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Biomolecules Jul 2023Obesity, defined as the abnormal or excessive expansion of white adipose tissue, has reached pandemic proportions and is recognized as an important health concern since... (Review)
Review
Obesity, defined as the abnormal or excessive expansion of white adipose tissue, has reached pandemic proportions and is recognized as an important health concern since it is a common root for several comorbidities, including malignancies. Indeed, the current knowledge of the white adipose tissue, which shifts its role from an energy storage tissue to an important endocrine and metabolic organ, has opened up new avenues for the discovery of obesity's effects on tumor biology. In this review, we will report the epidemiological studies concerning the strong impact of obesity in several types of cancer and describe the mechanisms underlying the heterotypic signals between cancer cell lines and adipocytes, with particular emphasis on inflammation, the insulin/IGF-1 axis, and adipokines. Among the adipokines, we will further describe the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data concerning the role of leptin, recognized as one of the most important mediators of obesity-associated cancers. In fact, leptin physiologically regulates energy metabolism, appetite, and reproduction, and several studies have also described the role of leptin in affecting cancer development and progression. Finally, we will summarize the newest pharmacological strategies aimed at mitigating the protumorigenic effects of leptin, underlining their mechanisms of action.
Topics: Humans; Leptin; Adipose Tissue; Obesity; Adipokines; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37509120
DOI: 10.3390/biom13071084 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jul 2023The purpose of this review was to analyze the available literature on the subject of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. We searched for available articles for the time... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review was to analyze the available literature on the subject of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. We searched for available articles for the time period from 2013 to 2023. Obesity is listed as one of the most important health issues. Complications of obesity, with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) listed among them, are common problems in clinical practice. Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for OSA, but OSA itself may contribute to worsening obesity. Bariatric surgery is a treatment of choice for severely obese patients, especially with present complications, and remains the only causative treatment for patients with OSA. Though improvement in OSA control in patients after bariatric surgery is well-established knowledge, the complete resolution of OSA is achieved in less than half of them. The determination of subpopulations of patients in whom bariatric surgery would be especially advantageous is an important issue of OSA management. Increasing the potential of non-invasive strategies in obesity treatment requires studies that assess the efficacy and safety of combined methods.
Topics: Humans; Polysomnography; Obesity; Bariatric Surgery; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Risk Factors; Obesity, Morbid
PubMed: 37512076
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071266 -
Current Opinion in Cardiology Sep 2023To describe the relationship between three pandemics: hypertension, obesity, and heart failure. From pathophysiology to treatment, understanding how these disease... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To describe the relationship between three pandemics: hypertension, obesity, and heart failure. From pathophysiology to treatment, understanding how these disease entities are linked can lead to breakthroughs in their prevention and treatment. The relevance of this review lies in its discussion of novel pharmacological and surgical treatment strategies for obesity and hypertension, and their role in the prevention and treatment of heart failure.
RECENT FINDINGS
Novel medications such as GLP-1 agonists have demonstrated sustained weight loss in patients with obesity, and concurrent improvements in their cardiometabolic profile, and possibly also reductions in hypertension-related comorbidities including heart failure. Surgical therapies including laparoscopic bariatric surgery represent an important treatment strategy in obese patients, and recent studies describe their use even in patients with advanced heart failure, including those with ventricular assist devices.
SUMMARY
These developments have deep implications on our efforts to understand, mitigate, and ultimately prevent the three pandemics, and offer promising improvements to quality of life, survival, and the cost burden of these diseases.
