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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2024Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by either VS New Jersey virus or VS Indiana virus. The disease circulates endemically in northern... (Review)
Review
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by either VS New Jersey virus or VS Indiana virus. The disease circulates endemically in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico and only occasionally causes outbreaks in the United States. During the past 20 years, VS outbreaks in the southwestern and Rocky Mountain regions occurred periodically with incursion years followed by virus overwintering and subsequent expansion outbreak years. Regulatory response by animal health officials prevents spread from lesioned animals and manages trade impacts. Recent US outbreaks highlight potential climate change impacts on insect vectors or other transmission-related variables.
Topics: Animals; Vesicular Stomatitis; Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus; Disease Outbreaks; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus
PubMed: 38402042
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.005 -
Cell Jul 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of serious respiratory infection in infants. Reinfections occur commonly, including in older adults. For six...
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of serious respiratory infection in infants. Reinfections occur commonly, including in older adults. For six decades, effective vaccines remained elusive. Stabilization of the prefusion conformation of the RSV glycoprotein F was critical for development of effective vaccines to prevent RSV in older adults. To view this Bench to Bedside, open or download the PDF.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Viral Fusion Proteins
PubMed: 37478816
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.048 -
Viruses Jan 2024Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus to which is attributed numerous high mortality outbreaks in South and South-East Asia; Bangladesh's Nipah belt... (Review)
Review
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus to which is attributed numerous high mortality outbreaks in South and South-East Asia; Bangladesh's Nipah belt accounts for the vast majority of human outbreaks, reporting regular viral emergency events. The natural reservoir of NiV is the Pteropus bat species, which covers a wide geographical distribution extending over Asia, Oceania, and Africa. Occasionally, human outbreaks have required the presence of an intermediate amplification mammal host between bat and humans. However, in Bangladesh, the viral transmission occurs directly from bat to human mainly by ingestion of contaminated fresh date palm sap. Human infection manifests as a rapidly progressive encephalitis accounting for extremely high mortality rates. Despite that, no therapeutic agents or vaccines have been approved for human use. An updated review of the main NiV infection determinants and current potential therapeutic and preventive strategies is exposed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nipah Virus; Chiroptera; Disease Outbreaks; Asia; Bangladesh; Henipavirus Infections
PubMed: 38399954
DOI: 10.3390/v16020179 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2023No overall estimate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated hospitalizations in children aged under 5 years has been published for the European Union (EU). We...
BACKGROUND
No overall estimate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated hospitalizations in children aged under 5 years has been published for the European Union (EU). We aimed to estimate the RSV hospitalization burden in children aged under 5 years in EU countries and Norway, by age group.
METHODS
We collated national RSV-associated hospitalization estimates calculated using linear regression models via the RESCEU project for Denmark, England, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, and Scotland, 2006-2018. Additional estimates were obtained from a systematic review. Using multiple imputation and nearest neighbor matching methods, we estimated overall RSV-associated hospitalizations and rates in the EU.
RESULTS
Additional estimates for 2 countries (France and Spain) were found in the literature. In the EU, an average of 245 244 (95% confidence interval [CI], 224 688-265 799) yearly hospital admissions with a respiratory infection per year were associated with RSV in children aged under 5 years, with most cases occurring among children aged under 1 year (75%). Infants aged under 2 months represented the most affected group (71.6 per 1000 children; 95% CI, 66.6-76.6).
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings will help support decisions regarding prevention efforts and represent an important benchmark to understand changes in the RSV burden following the introduction of RSV immunization programs in Europe.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; European Union; Hospitalization; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Systematic Reviews as Topic
PubMed: 37246724
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad188 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in adults that can result in hospitalizations. Estimating RSV-associated...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in adults that can result in hospitalizations. Estimating RSV-associated hospitalization is critical for planning RSV-related healthcare across Europe.
METHODS
We gathered RSV-associated hospitalization estimates from the RSV Consortium in Europe (RESCEU) for adults in Denmark, England, Finland, Norway, Netherlands, and Scotland from 2006 to 2017. We extrapolated these estimates to 28 European Union (EU) countries using nearest-neighbor matching, multiple imputations, and 2 sets of 10 indicators.
