-
Journal of Chromatography. A Sep 2023Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) modified silica spheres were used to graft butyric acid and octanoic acid onto their surfaces, forming two stationary phases named Sil-PEI-BAD... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) modified silica spheres were used to graft butyric acid and octanoic acid onto their surfaces, forming two stationary phases named Sil-PEI-BAD and Sil-PEI-CAD, respectively. Characterized methods including fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were utilized to determine the successful synthesis of these two stationary phase materials. The chromatographic performance of these two stationary phases was analyzed with hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds as analytes. Compared with Sil-PEI-CAD column, Sil-PEI-BAD column was more effective in separating hydrophilic compounds including nucleosides, alkaloids and vitamins. Hydrophobic substances including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylbenzenes obtained excellent separation results on Sil-PEI-CAD column than Sil-PEI-BAD column. Additionally, according to the separation of phenols, Sil-PEI-CAD column can be used in HILIC/RPLC mixed-mode. The results showed that the properties and retention mechanisms of the prepared stationary phases depended on the length of the alkyl chains bonded on the silica surface.
Topics: Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Nucleosides; Silicon Dioxide; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 37544237
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464268 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023Given the substantial world coffee production, tons of coffee fruit cascara rich in bioactive compounds are discarded annually. Using this by-product to produce...
Given the substantial world coffee production, tons of coffee fruit cascara rich in bioactive compounds are discarded annually. Using this by-product to produce potentially healthy and acceptable foods is a sustainable practice that aggregates value to coffee production and may help improve people's lives. This study aimed to elaborate kombuchas from coffee cascara tea, evaluate their microbial profile, and monitor the changes in the volatile profile during fermentation, together with sensory attributes and acceptance by consumers from Rio de Janeiro ( = 113). Arabica coffee cascaras from Brazil and Nicaragua were used to make infusions, to which black tea kombucha, a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeasts (SCOBY), and sucrose were added. Fermentation of plain black tea kombucha was also monitored for comparison. The volatile profile was analyzed after 0, 3, 6, and 9 days of fermentation via headspace solid phase microextraction GC-MS. A total of 81 compounds were identified considering all beverages, 59 in coffee cascara kombuchas and 59 in the black tea kombucha, with 37 common compounds for both. An increase mainly in acids and esters occurred during fermentation. Despite the similarity to black tea kombucha, some aldehydes, esters, alcohols, and ketones in coffee cascara kombucha were not identified in black tea kombucha. Potential impact compounds in CC were linalool, decanal, nonanal, octanal, dodecanal, ethanol, 2-ethylhexanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl acetate, β-damascenone, γ-nonalactone, linalool oxide, phenylethyl alcohol, geranyl acetone, phenylacetaldehyde, isoamyl alcohol, acetic acid, octanoic acid, isovaleric acid, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl hexanoate, and limonene. The mean acceptance scores for cascara kombuchas varied between 5.7 ± 0.53 and 7.4 ± 0.53 on a nine-point hedonic scale, with coffee cascara from three-day Nicaragua kombucha showing the highest score, associated with sweetness and berry, honey, woody, and herbal aromas and flavors. The present results indicate that coffee cascara is a promising by-product for elaboration of fermented beverages, exhibiting exotic and singular fingerprinting that can be explored for applications in the food industry.
PubMed: 37509803
DOI: 10.3390/foods12142710 -
Nutrients Oct 2023The deterioration of brain glucose metabolism predates the clinical onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)...
Supplementation of Medium-Chain Triglycerides Combined with Docosahexaenoic Acid Inhibits Amyloid Beta Protein Deposition by Improving Brain Glucose Metabolism in APP/PS1 Mice.
