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Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Jun 2024SUMMARYThe genus consists of a taxonomically diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that have earned significant scientific interest due to their physiological and... (Review)
Review
SUMMARYThe genus consists of a taxonomically diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that have earned significant scientific interest due to their physiological and pathogenic characteristics. Within the genus viridans group streptococci (VGS) play a significant role in the oral ecosystem, constituting approximately 80% of the oral biofilm. Their primary role as pioneering colonizers in the oral cavity with multifaceted interactions like adherence, metabolic signaling, and quorum sensing contributes significantly to the complex dynamics of the oral biofilm, thus shaping oral health and disease outcomes. Perturbations in oral streptococci composition drive oral dysbiosis and therefore impact host-pathogen interactions, resulting in oral inflammation and representing VGS as an opportunistic pathogen. The association of oral streptococci in tumors across distant organs, spanning the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and colon, illuminates a potential association between oral streptococci, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. This finding emphasizes the need for further investigations into the role of oral streptococci in mucosal homeostasis and their involvement in carcinogenesis. Hence, here, we review the significance of oral streptococci in biofilm dynamics and how the perturbation may impact mucosal immunopathogenesis in the context of cancer, with a vision of exploiting oral streptococci for cancer intervention and for the development of non-invasive cancer diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Biofilms; Mouth; Carcinogenesis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Streptococcus; Neoplasms; Animals; Dysbiosis; Streptococcal Infections; Viridans Streptococci
PubMed: 38506551
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00095-23 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Jul 2023The oral cavity harbors highly diverse communities of microorganisms. However, the number of isolated species and high-quality genomes is limited. Here we present a...
The oral cavity harbors highly diverse communities of microorganisms. However, the number of isolated species and high-quality genomes is limited. Here we present a Cultivated Oral Bacteria Genome Reference (COGR), comprising 1089 high-quality genomes based on large-scale aerobic and anaerobic cultivation of human oral bacteria isolated from dental plaques, tongue, and saliva. COGR covers five phyla and contains 195 species-level clusters of which 95 include 315 genomes representing species with no taxonomic annotation. The oral microbiota differs markedly between individuals, with 111 clusters being person-specific. Genes encoding CAZymes are abundant in the genomes of COGR. Members of the Streptococcus genus make up the largest proportion of COGR and many of these harbor entire pathways for quorum sensing important for biofilm formation. Several clusters containing unknown bacteria are enriched in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, emphasizing the importance of culture-based isolation for characterizing and exploiting oral bacteria.
Topics: Humans; Bacteria; Mouth; Saliva; Microbiota; Streptococcus
PubMed: 37400465
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00414-3 -
Oral Diseases May 2024Microbial dysbiosis and microbiome-induced inflammation may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Candida albicans (C. albicans) is... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Microbial dysbiosis and microbiome-induced inflammation may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent opportunistic pathogenic fungus in the oral cavity, and Candida infection is considered as one of its high-risk factors. Although oral microbiota-host interactions are closely associated with the development of OSCC, the interrelationship between fungi and OSCC is poorly understood compared to that between bacteria and viruses.
RESULTS
We accumulated knowledge of the evidence, pathogenic factors, and possible multiple mechanisms by which C. albicans promotes malignant transformation of OSCC, focusing on the induction of epithelial damage, production of carcinogens, and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. In addition, we highlight the latest treatment strategies for Candida infection.
CONCLUSION
This review provides a new perspective on the interrelationship between C. albicans and OSCC and contributes to the establishment of a systematic and reliable clinical treatment system for OSCC patients with C. albicans infection.
Topics: Humans; Candida albicans; Mouth Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Candidiasis, Oral; Tumor Microenvironment; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Mouth
PubMed: 37530513
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14700 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... May 2024Oral microbiota associate with diseases of the mouth and serve as a source of lung microbiota. However, the role of oral microbiota in lung disease is unknown. To...
Oral microbiota associate with diseases of the mouth and serve as a source of lung microbiota. However, the role of oral microbiota in lung disease is unknown. To determine associations between oral microbiota and disease severity and death in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We analyzed 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing data of buccal swabs from 511 patients with IPF in the multicenter CleanUP-IPF (Study of Clinical Efficacy of Antimicrobial Therapy Strategy Using Pragmatic Design in IPF) trial. Buccal swabs were collected from usual care and antimicrobial cohorts. Microbiome data were correlated with measures of disease severity using principal component analysis and linear regression models. Associations between the buccal microbiome and mortality were determined using Cox additive models, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Cox proportional hazards models. Greater buccal microbial diversity associated with lower FVC at baseline (mean difference, -3.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], -5.92 to -1.29% predicted FVC per 1-unit increment). The buccal proportion of correlated positively with FVC (mean difference, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.16 to 1.43% predicted per 10% increase) ( = 490). Greater microbial diversity was associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.03-2.90), whereas a greater proportion of was associated with a reduced risk of death (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.99). The genus was mainly composed of species. Increasing buccal microbial diversity predicts disease severity and death in IPF. The oral commensal spp associates with preserved lung function and improved survival.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Microbiota; Aged; Middle Aged; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; Severity of Illness Index; Mouth; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Proportional Hazards Models
PubMed: 38051927
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202308-1357OC -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023HIV-infected patients are at higher risk of developing oral mucosal infection and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B cell malignancies. However, the potential role of...
