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Nature Reviews. Microbiology Feb 2024The human oral microbiota is highly diverse and has a complex ecology, comprising bacteria, microeukaryotes, archaea and viruses. These communities have elaborate and... (Review)
Review
The human oral microbiota is highly diverse and has a complex ecology, comprising bacteria, microeukaryotes, archaea and viruses. These communities have elaborate and highly structured biogeography that shapes metabolic exchange on a local scale and results from the diverse microenvironments present in the oral cavity. The oral microbiota also interfaces with the immune system of the human host and has an important role in not only the health of the oral cavity but also systemic health. In this Review, we highlight recent advances including novel insights into the biogeography of several oral niches at the species level, as well as the ecological role of candidate phyla radiation bacteria and non-bacterial members of the oral microbiome. In addition, we summarize the relationship between the oral microbiota and the pathology of oral diseases and systemic diseases. Together, these advances move the field towards a more holistic understanding of the oral microbiota and its role in health, which in turn opens the door to the study of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Bacteria; Archaea; Viruses
PubMed: 37700024
DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00963-6 -
International Dental Journal Nov 2023This narrative review describes the oral microbiome, and its role in oral health and disease, before considering the impact of commonly used over-the-counter (OTC)... (Review)
Review
This narrative review describes the oral microbiome, and its role in oral health and disease, before considering the impact of commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) mouthwashes on oral bacteria, viruses, bacteriophages, and fungi that make up these microbial communities in different niches of the mouth. Whilst certain mouthwashes have proven antimicrobial actions and clinical effectiveness supported by robust evidence, this review reports more recent metagenomics evidence, suggesting that mouthwashes such as chlorhexidine may cause "dysbiosis," whereby certain species of bacteria are killed, leaving others, sometimes unwanted, to predominate. There is little known about the effects of mouthwashes on fungi and viruses in the context of the oral microbiome (virome) in vivo, despite evidence that they "kill" certain viral pathogens ex vivo. Evidence for mouthwashes, much like antibiotics, is also emerging with regards to antimicrobial resistance, and this should further be considered in the context of their widespread use by clinicians and patients. Therefore, considering the potential of currently available OTC mouthwashes to alter the oral microbiome, this article finally proposes that the ideal mouthwash, whilst combatting oral disease, should "balance" antimicrobial communities, especially those associated with health. Which antimicrobial mouthwash best fits this ideal remains uncertain.
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; Chlorhexidine; Mouth; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Microbiota
PubMed: 37867065
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.010 -
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America Aug 2023This summary provides a concise overview of oral cavity reconstruction to optimize functional outcomes in the modern era. Soft tissue and osseous reconstruction options... (Review)
Review
This summary provides a concise overview of oral cavity reconstruction to optimize functional outcomes in the modern era. Soft tissue and osseous reconstruction options for a wide range of oral cavity sites including lip, oral tongue, floor of mouth, buccal, hard palate, and composite oromandibular resections are reviewed. The appropriate applications of primary closure, secondary intention, skin grafts, and dermal substitute grafts are included. Anatomic considerations, indications, contraindications, and complications of local, regional, and free flaps in oral cavity reconstruction are discussed. Specific defects and the appropriate options for reconstruction of those defects are delineated.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Free Tissue Flaps; Tongue; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
PubMed: 37164898
DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2023.04.002 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic... (Review)
Review
Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic challenges due to its similarity and alarming proliferation. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of oral PG, with emphasis on recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The epidemiology of the injury is meticulously analyzed, revealing a higher incidence in women and a wide range of ages of onset. It delves into the etiopathogenesis, highlighting the uncertainty surrounding the exact causal factors, although historical attributions suggest an infectious origin. It exhaustively analyzes the clinical and histopathological aspects of oral PG, offering information on its various presentations and the importance of an accurate diagnosis to guide effective treatment. It details treatment strategies, emphasizing the personalized approach based on individual patient characteristics. This comprehensive review consolidates current knowledge on oral PG, highlighting the need for further research to clarify its pathogenesis and optimize treatment protocols.
Topics: Humans; Female; Granuloma, Pyogenic; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth
PubMed: 38069207
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316885 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral... (Review)
Review
Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral streptococci play in the interaction with the host is ambivalent. On the one hand, they function as gatekeepers of homeostasis and are a prerequisite for the maintenance of oral health - they shape the oral microbiota, modulate the immune system to enable bacterial survival, and antagonize pathogenic species. On the other hand, also recognized pathogens, such as oral and , which trigger the onset of dental caries belong to the genus . In the context of periodontitis, oral streptococci as excellent initial biofilm formers have an accessory function, enabling late biofilm colonizers to inhabit gingival pockets and cause disease. The pathogenic potential of oral streptococci fully unfolds when their dissemination into the bloodstream occurs; streptococcal infection can cause extra-oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis and hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, the taxonomic diversity of oral streptococci, their role and prevalence in the oral cavity and their contribution to oral health and disease will be discussed, focusing on the virulence factors these species employ for interactions at the host interface.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sobrinus; Mouth; Biofilms
PubMed: 38456080
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357631 -
Current Opinion in Oncology Jul 2023A growing number of studies demonstrate the oral bacterial shift in cancer patients and the enrichment of oral bacteria in distant tumours. During the oncological... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
A growing number of studies demonstrate the oral bacterial shift in cancer patients and the enrichment of oral bacteria in distant tumours. During the oncological treatment, opportunistic oral bacteria correlate with oral toxicities. This review focused on the most recent studies to identify which genera are the most mentioned and deserved further investigation.
