
This investigation aimed to scrutinize the chemical and structural analogies between chitosan extracted from crab exoskeleton (High Molecular Weight Chitosan, HMWC) and chitosan obtained from mushrooms (Mushroom-derived Chitosan, MRC), and to assess their biological functionalities. The resulting hydrolysates from the hydrolysis of HMWC by chitosanase were categorized as chitosan oligosaccharides (csCOS), while those from MRC were denoted as mrCOS. The molecular weights (MW) of csCOS and mrCOS were determined using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Furthermore, structural resemblances of csCOS and mrCOS were assessed utilizing X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Intriguingly, no apparent structural disparity between csCOS and mrCOS was noted in terms of the glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) composition ratios. Consequently, the enzymatic activities of chitosanase for HMWC and MRC exhibited remarkable similarity. A topological examination was performed between the enzyme and the substrate to deduce the alteration in MW of COSs following enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, the evaluation of antioxidant activity for each COS revealed insignificance in the structural disparity between HMWC and MRC. In summary, grounded on the chemical structural similarity of HMWC and MRC, we propose the potential substitution of HMWC with MRC, incorporating diverse biological functionalities.
Topics: Chitosan; Brachyura; Animal Shells; Animals; Molecular Weight; Hydrolysis; Agaricales; Glycoside Hydrolases; Antioxidants; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; X-Ray Diffraction; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 38521325
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131047 -
International Journal of Biological... Mar 2024The processing characteristics of yogurt are closely related to the composition and arrangement of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in lactic acid bacteria (LAB). To fully...
The processing characteristics of yogurt are closely related to the composition and arrangement of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in lactic acid bacteria (LAB). To fully understand and develop the functional properties of EPS and to study the effect of EPS molecular weight on yogurt and its mechanism, the physicochemical properties of high molecular weight EPS-LH43, medium molecular weight EPS-LH13, and low molecular weight EPS-LH23, as well as the gel properties and protein conformation of yogurt, were determined and analyzed in this experiment. The results indicate that EPS-LH43 and EPS-LH13 are both composed of mannose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucose, and galactose. EPS-LH23 is composed of mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, and galactose. Their Number-average Molecular Weight is 5.21 × 10 Da, 2.39 × 10 Da and 3.76 × 10 Da, respectively. In addition, all three types of EPS have good thermal stability and can improve the stability of casein. In addition, the analysis of the texture, particle size, potential, water holding capacity, rheology, low field nuclear magnetic resonance, microstructure, and flavor characteristics of yogurt confirmed the relationship between the molecular weight of LAB EPS and the gel properties of yogurt. Fluorescence spectrophotometer and circular dichroism analysis indicate that the different molecular weights of LAB EPS have different effects on protein structure, which is an intrinsic factor leading to significant differences in the gel properties of the three types of fermented milk. These findings provide new references for enhancing the understanding of the structure-activity relationship of EPS and indicate that EPS-LH43 can be used to improve the gel properties of dairy products.
Topics: Yogurt; Lactobacillus helveticus; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Molecular Weight; Galactose; Mannose; Glucose; Fermentation; Hexuronic Acids
PubMed: 38331067
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130006 -
International Journal of Biological... Jan 2024The main purpose of this paper was to systematically evaluate the effect of lignin, which was fractioned by green solvents into different molecular weights and used as...
The main purpose of this paper was to systematically evaluate the effect of lignin, which was fractioned by green solvents into different molecular weights and used as polyol in the production of polyurethane foams (PUF). The results indicated that the foams prepared with the lower molecular weight lignin had uniform and complete pore structure and improved the mechanical strength. However, the higher molecular weight fraction lignin improved the density and thermal stability of the foam more significantly at the expense of inferior mechanical strength and pore structure deficiency. When the substitution degree of lignin in the PUF was 2 %-30 %, 99.13 % of the lowest molecular weight lignin was participated in the reaction to produce PUF, which improved the elongation at break (Eb) and tensile strength (Ts) of PUF to 834 % and 0.90 MPa, respectively. Also, thermal stability and the amount of unreacted lignin in PUF were increased at a higher substitution degree of lignin in PUF.
Topics: Polyurethanes; Lignin; Molecular Weight; Polymers
PubMed: 37992926
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128290 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jan 2024Since trihalomethanes were discovered in 1974, disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water have attracted extensive attention. In 2011, more than 600 known DBPs... (Review)
Review
Since trihalomethanes were discovered in 1974, disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water have attracted extensive attention. In 2011, more than 600 known DBPs were compiled; however, newly reported DBPs have not been integrated. The rapid development of mass spectrometry has led to a significant increase in the number of DBPs, therefore, there is a need to develop a database of all DBPs and their properties. Herein, a database including 6310 DBPs (651 confirmed, 1478 identified and 4142 proposed) reported between 1974 and 2022 was constructed and made available for public use at https://dbps.com.cn/main. This database can be a tool in screening new DBPs, comprehensively reviewing, and developing predictive models. In this paper, to demonstrate the functions of the database and provide useful information for this area, the origin of the collected DBPs was presented, and some basic information, including elemental composition, molecular weight, functional groups, and carbon frameworks, were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the proportion of DBPs verified by standard compounds and frequently detected in real water is less than 7.0%, and most of DBPs remained to be identified. Approximately 88% of DBPs contain halogens, and brominated -DBPs occupied a similar ratio to chlorinated -DBPs in real water. Acids were the main functional groups of DBPs, aliphatic and aromatic compounds are the two major carbon frameworks, and the molecular weights of most DBPs ranged from 200 to 400 Da. In addition, 4142 proposed DBPs as obtained using high-resolution mass spectrometry, were characterized based on the modified van Krevelen diagram and adjusted indexes with halogens. Most of the proposed DBPs featured lignin and tannin structures, and phenolic/highly unsaturated DBPs account for the majority.
