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Current Atherosclerosis Reports Dec 2023This article sumarizes pathopysiological consequencies between obesity and dyslipidemia and aims to bring some practical approach. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article sumarizes pathopysiological consequencies between obesity and dyslipidemia and aims to bring some practical approach.
RECENT FINDINGS
Dyslipidemia is often present in individuals with obesity and simultaneusly, many obese individuals have lipid metabolism disorders. Especially the abdominal obesity increases the cardiometabolic risk because of the presence of atherogenic dyslipidemia while the total low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) may be normal. LDL-C is the primary goal in dyslipidemia treatment. Apoliprotein B (Apo B) and non - high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) should be estimated to precise the cardiovascular risk and represents the secondary goal in treatment. Weight loss either with diet or antiobestic medication induces the decrease in triglycerides (TG) and LDL-C and the increase in HDL-C. Composition of nutrients, esp. fatty acids, influences lipid levels. Bariatric surgery is efficient in weight loss and has a significant effect on serum lipids. Dyslipidemia and obesity present common diseases that must be managed to decrease the cardiovascular risk and the risk of obesity-related complications.
Topics: Humans; Cholesterol, LDL; Obesity; Dyslipidemias; Diet; Triglycerides; Lipoproteins; Weight Loss; Cholesterol, HDL
PubMed: 37979064
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01167-2 -
Science Translational Medicine Nov 2023Obesity-associated inflammation is a systemic process that affects all metabolic organs. Prominent among these is adipose tissue, where cells of the innate and adaptive... (Review)
Review
Obesity-associated inflammation is a systemic process that affects all metabolic organs. Prominent among these is adipose tissue, where cells of the innate and adaptive immune system are markedly changed in obesity, implicating these cells in a range of processes linking immune memory to metabolic regulation. Furthermore, weight loss and weight cycling have unexpected effects on adipose tissue immune populations. Here, we review the current literature on the roles of various immune cells in lean and obese adipose tissue. Within this context, we discuss pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to obesity treatment and their impact on systemic inflammation.
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Adipose Tissue; Inflammation
PubMed: 37992150
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf9382 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Jul 2023Infertility is a significant global health issue, with a negative impact on people's wellbeing and human rights. Despite the longstanding association between obesity and... (Review)
Review
Infertility is a significant global health issue, with a negative impact on people's wellbeing and human rights. Despite the longstanding association between obesity and infertility, there remains uncertainty, about the precise mechanisms underpinning this association and best management strategies. In this article, we aimed to address these uncertainties by reviewing the recent literature, and focusing on studies which evaluated live birth rates. We found that just over half of the studies, investigating the relationship between preconception maternal weight and live birth rates found an inverse correlation. There was, however, insufficient evidence, that preconception maternal lifestyle or pharmacological interventions in obese women with infertility, resulted in improved live birth rates. The implications for clinical practice and future research are highlighted. For example, the need to consider some flexibility in applying strict preconception body mass index targets, limiting access to fertility treatment, and a need for large clinical trials of new pharmacological options and bariatric surgery.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Obesity; Infertility; Fertility; Life Style; Birth Rate
PubMed: 37279630
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102336 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Jul 2023Excess body weight is a global health problem due to sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet, affecting 2 billion population worldwide. Obesity is a major risk factor for... (Review)
Review
Excess body weight is a global health problem due to sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet, affecting 2 billion population worldwide. Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic diseases. Notably, the metabolic risk of obesity largely depends on body weight distribution, of which visceral adipose tissues but not subcutaneous fats are closely associated with obesity comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. Latest multi-omics and mechanistical studies reported the crucial involvement of genetic and epigenetic alterations, adipokines dysregulation, immunity changes, imbalance of white and brown adipose tissues, and gut microbial dysbiosis in mediating the pathogenic association between visceral adipose tissues and comorbidities. In this review, we explore the epidemiology of excess body weight and the up-to-date mechanism of how excess body weight and obesity lead to chronic complications. We also examine the utilization of visceral fat measurement as an accurate clinical parameter for risk assessment in healthy individuals and clinical outcome prediction in obese subjects. In addition, current approaches for the prevention and treatment of excess body weight and its related metabolic comorbidities are further discussed.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Obesity; Comorbidity; Risk Factors; Diet
PubMed: 36965839
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.03.008 -
Current Problems in Cardiology Jan 2024Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading global cause of death, with preventable risk factors like obesity contributing most to it. Obesity's association with CVD... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading global cause of death, with preventable risk factors like obesity contributing most to it. Obesity's association with CVD originate from factors like inflammation, insulin resistance, and altered lipid profiles. Obesity also raises the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and sudden cardiac death. Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, initially used for weight loss and diabetes, emerged as a breakthrough in CVD prevention. The SELECT trial assessed semaglutide's impact on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 17,604 adults with CVD and obesity were given a weekly 2.4 mg dose of semaglutide or placebo. The trial observed a significant 20% reduction in MACE risk for those receiving semaglutide, demonstrating its potential in obesity-associated CVD prevention. This shift marks a transformative approach to obesity management and CVD prevention. However, further research is needed to fully comprehend semaglutide's cardiovascular benefits and potential risks.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Cardiovascular Diseases; Obesity; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37640171