RECENT FINDINGS
This review evaluated bacterial changes in patients with head and neck, colorectal, lung and breast cancer. Greater composition of disease-related genera (e.g., Fusobacterium , Porphyromonas , Lactobacillus , Streptococcus , and Parvimonas ) are present in the oral cavity of these groups of patients. The tumour specimen characterisation of head and neck, pancreatic and colorectal cancer also describes the presence of oral taxa. No evidence indicates that commensal oral bacteria have protective roles in distant tumours. Regardless, oral care is critical to prevent the growth of oral pathogens and reduce infection foci.
SUMMARY
Recent evidence suggests that oral microbiota is a potential biomarker for oncological clinical outcomes and oral toxicities. Currently, the literature presents a remarkable methodological variety - from the sample collection site to the preference of the data analysis tools. For the oral microbiome to achieve the stage of being used as a clinical tool in the oncological context, more studies are necessary.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Precision Medicine; Mouth; Microbiota
PubMed: 37222190
DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000947 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Feb 2024Enabling non-invasive delivery of proteins across the mucosal barriers promises improved patient compliance and therapeutic efficacies. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)... (Review)
Review
Enabling non-invasive delivery of proteins across the mucosal barriers promises improved patient compliance and therapeutic efficacies. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are emerging as a promising and versatile tool to enhance protein and peptide permeation across various mucosal barriers. This review examines the structural and physicochemical attributes of the nasal, buccal, sublingual, and oral mucosa that hamper macromolecular delivery. Recent development of CPPs for overcoming those mucosal barriers for protein delivery is summarized and analyzed. Perspectives regarding current challenges and future research directions towards improving non-invasive transmucosal delivery of macromolecules for ultimate clinical translation are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Cell-Penetrating Peptides; Drug Delivery Systems; Proteins; Administration, Mucosal; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 38272399
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.038 -
European Archives of... Sep 2023The causative and prognostic roles of human papillomavirus (HPV) in non-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are uncertain. This umbrella review... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
The causative and prognostic roles of human papillomavirus (HPV) in non-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are uncertain. This umbrella review assessed the strength and quality of evidence and graded the evidence derived from published meta-analyses on this subject.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized trials were included.
REVIEW METHODS
Evidence of association was graded according to the established criteria: strong, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak, or not significant.
RESULTS
15 meta-analyses were evaluated. The association with HPV was highly suggestive of oral (OR = 2.40, [1.87-3.07], P < 0.00001) and nasopharyngeal cancers (OR = 17.82 [11.20-28.35], P < 0.00001). Improved survival emerged only in hypopharyngeal carcinoma and was confirmed in studies in which only p16 + cancers were considered.
CONCLUSION
HPV infection may increase the risk of oral cavity and nasopharyngeal cancer. However, the prognosis was not influenced, except in hypopharyngeal carcinoma.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Mouth; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 37212863
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08027-4 -
Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor... Mar 2024For years, cancer has been one of the diseases that causes the greatest disease burden in the Netherlands. Cancer does not only have a huge impact on patients and their...
For years, cancer has been one of the diseases that causes the greatest disease burden in the Netherlands. Cancer does not only have a huge impact on patients and their loved ones, but also on society and healthcare. If the number of cancer patients increases further in the coming years, this impact will only aggravate. This development will also impact dental practice. It is therefore important to assess what awaits us in the coming years. Both with regard to supporting and treating (former) oncology patients. Forinstance, detecting secondary effects of cancer treatments such as oral mucositis and medication- and radiation-related jaw necrosis, as well as the early detection of oral cavity carcinomas and sun-related skin damage on the lips and face. Based on this, plans can be made to meet the demand for dental care as well as possible and to reduce the impact of cancer for both the individual patient and for society as a whole.
Topics: Humans; Lip; Mouth Neoplasms; Netherlands
PubMed: 38440819
DOI: 10.5177/ntvt.2024.03.23082 -
Journal of Basic Microbiology Aug 2023As a gateway to general health and a diverse microbial habitat, the oral cavity is colonized by numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea.... (Review)
Review
As a gateway to general health and a diverse microbial habitat, the oral cavity is colonized by numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Oral microbiota plays an essential role in preserving oral health. Besides, the oral cavity also significantly contributes to systemic health. Physiological aging influences all body systems, including the oral microbial inhabitants. The cited effect can cause diseases by forming dysbiotic communities. Since it has been demonstrated that microbial dysbiosis could disturb the symbiosis state between the host and the resident microorganism, shifting the condition toward a more pathogenic one, this study investigated how the oral microbial shifts in aging could associate with the development or progression of systemic diseases in older adults. The current study focused on the interactions between variations in the oral microbiome and prevalent diseases in older adults, including diabetes mellitus, Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, oral candidiasis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and glaucoma. Underlying diseases can dynamically modify the oral ecology and the composition of its resident oral microbiome. Clinical, experimental, and epidemiological research suggests the associations of systemic disorders with bacteremia and inflammation after oral microbial changes in older adults.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Mouth; Microbiota; Bacteria; Symbiosis; Dysbiosis
PubMed: 37173818
DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300141