RESULTS
On average, 158 229 (95% confidence interval [CI], 140 865-175 592) RSV-associated hospitalizations occur annually among adults in the EU (≥18 years); 92% of these hospitalizations occur in adults ≥65 years. Among 75-84 years, the annual average is estimated at 74 519 (95% CI, 69 923-79 115) at a rate of 2.24 (95% CI, 2.10-2.38) per 1000. Among ≥85 years, the annual average is estimated at 37 904 (95% CI, 32 444-43 363) at a rate of 2.99 (95% CI, 2.56-3.42).
CONCLUSIONS
Our estimates of RSV-associated hospitalizations in adults are the first analysis integrating available data to provide the disease burden across the EU. Importantly, for a condition considered in the past to be primarily a disease of young children, the average annual hospitalization estimate in adults was lower but of a similar magnitude to the estimate in young children (0-4 years): 158 229 (95% CI, 140 865-175 592) versus 245 244 (95% CI, 224 688-265 799).
Topics: Child; Humans; Adult; Infant; Child, Preschool; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; European Union; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Hospitalization
PubMed: 37246742
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad189 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oct 2023Viruses in the family Filoviridae, including the commonly known Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman... (Review)
Review
Viruses in the family Filoviridae, including the commonly known Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Sporadic outbreaks of filovirus disease occur in sub-Saharan Africa with reported case fatality rates ranging from 25% to 90%. The high mortality and increasing frequency and magnitude of recent outbreaks along with the increased potential for spread from rural to urban areas highlight the importance of pandemic preparedness for these viruses. Despite their designation as high-priority pathogens, numerous scientific gaps exist in critical areas. In this review, these gaps and an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates are presented for this important virus family.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Filoviridae; Ebolavirus; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Marburgvirus; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37849404
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad362 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oct 2023The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens... (Review)
Review
The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens such as Nipah virus; and a number of recently identified agents, such as Sosuga virus, which remain poorly understood. The high human-to-human transmission rate of paramyxoviruses such as measles virus, high case fatality rate associated with other family members such as Nipah virus, and the existence of poorly characterized zoonotic pathogens raise concern that known and unknown paramyxoviruses have significant pandemic potential. In this review, the general life cycle, taxonomic relationships, and viral pathogenesis are described for paramyxoviruses that cause both systemic and respiratory system-restricted infections. Next, key gaps in critical areas are presented, following detailed conversations with subject matter experts and based on the current literature. Finally, we present an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates that could be used as models to study this important virus family, including assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each potential prototype.
Topics: Humans; Pandemics; Paramyxoviridae; Nipah Virus; Vaccines; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 37849400
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad123 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Feb 2024
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; mRNA Vaccines
PubMed: 38323773
DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2024.20.860.326 -
Cells Jan 2024Rabies virus (RABV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family and genus, which is highly neurotropic and can infect almost all warm-blooded... (Review)
Review
Rabies virus (RABV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the family and genus, which is highly neurotropic and can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Autophagy and apoptosis are two evolutionarily conserved and genetically regulated processes that maintain cellular and organismal homeostasis, respectively. Autophagy recycles unnecessary or dysfunctional intracellular organelles and molecules in a cell, whereas apoptosis eliminates damaged or unwanted cells in an organism. Studies have shown that RABV can induce both autophagy and apoptosis in target cells. To advance our understanding of pathogenesis of rabies, this paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis induced by RABV and the effects of the two cellular events on RABV replication.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rabies virus; Rabies; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Virus Replication
PubMed: 38247875
DOI: 10.3390/cells13020183 -
Viruses Jan 2024Henipaviruses are a genus of emerging pathogens that includes the highly virulent Nipah and Hendra viruses that cause reoccurring outbreaks of disease. Henipaviruses... (Review)
Review
Henipaviruses are a genus of emerging pathogens that includes the highly virulent Nipah and Hendra viruses that cause reoccurring outbreaks of disease. Henipaviruses rely on two surface glycoproteins, known as the attachment and fusion proteins, to facilitate entry into host cells. As new and divergent members of the genus have been discovered and structurally characterized, key differences and similarities have been noted. This review surveys the available structural information on glycoproteins, complementing this with information from related biophysical and structural studies of the broader family of which Henipaviruses are members. The process of viral entry is a primary focus for vaccine and drug development, and this review aims to identify critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms that drive fusion.
Topics: Humans; Henipavirus; Nipah Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Glycoproteins; Hendra Virus
PubMed: 38399971
DOI: 10.3390/v16020195