The deterioration of brain glucose metabolism predates the clinical onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) positively improve brain glucose metabolism and decrease the expression of AD-related proteins. However, the effects of the combined intervention are unclear. The present study explored the effects of the supplementation of MCTs combined with DHA in improving brain glucose metabolism and decreasing AD-related protein expression levels in APP/PS1 mice. The mice were assigned into four dietary treatment groups: the control group, MCTs group, DHA group, and MCTs + DHA group. The corresponding diet of the respective groups was fed to mice from the age of 3 to 11 months. The results showed that the supplementation of MCTs combined with DHA could increase serum octanoic acid (C8:0), decanoic acid (C10:0), DHA, and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) levels; improve glucose metabolism; and reduce nerve cell apoptosis in the brain. Moreover, it also aided with decreasing the expression levels of amyloid beta protein (Aβ), amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1), and presenilin-1 (PS1) in the brain. Furthermore, the supplementation of MCTs + DHA was significantly more beneficial than that of MCTs or DHA alone. In conclusion, the supplementation of MCTs combined with DHA could improve energy metabolism in the brain of APP/PS1 mice, thus decreasing nerve cell apoptosis and inhibiting the expression of Aβ.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Presenilin-1; Mice, Transgenic; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; Disease Models, Animal; Alzheimer Disease; Brain; Dietary Supplements; Triglycerides
PubMed: 37836528
DOI: 10.3390/nu15194244 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023A series of petroleum coke (petcoke)-derived solid acid catalysts were prepared via nitric acid treatment with or without ball milling pretreatment. The inherent sulfur...
Preparation of Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalyst from High-Sulfur Petroleum Coke with Nitric Acid and Ball Milling, and a Computational Evaluation of Inherent Sulfur Conversion Pathways.
A series of petroleum coke (petcoke)-derived solid acid catalysts were prepared via nitric acid treatment with or without ball milling pretreatment. The inherent sulfur in petcoke was converted to sulfonic groups, which were active sites for the esterification of octanoic acid and methanol at 60 °C, with ester yields of 14-43%. More specifically, samples without ball milling treated at 120 °C for 3 h had a total acidity of 4.67 mmol/g, which was 1.6 times that of the samples treated at 80 °C, despite their -SOH acidities being similar (~0.08 mmol/g). The samples treated for 24 h had higher -SOH (0.10 mmol/g) and total acidity (5.25 mmol/g) but not increased catalytic activity. Ball milling increased the defects and exposed aromatic hydrogen groups on petcoke, which facilitated further acid oxidation (0.12 mmol -SOH/g for both materials and total acidity of 5.18 mmol/g and 5.01 mmol/g for BP-N-3/120 and BP-N-8/90, respectively) and an increased ester yield. DFT calculations were used to analyze the pathways of sulfonic acid group formation, and the reaction pathway with NO• was the most thermodynamically and kinetically favourable. The activities of the prepared catalysts were related to the number of -SOH acid sites, the total acidity, and the oxygen content, with the latter two factors having a negative impact.
PubMed: 37894530
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207051 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024Ghrelin is a peptide hormone with various important physiological functions. The unique feature of ghrelin is its serine 3 acyl-modification, which is essential for...
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone with various important physiological functions. The unique feature of ghrelin is its serine 3 acyl-modification, which is essential for ghrelin activity. The major form of ghrelin is modified with n-octanoic acid (C8:0) by ghrelin O-acyltransferase. Various acyl modifications have been reported in different species. However, the underlying mechanism by which ghrelin is modified with various fatty acids remains to be elucidated. Herein, we report the purification of bovine, porcine, and equine ghrelins. The major active form of bovine ghrelin was a 27-amino acid peptide with an n-octanoyl (C8:0) modification at Ser3. The major active form of porcine and equine ghrelin was a 28-amino acid peptide. However, porcine ghrelin was modified with n-octanol (C8:0), whereas equine ghrelin was modified with n-butanol (C4:0) at Ser3. This study indicates the existence of structural divergence in ghrelin and suggests that it is necessary to measure the minor and major forms of ghrelin to fully understand its physiology.
Topics: Animals; Ghrelin; Horses; Cattle; Swine; Amino Acid Sequence; Acylation; Caprylates
PubMed: 38828411
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1411483 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2023Irradiation increases the security and storage period of preserved Chinese bacon; nevertheless, the biological mechanisms underlying the changes in fat quality caused by...
Irradiation increases the security and storage period of preserved Chinese bacon; nevertheless, the biological mechanisms underlying the changes in fat quality caused by irradiation are unknown. We investigated the influence of irradiation on Chinese bacon by proteomic and metabolomic. We identified 24 proteins that participated in metabolism and 40 common differential metabolites enriched in 16 signalling pathways. Correlation analysis revealed that irradiation altered 11 pathways shared between the proteome and metabolome, including two lipid metabolism pathways. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACSL, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid participated in fatty acid biosynthesis. Acyl-CoA thioesterase 1/2/4, enoyl-CoA reductase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1, enoyl-CoA hydratase 2, palmitic acid, and oleic acid participated in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. These findings lay the groundwork for multi-omics research on the effects of irradiation on Chinese bacon quality, assisting in assessing irradiated Chinese bacon quality, and developing effective strategies to standardise quality parameters.
