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Veterinary Sciences May 2024A bacterium was isolated and identified from the secretion of a rhesus monkey with endometritis. The morphological results showed that the strain exhibited round,...
A bacterium was isolated and identified from the secretion of a rhesus monkey with endometritis. The morphological results showed that the strain exhibited round, convex, gray-white colonies with smooth surfaces and diameters ranging from 1 to 2 mm when cultured on Columbia blood agar at 37 °C for 24 h; on salmonella-shigella agar (S.S.) at 37 °C for 24 h, the colonies appeared round, flat, and translucent. Gram staining showed negative results with blunt ends and non-spore-forming characteristics. Molecular biology results showed that the 16S rRNA sequence of the strain revealed over 96.9% similarity with published sequences of from different sources in the NCBI GenBank database. Morphological and molecular biology analysis confirmed that the strain (RM2023) isolated from cervical secretions of rhesus monkey was . Drug sensitivity testing demonstrated that the isolated strain (RM2023) was sensitive to ceftriaxone, amikacin, gentamicin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, levofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, norfloxacin, and tetracycline; moderately sensitive to ampicillin; and resistant to penicillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and clindamycin. The research findings provide valuable insights for disease prevention in rhesus monkeys and contribute to molecular epidemiological studies.
PubMed: 38787195
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050223 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2023The world-famous markets of Marrakech, also known in Arabic as souks, harbor a vast diversity of reptiles that are sold for medicinal/magic/pet purposes or used for...
The world-famous markets of Marrakech, also known in Arabic as souks, harbor a vast diversity of reptiles that are sold for medicinal/magic/pet purposes or used for snake charming. This unique epidemiological context has never been studied considering the interactions of humans, reptiles, and zoonotic pathogens. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the parasites and pathogens present in blood and feces associated with handled reptiles in the markets of Marrakech to assess the risk of zoonotic transmission within the reptile-human interface. Privately owned reptiles (n = 118), coming from vendors or snake charmers, were examined and blood and feces sampled. DNA was extracted and molecular screening (cPCR, nPCR, qPCR, dqPCR) was performed aiming to identify potentially zoonotic pathogens (i.e., Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii, Babesia/Theileria spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Leishmania spp., Cestoda). Overall, 28.9% (34/118) of reptiles were positive for at least one pathogen. In blood, Anaplasma spp. were detected in four snakes, with two Montpellier snakes positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, while Rickettsia spp. were detected in one Mediterranean chameleon and four puff adders. Leishmania tarentolae was molecularly detected in a Mediterranean chameleon and a Montpellier snake. In feces, the cox1 gene generated a myriad of sequences for nematodes, cestodes, fungi and bacteria. Importantly, Proteus vulgaris was identified from a Mediterranean chameleon. Cryptosporidium spp. nPCR yielded a positive sample (i.e., Cryptosporidium sp. apodemus genotype I) from a Moroccan worm lizard, as well as for bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an Egyptian cobra, and Morganella morganii from a puff adder. Results from this study demonstrated the risk of zoonotic transmission of microorganisms and parasites present in blood and feces from reptiles that are brought to the souks in Marrakech, Morocco, to be sold for medicinal purposes or used for snake charming, being in direct and straight contact with humans.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Cryptosporidiosis; Morocco; Cryptosporidium; Rickettsia; Parasites; Anaplasma; Snakes; Reptiles
PubMed: 37467211
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011431 -
Infectious Diseases and Therapy Jul 2023Gram-negative resistance is a well-acknowledged public health threat. Surveillance data can be used to monitor resistance trends and identify strategies to mitigate...
INTRODUCTION
Gram-negative resistance is a well-acknowledged public health threat. Surveillance data can be used to monitor resistance trends and identify strategies to mitigate their threat. The objective of this study was to assess antibiotic resistance trends in Gram-negative bacteria.