HIV-infected patients are at higher risk of developing oral mucosal infection and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B cell malignancies. However, the potential role of oral immunity in the pathogenesis of oral lesions is unknown. Tonsils are oral-pharyngeal mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues that play an important role in oral mucosal immunity. In this study, we investigated the changes of innate and adaptive immune cells in macaque tonsils during chronic SIV infection. We found significantly higher frequencies of classical monocytes, CD3+CD56+ (NKT-like) cells, CD3CD4CD8 (DP), and CD161 CD4 T cells in tonsils from chronic infected compared to naïve animals. On the contrary, intermediate monocytes and CD3CD4CD8 (DN) cells were lower in chronic SIV-infected macaques. We further confirmed a recently described small B-cell subset, NKB cells, were higher during chronic infection. Furthermore, both adaptive and innate cells showed significantly higher TNF-α and cytotoxic marker CD107a, while IL-22 production was significantly reduced in innate and adaptive immune cells in chronic SIV-infected animals. A dramatic reduction of IFN-γ production by innate immune cells might indicate enhanced susceptibility to EBV infection and potential transformation of B cells in the tonsils. In summary, our observation shows that the SIV-associated immune responses are distinct in the tonsils compared to other mucosal tissues. Our data extends our understanding of the oral innate immune system during SIV infection and could aid future studies in evaluating the role of tonsillar immune cells during HIV-associated oral mucosal infections.
Topics: Animals; Persistent Infection; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Mouth Mucosa; Palatine Tonsil
PubMed: 37671159
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1201677 -
Tissue Barriers Oct 2023Salivary glands consist of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete the fluid, saliva, and/or transport saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva is essential to... (Review)
Review
Salivary glands consist of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete the fluid, saliva, and/or transport saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva is essential to lubricate the oral cavity for food consumption and to maintain the hygiene of the oral cavity. In this review, we will focus on the formation of the epithelial cell lineage and the cell junctions that are essential for formation of saliva and maintenance of the epithelial barrier between the ducts that transport saliva and the extracellular environment.
Topics: Submandibular Gland; Tight Junctions; Salivary Glands; Epithelial Cells; Intercellular Junctions
PubMed: 36576256
DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2161255 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... May 2024Oral processing refers to the series of physical, chemical, and biological processes inside the oral cavity when we consume food. This process affects the taste,... (Review)
Review
Oral processing refers to the series of physical, chemical, and biological processes inside the oral cavity when we consume food. This process affects the taste, quality, and nutrient absorption of the body. In the human diet, oral processing plays a crucial role because it impacts not only the food flavor and texture but also the absorption and utilization of nutrients. With the progress of science and technology and the increasing demand for food, the study of oral processing has become increasingly important. This paper reviews the history and definition of oral processing, its current state of research, and its applications in food science and technology, focusing on personalized taste customization, protein structure modification, food intake and nutrition, and bionic devices. It also analyzes the impact of oral processing on different types of food products and explores its potential in the food industry and science research.
Topics: Humans; Taste; Mouth; Food Technology
PubMed: 38686629
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01331 -
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Feb 2024Oral microbiota is vital for human health and can be affected by various factors (i.e. diets, ethnicity). However, few studies have compared oral microbiota of... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Oral microbiota is vital for human health and can be affected by various factors (i.e. diets, ethnicity). However, few studies have compared oral microbiota of individuals from different nationalities in the same environment. Here, we explored the assembly and interaction of oral microbial communities of Chinese and Pakistanis in one university. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the predominant microorganisms in the oral cavity of Chinese and Pakistanis. Streptococcus and Neisseria were the dominant genera of China, while Streptococcus and Haemophilus were the dominant genera of Pakistanis. In addition, the oral community membership and structure were not influenced by season, Chinese/Pakistani student and gender, reflecting the stability of the human oral microbiome. The beta diversity of oral microbiomes between Chinese and Pakistanis significantly differed in winter, but not in spring. The alpha diversity of Chinese students and Pakistani students was similar. Moreover, oral microbial community of both Chinese and Pakistani students was mainly driven by stochastic processes. The microbial network of Chinese was more complexity and stability than that of Pakistanis. Our study uncovers the characteristics of human oral microbiota, which is of great significance for oral and human health.
Topics: Humans; China; Microbial Consortia; Microbiota; Pakistan; South Asian People; Mouth; East Asian People; Students; Universities
PubMed: 38372789
DOI: 10.1007/s10482-024-01933-5 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 38739809
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_180_24 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Aug 2023Bacteria derived from the oral cavity enter the bloodstream and cause the onset of various systemic diseases, including heart valve disease. However, information on the...
OBJECTIVES
Bacteria derived from the oral cavity enter the bloodstream and cause the onset of various systemic diseases, including heart valve disease. However, information on the oral bacteria involved in aortic stenosis is limited.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We comprehensively analyzed the microbiota in aortic valve tissues collected from aortic stenosis patients using metagenomic sequencing and investigated the relationships between the valve microbiota, the oral microbiota, and oral cavity conditions.
RESULTS
Metagenomic analysis revealed the presence of 629 bacterial species in five oral plaques and 15 aortic valve clinical specimens. Patients were classified into two groups (A and B) according to their aortic valve microbiota composition using principal coordinate analysis. Examination of the oral conditions of the patients showed no difference in the decayed/missing/filled teeth index. Bacteria in group B tend to be associated with severe disease, and the number of bacteria on the dorsum of the tongue and the positive rate of bleeding during probing were significantly higher in this group than in group A. The pathophysiology of aortic stenosis may be related to the presence of oral bacteria such as Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus sanguinis following bacteremia.
CONCLUSIONS
Systemic inflammation in severe periodontitis may be driven by the oral microbiota, supporting the indirect (inflammatory) association between oral bacteria and aortic stenosis.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Appropriate oral hygiene management may contribute to the prevention and treatment of aortic stenosis.
Topics: Humans; Aortic Valve; Bacteria; Mouth; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Microbiota
PubMed: 37157029
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05053-8