Topics: Oleic Acid; Proteomics; Pork Meat; Metabolomics; Palmitic Acid; Proteome
PubMed: 36774839
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135385 -
In Vivo (Athens, Greece) 2023Acute liver injury is the hallmark of organ failure in sepsis. Enteral nutrition (EN) is an important clinical therapeutic measure in septic patients. However, the...
BACKGROUND/AIM
Acute liver injury is the hallmark of organ failure in sepsis. Enteral nutrition (EN) is an important clinical therapeutic measure in septic patients. However, the therapeutic effect of EN alone is not obvious. Here, we investigated whether octanoic acid (OA)-rich EN alleviated acute liver injury through PPARγ/STAT-1/MyD88 pathway in endotoxemic rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
First, rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS+EN and LPS+EN+OA groups to investigate the effect of OA-rich EN on LPS-induced acute liver injury in endotoxemic rats. Then rats were randomly divided into five groups: Sham, LPS, LPS+EN+OA, LPS+EN+OA+SR202 (SR) and LPS+ pioglitazone (PI) groups to examine whether OA-rich EN alleviated acute liver injury through the PPARγ/STAT-1/MyD88 pathway. Rats received nutrition support via a gastric tube for 3 days. We evaluated the liver histology, apoptosis, liver enzymes and inflammatory cytokine levels in the liver and serum. PPARγ/STAT-1/MyD88 pathway was also measured.
RESULTS
OA-rich EN inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT-1 and the activity of MyD88 by activating PPARγ and alleviating LPS-induced acute liver injury more effectively than EN alone in endotoxemic rats. The use of SR counteracted the effect of OA-rich EN on acute liver injury. Meanwhile, PI showed effects similar to OA-rich EN in endotoxemic rats.
CONCLUSION
OA-rich EN alleviated acute liver injury through PPARγ/STAT-1/MyD88 pathway in endotoxemic rats.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Enteral Nutrition; Lipopolysaccharides; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; PPAR gamma; Liver
PubMed: 37369501
DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13246 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023Three clinical trials have examined the chronic effects of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) on muscle mass and function in frail older adults (mean age 85 years old)....
BACKGROUND
Three clinical trials have examined the chronic effects of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) on muscle mass and function in frail older adults (mean age 85 years old). However, significant increases in muscle mass and some muscle function relative to long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) have yet to be shown, possibly due to the small number of participants in each trial.
OBJECTIVE
We re-analyzed these previous clinical trials to clarify whether MCT supplementation can increase muscle mass and function.
ANALYSIS
After adding tests to the original report, we compared changes in measurement between the MCT and LCT groups in the first 2 trials and conducted a combined data analysis.
METHODS
In a combined data analysis, changes from baseline in measurements at the 3 months intervention in the MCTs- and LCTs-containing groups were assessed by analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values of each measurement, age, sex, BMI, allocation to trial, habitual intakes in energy, protein, leucine, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and vitamin D during the baseline period. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze data on right and left knee extension times.
RESULTS
MCT supplementation for 3 months increased muscle function relative to LCT supplementation with and without an L-leucine (1.2 g) and vitamin D (cholecalciferol, 20 μg)-enriched supplement. In a combined data analysis ( = 29 in MCTs, = 27 in LCTs), relative to supplementation with 6 g LCTs/day, supplementation with 6 g MCTs/day at dinner for 3 months significantly increased body weight (adjusted mean change from baseline: MCTs 1.2 vs. LCTs 0.2 kg, = 0.023), right arm muscle area (MCTs 1.4 vs. LCTs-0.7 cm, = 0.002), left calf circumference ( = 0.015), right-hand grip strength (MCTs 1.6 vs. LCTs 0.3 kg, = 0.017), right knee extension time ( = 0.021), left knee extension time ( = 0.034), walking speed ( = 0.002), and number of iterations in leg open and close test ( < 0.001) and decreased right triceps skinfold thickness ( = 0.016).