METHODS
The first cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia marcescens per hospitalized patient per month collected from 125 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) between 2011 to 2020 were included. Time trends of resistance phenotypes (carbapenem, fluoroquinolone, extended-spectrum cephalosporin, multi-drug, and difficult-to-treat) were analyzed with Joinpoint regression to estimate average annual percent changes (AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals and p values. A 2020 antibiogram of reported antibiotic percent susceptibilities was also created to evaluate resistance rates at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.
RESULTS
Among 40 antimicrobial resistance phenotype trends assessed in 494,593 Gram-negative isolates, there were no noted increases; significant decreases were observed in 87.5% (n = 35), including in all P. aeruginosa, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, M. morganii, and S. marcescens phenotypes (p < 0.05). The largest decreases were seen in carbapenem-resistant phenotypes of P. mirabilis, Klebsiella, and M. morganii (AAPCs: - 22.9%, - 20.7%, and - 20.6%, respectively). In 2020, percent susceptibility was over 80% for all organisms tested against aminoglycosides, cefepime, ertapenem, meropenem, ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, and meropenem-vaborbactam.
CONCLUSION
We observed significant decreases in antibiotic resistance for P. aeruginosa and Enterobacterales over the past decade. According to the 2020 antibiogram, in vitro antimicrobial activity was observed for most treatment options. These results may be related to the robust infection control and antimicrobial stewardship programs instituted nationally among VAMCs.
PubMed: 37326931
DOI: 10.1007/s40121-023-00827-9 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023NDM carbapenemase-encoding genes disseminate commonly among Enterobacterales through transferable plasmids carrying additional resistance determinants. Apart from the...
NDM carbapenemase-encoding genes disseminate commonly among Enterobacterales through transferable plasmids carrying additional resistance determinants. Apart from the intra-species dissemination, the inter-species exchange of plasmids seems to play an additional important role in the spread of . We here present the genetics related to the isolation of three species (, , and ) harboring the gene from a single patient in Greece. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using the Vitek2. Whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic tools were used to identify resistance genes and plasmids. harboring plasmids were found in all three isolates. Moreover, the plasmid constructs of the respective incomplete or circular contigs showed that the and its neighboring genes form a cluster that was found in all isolates. Our microbiological findings, together with the patient's history, suggest the in vivo transfer of the -containing cluster through three different species in a single patient.
PubMed: 37508302
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071206 -
Cureus Sep 2023is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacillus commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract and the environment. In adults, it is often associated with nosocomial...
is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacillus commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract and the environment. In adults, it is often associated with nosocomial infections, primarily surgical wound infections, urinary tract infections, and hepatobiliary infections. It is a rare cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis, with fewer than 15 reported cases in the literature. The authors aim to present a case of a low birth weight preterm born at 28 weeks' gestation, who developed early-onset neonatal sepsis due to . We successfully treated the infection using a combination of third-generation cephalosporin and aminoglycoside, and in this report, we explain the rationale behind employing this antibiotic therapy.
PubMed: 37868540
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45600 -
Surgical Neurology International 2024is a Gram-negative enteric rod found in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as normal flora. It is highly implicated in urinary tract infections,...
BACKGROUND
is a Gram-negative enteric rod found in the intestinal tracts of humans, mammals, and reptiles as normal flora. It is highly implicated in urinary tract infections, wound infections, and septicemia. The cerebral nervous system, especially brain abscess attributed to , remains extremely rare. To the best of the author's knowledge, only eight documented cerebral brain abscesses caused by have been reported in the literature.
CASE DESCRIPTION
A 48-year-old man presented with headache, fever, and irritability two months after endoscopic endonasal repair of the cranial base defect. Following imaging studies, a large left frontal abscess was found. The patient underwent a fine-needle aspiration through a burr hole following antimicrobial therapy.
CONCLUSION
We report this case to create awareness among neurosurgeons and microbiologists that , even though uncommon, is a cause of cerebral brain abscess. Prompt surgical management and appropriate antimicrobial therapy is the treatment of choice.