Topics: Humans; Quality of Life; Obesity; Heart Failure; Bariatric Surgery; Hypertension; Weight Loss
PubMed: 37522803
DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000001069 -
Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD Oct 2023Obesity is a public health crisis, presenting a huge burden on health care and the economic system in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO's... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a public health crisis, presenting a huge burden on health care and the economic system in both developed and developing countries. According to the WHO's latest report on obesity, 39% of adults of age 18 and above are obese, with an increase of 18% compared to the last few decades. Metabolic energy imbalance due to contemporary lifestyle, changes in gut microbiota, hormonal imbalance, inherent genetics, and epigenetics is a major contributory factor to this crisis. Multiple studies have shown that probiotics and their metabolites (postbiotics) supplementation have an effect on obesity-related effects in vitro, in vivo, and in human clinical investigations. Postbiotics such as the SCFAs suppress obesity by regulating metabolic hormones such as GLP-1, and PPY thus reducing feed intake and suppressing appetite. Furthermore, muramyl di-peptides, bacteriocins, and LPS have been tested against obesity and yielded promising results in both human and mice studies. These insights provide an overview of targetable pharmacological sites and explore new opportunities for the safer use of postbiotics against obesity in the future.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Mice; Animals; Adolescent; Obesity; Microbiota; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Probiotics; Epigenesis, Genetic
PubMed: 37861729
DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01593-w -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Apr 2024The objective of this review is to summarize the literature on the prevalence and diagnosis of obesity and its metabolic profile, including bone metabolism, focusing on... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The objective of this review is to summarize the literature on the prevalence and diagnosis of obesity and its metabolic profile, including bone metabolism, focusing on the main inflammatory and turnover bone mediators that better characterize metabolically healthy obesity phenotype, and to summarize the therapeutic interventions for obesity with their effects on bone health.
RECENT FINDINGS
Osteoporosis and fracture risk not only increase with age and menopause but also with metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Thus, patients with high BMI may have a higher bone fragility and fracture risk. However, some obese individuals with healthy metabolic profiles seem to be less at risk of bone fracture. Obesity has become an alarming disease with growing prevalence and multiple metabolic comorbidities, resulting in a significant burden on healthcare and increased mortality. The imbalance between increased food ingestion and decreased energy expenditure leads to pathological adipose tissue distribution and function, with increased secretion of proinflammatory markers and harmful consequences for body tissues, including bone tissue. However, some obese individuals seem to have a healthy metabolic profile and may not develop cardiometabolic disease during their lives. This healthy metabolic profile also benefits bone turnover and is associated with lower fracture risk.
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Osteoporosis; Bone and Bones; Bone Remodeling; Fractures, Bone; Adipose Tissue; Body Mass Index
PubMed: 38416274
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-024-00864-4 -
Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic... Oct 2023Obesity is a complex disease that relapses frequently and associates with multiple complications that comprise a worldwide health priority because of its rising... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a complex disease that relapses frequently and associates with multiple complications that comprise a worldwide health priority because of its rising prevalence and association with numerous complications, including metabolic disorders, mechanic pathologies, and cancer, among others. Noteworthy, excess adiposity is accompanied by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and subsequent organ dysfunction. This dysfunctional adipose tissue is initially stored in the visceral depot, overflowing subsequently to produce lipotoxicity in ectopic depots like liver, heart, muscle, and pancreas, among others. People living with obesity need a diagnostic approach that considers an exhaustive pathophysiology and complications assessment. Thus, it is essential to warrant a holistic diagnosis and management that guarantees an adequate health status, and quality of life. The present review summarizes the different complications associated with obesity, at the same time, we aim to fostering a novel framework that enhances a patient-centered approach to obesity management in the precision medicine era.
Topics: Humans; Adiposity; Quality of Life; Obesity; Adipose Tissue; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance
PubMed: 37162651
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09797-2 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2023The rising incidence of obesity has coincided with rising levels of poor reproductive outcomes. The molecular basis for the association of infertility in obese males is... (Review)
Review
The rising incidence of obesity has coincided with rising levels of poor reproductive outcomes. The molecular basis for the association of infertility in obese males is now being explained through various mechanisms. Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and changes in serum and gonadal concentrations of adipokines, like leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin have been implicated as causes of male infertility in obese males. The effects of obesity and hypogonadism form a vicious cycle whereby dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis-due to the effect of the release of multiple mediators, thus decreasing GnRH release from the hypothalamus-causes decreases in LH and FSH levels. This leads to lower levels of testosterone, which further increases adiposity because of increased lipogenesis. Cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukins, sirtuins, and other inflammatory mediators like reactive oxygen species are known to affect fertility in obese male adults. There is evidence that parental obesity can be transferred through subsequent generations to offspring through epigenetic marks. Thus, negative expressions like obesity and infertility have been linked to epigenetic marks being altered in previous generations. The interesting aspect is that these epigenetic expressions can be reverted by removing the triggering factors. These positive modifications are also transmitted to subsequent generations.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Infertility, Male; Obesity; Fertility; Adiposity; Adipokines
PubMed: 38203349
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010179 -
Mucosal Immunology Aug 2023Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been found to be associated with abnormalities in several organs, including the intestine. These conditions can lead to changes in...