Topics: Disinfection; Disinfectants; Molecular Weight; Water Purification; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Drinking Water; Halogens; Carbon; Halogenation
PubMed: 37856956
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132792 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Sep 2023This article describes the first simple, fast, time-saving, and cost-effective UHPLC method that was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of...
The first RP-UHPLC method for simultaneous quantification of abiraterone acetate, its four degradants, and six specified process impurities and correct identification of all analytes based on molecular weight.
This article describes the first simple, fast, time-saving, and cost-effective UHPLC method that was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of abiraterone acetate, its four degradation products, and six specified process impurities in bulk and tablet form. Moreover, when coupled with a mass spectrometer detector, the proposed method provides additional advantages for confirmation of peak and correct identification based on molecular weight. The eleven peaks were separated on a Water Acquity BEH C18, (150 mm length, 2.1 mm internal diameter, 1.7 µm particle size) column maintained at a 50.0 °C temperature. Using 0.05% formic acid in 10 mM ammonium formate, acetonitrile, and methanol as mobile phases in gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.40 mL/min. provides excellent separation at 260 nm. The linearity curves of all analytes showed promising results with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 with a lower limit of detection and quantification. A forced degradation study on solid abiraterone acetate proved its specificity with improvements and significance. This proposed method provides improved separation with a lower flow rate, which offers faster analysis, reduces wastage and cost, and specifies the greener advantages compared to reported methods. The outcome of the specificity, linearity, precision, and trueness as per ICH guidelines proved that the proposed method is fast, time-saving, and cost-effective for the intended purpose.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Limit of Detection; Abiraterone Acetate; Molecular Weight; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 37453147
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115568 -
Journal of Biomaterials Science.... Apr 2024Biopharmaceutical and biomedical applications of chitosan has evolved exponentially in the past decade, owing to its unique physicochemical properties. However, further... (Review)
Review
Biopharmaceutical and biomedical applications of chitosan has evolved exponentially in the past decade, owing to its unique physicochemical properties. However, further applications can be garnered from modified chitosan, specifically, depolymerized chitosan, with potentially useful applications in drug delivery or biomedicine. The use of microwave irradiation in depolymerization of chitosan appears to be more consequential than other methods, and results in modification of key physicochemical properties of chitosan, including molecular weight, viscosity and degree of deacetylation. In-depth review of such microwave-depolymerized chitosan and subsequent potential biopharmaceutical or biomedical applications has not been presented before. Herein, we present a detailed review of key physicochemical changes in chitosan following various depolymerization approaches, with focus on microwave irradiation and how these changes impact relevant biopharmaceutical or biomedical applications.
Topics: Chitosan; Biological Products; Microwaves; Viscosity; Molecular Weight
PubMed: 38284331
DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2306695 -
Journal of Biotechnology Aug 2023In this study, we report high molecular weight (HMW) levan production by whole cells of Microbacterium paraoxydans, previously reported to be a good producer of...
In this study, we report high molecular weight (HMW) levan production by whole cells of Microbacterium paraoxydans, previously reported to be a good producer of fructooligosaccharides. Structural analysis of the extracellularly produced fructan indicated the glycosidic bonds between the adjacent fructose to be of β-(2, 6) linkage with over 90% of the fructan to have molecular weight around 2 × 10 Da and 10% with a molecular weight of ∼20 kDa. Immobilization of the cells in Ca-alginate led to the production of 44.6 g/L levan with a yield of 0.29 g/g sucrose consumed. Factors affecting the conversion rate were identified by One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) analysis and the combination of these (initial sucrose concentration of 400 g/L, 100 mM buffer pH 7, the temperature of 37 °C and 20 mM CaCl) led to the production of ∼129 g/L of levan with a yield of ∼0.41 g/g sucrose consumed and volumetric productivity of 1.8 g/L/h.
Topics: Actinomycetales; Fermentation; Fructans; Sucrose; Molecular Weight
PubMed: 37451319
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.07.003 -
Food Chemistry Dec 2023New amphiphilic low molecular weight chitosan-graft-nicotinic acid bearing decyl groups (LCND) was synthesized by two-step reaction and spontaneously assembled into...
New amphiphilic low molecular weight chitosan-graft-nicotinic acid bearing decyl groups (LCND) was synthesized by two-step reaction and spontaneously assembled into cationic micelle by ultra-sonication method to improve water solubility and photostability properties of α-tocopherol. The chemical structure of LCND was characterized and physical properties of cationic micelle were evaluated. Results displayed that cationic micelle exhibited strong self-assemble ability with nanoscale spherical morphology and showed best loading ability with loading content of 18.50% when the feeding ratio of LCND to α-tocopherol reached 10:3. Meanwhile, the greatly enhanced water solubility, photostability and sustained release behavior of α-tocopherol in cationic micelle were observed. The cumulative release of α-tocopherol in cationic micelle reached up 82.18% within 96 h while free α-tocopherol was completely released within 10 h. Additionally, release kinetics models were also fitted. The LCND cationic micelle could be promising nanocarrier for improving the physicochemical properties of α-tocopherol in food fields.
Topics: Micelles; alpha-Tocopherol; Solubility; Chitosan; Delayed-Action Preparations; Molecular Weight; Drug Carriers; Water; Particle Size
PubMed: 37499506
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136886