PubMed: 38344080
DOI: 10.25259/SNI_759_2023 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... May 2024The ESCPM group (Enterobacter species including Klebsiella aerogenes - formerly Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia species, Citrobacter freundii complex, Providencia... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
INTRODUCTION
The ESCPM group (Enterobacter species including Klebsiella aerogenes - formerly Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia species, Citrobacter freundii complex, Providencia species and Morganella morganii) has not yet been incorporated into systematic surveillance programs.
METHODS
We conducted a multicentre retrospective observational study analysing all ESCPM strains isolated from blood cultures in 27 European hospitals over a 3-year period (2020-2022). Diagnostic approach, epidemiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility were investigated.
RESULTS
Our study comprised 6,774 ESCPM isolates. MALDI-TOF coupled to mass spectrometry was the predominant technique for bacterial identification. Susceptibility to new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and confirmation of AmpC overproduction were routinely tested in 33.3% and 29.6% of the centres, respectively. The most prevalent species were E. cloacae complex (44.8%) and S. marcescens (22.7%). Overall, third-generation cephalosporins (3GC), combined third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins (3GC + 4GC) and carbapenems resistance phenotypes were observed in 15.7%, 4.6%, and 9.5% of the isolates, respectively. AmpC overproduction was the most prevalent resistance mechanism detected (15.8%). Among carbapenemase-producers, carbapenemase type was provided in 44.4% of the isolates, VIM- (22.9%) and OXA-48-enzyme (16%) being the most frequently detected. E. cloacae complex, K. aerogenes and Providencia species exhibited the most notable cumulative antimicrobial resistance profiles, with the former displaying 3GC, combined 3GC + 4GC and carbapenems resistance phenotypes in 15.2%, 7.4%, and 12.8% of the isolates, respectively. K. aerogenes showed the highest rate of both 3GC resistant phenotype (29.8%) and AmpC overproduction (32.1%), while Providencia species those of both carbapenems resistance phenotype (42.7%) and carbapenemase production (29.4%). ESCPM isolates exhibiting both 3GC and combined 3GC + 4GC resistance phenotypes displayed high susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam (98.2% and 95.7%, respectively) and colistin (90.3% and 90.7%, respectively). Colistin emerged as the most active drug against ESCPM species (except those intrinsically resistant) displaying both carbapenems resistance phenotype (85.8%) and carbapenemase production (97.8%).
CONCLUSIONS
This study presented a current analysis of ESCPM species epidemiology in Europe, providing insights to inform current antibiotic treatments and guide strategies for antimicrobial stewardship and diagnostics.
Topics: Humans; Bacterial Proteins; Europe; beta-Lactamases; Retrospective Studies; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Enterobacteriaceae; Hospitals; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
PubMed: 38367844
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107115 -
Plant Signaling & Behavior Dec 2024Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have been utilized to immobilize heavy metals, limiting their translocation in metal contaminated settings. However, studies...
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have been utilized to immobilize heavy metals, limiting their translocation in metal contaminated settings. However, studies on the mechanisms and interactions that elucidate how PGPRs mediate Nickel (Ni) tolerance in plants are rare. Thus, in this study we investigated how two pre-characterized heavy metal tolerant isolates of (ABT9 and ABT3) improve Ni stress tolerance in Arabidopsis while enhancing its growth and yield. Arabidopsis seedlings were grown for five weeks in control/Ni contaminated (control, 1.5 mM and 2.5 mM) potted soil, in the presence or absence of PGPRs. Plant growth characteristics, quantum yield, and antioxidative enzymatic activities were analyzed to assess the influence of PGPRs on plant physiology. Oxidative stress tolerance was quantified by measuring MDA accumulation in Arabidopsis plants. As expected, Ni stress substantially reduced plant growth (shoot and root fresh weight by 53.25% and 58.77%, dry weight by 49.80% and 57.41% and length by 47.16% and 64.63% over control), chlorophyll content and quantum yield (by 40.21% and 54.37% over control). It also increased MDA content by 84.28% at higher (2.5 mM) Ni concentrations. In contrast, inoculation with led to significant improvements in leaf chlorophyll, quantum yield, and Arabidopsis biomass production. The mitigation of adverse effects of Ni stress on biomass observed in -inoculated plants was attributed to the enhancement of antioxidative enzyme activities compared to Ni-treated plants. This upregulation of the antioxidative defense mechanism mitigated Ni-induced oxidative stress, leading to improved performance of the photosynthetic machinery, which, in turn, enhanced chlorophyll content and quantum yield. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these tolerance-inducing processes will help to complete the picture of PGPRs-mediated defense signaling. Thus, it suggests that PGPRs candidate can potentially be utilized for plant growth promotion by reducing oxidative stress via upregulating antioxidant defense systems in Ni-contaminated soils and reducing Ni metal uptake.