CONCLUSION
In frail older adults, supplementation for 3 months with a low dose (6 g/day) of MCTs (C8:0 and C10:0) increased muscle mass and function. These findings indicate the potential for the practical use of MCTs in daily life in treating sarcopenia.
PubMed: 38111605
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1284497 -
Pharmacotherapy Dec 2023The effects of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter-2 inhibitor ipragliflozin were compared with metformin in a previous study, which revealed that ipragliflozin... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Metabolomic analysis of serum samples from a clinical study on ipragliflozin and metformin treatment in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Exploring human metabolites associated with visceral fat reduction.
STUDY OBJECTIVE
The effects of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter-2 inhibitor ipragliflozin were compared with metformin in a previous study, which revealed that ipragliflozin reduced visceral fat content by 12%; however, the underlying mechanism was unclear. Therefore, this sub-analysis aimed to compare metabolomic changes associated with ipragliflozin and metformin that may contribute to their biological effects.
DESIGN
A sub-analysis of a randomized controlled study.
SETTING
Chiba University Hospital and ten hospitals in Japan.
PATIENTS
Fifteen patients with type 2 diabetes in the ipragliflozin group and 15 patients with type 2 diabetes in the metformin group with matching characteristics, such as age, sex, baseline A1C, baseline visceral fat area, smoking status, and concomitant medication.
INTERVENTIONS
Ipragliflozin 50 mg or metformin 1000 mg daily.
MEASUREMENTS
The clinical data were reanalyzed, and metabolomic analysis of serum samples collected before and 24 weeks after drug administration was performed using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
MAIN RESULTS
The reduction in the mean visceral fat area after 24 weeks of treatment was significantly larger (p = 0.002) in the ipragliflozin group (-19.8%) than in the metformin group (-2.5%), as were the subcutaneous fat area and body weight. The A1C and blood glucose levels decreased in both groups. Glutamic pyruvic oxaloacetic transaminase, γ-glutamyl transferase, uric acid, and triglyceride levels decreased in the ipragliflozin group. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased in the metformin group. After ipragliflozin administration, N2-phenylacetylglutamine, inosine, guanosine, and 1-methyladenosine levels increased, whereas galactosamine, glucosamine, 11-aminoundecanoic acid, morpholine, and choline levels decreased. After metformin administration, metformin, hypotaurine, methionine, methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, 3-nitrotyrosine, and cyclohexylamine levels increased, whereas citrulline, octanoic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde, and hexanoic acid levels decreased.
CONCLUSIONS
Metabolites that may affect visceral fat reduction were detected in the ipragliflozin group. Studies are required to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Metformin; Hypoglycemic Agents; Japan; Glycated Hemoglobin; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Blood Glucose; Drug Therapy, Combination; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
PubMed: 37772313
DOI: 10.1002/phar.2884 -
Current Research in Food Science 2023As one of the quintessential representatives of Chinese rice wine, rice wine is brewed with glutinous rice as the main raw material and (Gutian or Wuyi ) as the...
As one of the quintessential representatives of Chinese rice wine, rice wine is brewed with glutinous rice as the main raw material and (Gutian or Wuyi ) as the fermentation starter. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of on the volatile compositions and the microbial communities in the traditional production of Gutian rice wine (GT) and Wuyi rice wine (WY). Through the OPLS-DA analysis, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, isobutanol, ethyl lactate, ethyl acetate, octanoic acid, diethyl succinate, phenylethyl alcohol, hexanoic acid and n-decanoic acid were identified as the characteristic volatile flavor components between GT and WY. Microbiome analysis revealed significant enrichments of , , and in WY brewing, whereas , , , and were significantly enriched in GT brewing. Additionally, correlation analysis showed that , , and were significantly positively correlated wih most characteristic volatile components. Conversely, , , and showed significant negative correlations with most of the characteristic volatile components. Furthermore, bioinformatical analysis indicated that the gene abundances for enzymes including glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase, carboxylesterase, alcohol dehydrogenase, dihydroxy-acid dehydratase and branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase were significantly higher in WY compared to GT. This finding explains the higher content of higher alcohols and characteristic esters in WY relative to GT. Collectively, this study provides a theoretical basis for improving the flavor profile of rice wine and establishing a solid scientific foundation for the sustainable development of rice wine industry.
PubMed: 38021257
DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100628