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been found to be associated with abnormalities in several organs, including the intestine. These conditions can lead to changes in gut homeostasis, compromising tolerance to luminal antigens and increasing susceptibility to food allergies. The underlying mechanisms for this phenomenon are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated changes in the intestinal mucosa of diet-induced obese mice and found that they exhibited increased gut permeability and reduced Treg cells frequency. Upon oral treatment with ovalbumin (OVA), obese mice failed to develop oral tolerance. However, hyperglycemia treatment improved intestinal permeability and oral tolerance induction in mice. Furthermore, we observed that obese mice exhibited a more severe food allergy to OVA, and this allergy was alleviated after treatment with a hypoglycemic drug. Importantly, our findings were translated to obese humans. Individuals with T2D had higher serum IgE levels and downregulated genes related to gut homeostasis. Taken together, our results suggest that obesity-induced hyperglycemia can lead to a failure in oral tolerance and to exacerbation of food allergy. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the relationship among obesity, T2D, and gut mucosal immunity, which could inform the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Mice, Obese; Food Hypersensitivity; Obesity; Immune Tolerance; Allergens; Administration, Oral; Ovalbumin; Mice, Inbred BALB C
PubMed: 37302712
DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.05.008 -
Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the... Sep 2023We aimed to quantify the use of person-first language (PFL) among scholarly articles focusing on diabetes or obesity. (Review)
Review
AIMS
We aimed to quantify the use of person-first language (PFL) among scholarly articles focusing on diabetes or obesity.
METHODS
PFL and condition-first language (CFL) terms for diabetes and obesity (e.g. diabetic, obese) were identified from existing guidelines and a review of the literature. Exact phrase literature searches were conducted between 2011 and 2020 and results were categorised as PFL, CFL or both.
RESULTS
Among diabetes articles, 43% used PFL, 40% used CFL and 17% contained both. Among obesity articles, 0.5% used PFL, 99% used CFL and 0.2% used both. The use of PFL increased by 3% per year for diabetes articles, compared to 117% for obesity articles. The rate of adoption of PFL in diabetes articles was unchanged in 2018-2020 compared to the 3 years prior.
CONCLUSIONS
While the use of person-first language in diabetes articles had increased over the review period, its rate of adoption has started to slow. Conversely, the use of PFL in obesity articles is nascent and increasing.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus; Obesity; Language
PubMed: 36786059
DOI: 10.1111/dme.15067 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Obesity is one of the comorbidities in patients with asthma and obese patients with asthma present with a distinct phenotype with more severe disease outcomes and... (Review)
Review
Obesity is one of the comorbidities in patients with asthma and obese patients with asthma present with a distinct phenotype with more severe disease outcomes and reduced responsiveness to standard therapies. Although the full mechanisms of obesity‑related asthma are still not completely understood, abnormal immune responses have been demonstrated to have a critical role in asthma pathogenesis. The present review summarizes the data from clinical, epidemiological and animal studies to provide an updated understanding of the immune responses in obesity‑related asthma, as well as the effect of various factors, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, genetics and epigenetics, on asthmatic inflammation. Further studies on the in‑depth mechanisms are still required to develop novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for patients with asthma combined with obesity.
Topics: Animals; Asthma; Obesity; Inflammation; Phenotype
PubMed: 37293862
DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5266