Topics: Nickel; Antioxidants; Arabidopsis; Morganella morganii; Chlorophyll
PubMed: 38526224
DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2318513 -
International Microbiology : the... Apr 2024Morganella morganii is a bacterium belonging to the normal intestinal microbiota and the environment; however, in immunocompromised individuals, this bacterium can...
Clonal relationship, virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance of Morganella morganii isolated from community-acquired infections and hospitalized patients: a neglected opportunistic pathogen.
Morganella morganii is a bacterium belonging to the normal intestinal microbiota and the environment; however, in immunocompromised individuals, this bacterium can become an opportunistic pathogen, causing a series of diseases, both in hospitals and in the community, being urinary tract infections more prevalent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, virulence profile, and resistance to antimicrobials and the clonal relationship of isolates of urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by M. morganii, both in the hospital environment and in the community of the municipality of Londrina-PR, in southern Brazil, in order to better understand the mechanisms for the establishment of the disease caused by this bacterium. Our study showed that M. morganii presents a variety of virulence factors in the studied isolates. Hospital strains showed a higher prevalence for the virulence genes zapA, iutA, and fimH, while community strains showed a higher prevalence for the ireA and iutA genes. Hospital isolates showed greater resistance compared to community isolates, as well as a higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates. Several M. morganii isolates from both sources showed high genetic similarity. The most prevalent plasmid incompatibility groups detected were FIB and I1, regardless of the isolation source. Thus, M. morganii isolates can accumulate virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance, making them a neglected opportunistic pathogen.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Morganella morganii; Virulence; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Urinary Tract Infections; Virulence Factors; beta-Lactamases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37479959
DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00400-x -
The American Journal of Tropical... May 2024Snakebites still constitute a significant public health problem in developing countries and are considered a neglected tropical condition by the WHO. Snake accidents are... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Snakebites still constitute a significant public health problem in developing countries and are considered a neglected tropical condition by the WHO. Snake accidents are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality and may produce secondary complications, such as severe infections. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the prevalence of snakebite infections and characterize the bacteria isolated from these infections. A systematic literature review in five databases was carried out to assess the prevalence of snakebite infection. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% CIs. Cochran's Q test and the I2 statistic were used to assess between-study heterogeneity. The pooled prevalence of infection due to snakebite was 27.0% (95% CI: 22.0-32.0%), with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 99.7%). The prevalence was higher in Asia (32%) than in the Americas (21%). Snakebite infections required surgical interventions in 68% (95% CI: 37.0-98.0%). The leading group of pathogens identified corresponded to Gram-negative bacteria (63%), particularly Morganella morganii (32%), but also, Gram-positive cocci (40%), especially Enterococcus spp. (23%) and Staphylococcus aureus (15%). However, multiple other pathogens, including anaerobes, were found. A high prevalence of snakebite-associated infection has been described, primarily due to M. morganii, with the corresponding implications for empirical therapy. Rational use of antimicrobials is recommended, and this should guide initial empirical treatment. Moreover, isolation and identification of the possible bacteria present in snakebite wounds is recommended in all cases to confirm or rule out associated infection.
Topics: Snake Bites; Humans; Prevalence; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asia
PubMed: 38507793
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0278