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102060 -
Nutrients Dec 2023The literature on the connection between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical hypothyroidism is critically analyzed in this narrative review. These conditions... (Review)
Review
The literature on the connection between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical hypothyroidism is critically analyzed in this narrative review. These conditions are frequently observed among adult populations and various studies and meta-analyses have assessed their association. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in obese individuals is higher than in non-obese subjects and this trend is more pronounced in unhealthy obesity phenotypes. However, the diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism can be difficult in obese patients. Exaggerated body fat is linked to thyroid hypoechogenicity as evident through ultrasonography and euthyroid obese people have greater TSH, FT3, and FT3/FT4 ratios than non-obese individuals in a euthyroid condition. Moreover, a reduced expression of the TSH receptor and altered function of deiodinases has been found in the adipose tissue of obese patients. Current data do not support the necessity of a pharmacological correction of the isolated hyperthyrotropinemia in euthyroid obese patients because treatment with thyroid hormone does not significantly improve weight loss and the increase in serum TSH can be reversible after hypocaloric diet or bariatric surgery. On the other hand, obesity is linked to elevated leptin levels. Inflammation can raise the risk of Hashimoto thyroiditis, which increases the likelihood that obese patients will experience overt or subclinical hypothyroidism. Both metabolic syndrome and subclinical hypothyroidism are associated with atherosclerosis, liver and kidney disease. Hence, the association of these two illnesses may potentiate the adverse effects noted in each of them. Subclinical hypothyroidism should be identified in patients with obesity and treated with appropriate doses of L-thyroxine according to the lean body mass and body weight. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to verify whether treatment of thyroid deficiency could counteract the expected risks.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Obesity; Metabolic Syndrome; Diet, Reducing; Hypothyroidism; Thyrotropin
PubMed: 38201918
DOI: 10.3390/nu16010087 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2024Obesity or excessive weight gain is identified as the most important and significant risk factor in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in... (Review)
Review
Obesity or excessive weight gain is identified as the most important and significant risk factor in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in all age groups. It has reached pandemic dimensions, making the treatment of obesity crucial in the prevention and management of type 2 DM worldwide. Multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that moderate and sustained weight loss can improve blood glucose levels, insulin action and reduce the need for diabetic medications. A combined approach of diet, exercise and lifestyle modifications can successfully reduce obesity and subsequently ameliorate the ill effects and deadly complications of DM. This approach also helps largely in the prevention, control and remission of DM. Obesity and DM are chronic diseases that are increasing globally, requiring new approaches to manage and prevent diabetes in obese individuals. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanistic link between the two and design a comprehensive approach to increase life expectancy and improve the quality of life in patients with type 2 DM and obesity. This literature review provides explicit information on the clinical definitions of obesity and type 2 DM, the incidence and prevalence of type 2 DM in obese individuals, the indispensable role of obesity in the pathophysiology of type 2 DM and their mechanistic link. It also discusses clinical studies and outlines the recent management approaches for the treatment of these associated conditions. Additionally, in vivo studies on obesity and type 2 DM are discussed here as they pave the way for more rigorous development of therapeutic approaches.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Quality of Life; Obesity; Risk Factors; Weight Loss
PubMed: 38339160
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031882 -
Nature Communications Oct 2023Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, a substantial proportion of patients with these conditions have a seemingly normal body...
Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, a substantial proportion of patients with these conditions have a seemingly normal body mass index (BMI). Conversely, not all obese individuals present with metabolic disorders giving rise to the concept of "metabolically healthy obese". We use lipidomic-based models for BMI to calculate a metabolic BMI score (mBMI) as a measure of metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity. Using the difference between mBMI and BMI (mBMIΔ), we identify individuals with a similar BMI but differing in their metabolic health and disease risk profiles. Exercise and diet associate with mBMIΔ suggesting the ability to modify mBMI with lifestyle intervention. Our findings show that, the mBMI score captures information on metabolic dysregulation that is independent of the measured BMI and so provides an opportunity to assess metabolic health to identify "at risk" individuals for targeted intervention and monitoring.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Body Mass Index; Obesity; Risk Factors; Cardiovascular Diseases; Metabolic Syndrome
PubMed: 37805498
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41963-7 -
Disease-a-month : DM Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
PubMed: 37248137
DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101591 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Nov 2023The impact of diet on psoriasis is not well studied but it is of interest to many patients. A hypocaloric diet with corresponding weight loss can reduce psoriasis... (Review)
Review
The impact of diet on psoriasis is not well studied but it is of interest to many patients. A hypocaloric diet with corresponding weight loss can reduce psoriasis severity in overweight or obese patients and should be considered an important supplement to conventional therapy, as argued in this review. Gluten-free diet might improve severity of psoriasis in patients with coeliac disease or merely presence of coeliac-specific antibodies. Mediterranean diet might also be beneficial. Overall, studies do not support a beneficial effect of micronutrient supplements (i.e., vitamin D, selenium, vitamin B12) in patients with normal serum levels.
Topics: Humans; Diet, Reducing; Obesity; Diet; Vitamins; Psoriasis; Dietary Supplements; Celiac Disease
PubMed: 38018738
DOI: No ID Found