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Journal of Dentistry Nov 2023Excessive gingival display (EGD), also known as gummy smile, has various causes, including altered passive eruption (APE) and hypermobile upper lip (HUL). This... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Excessive gingival display (EGD), also known as gummy smile, has various causes, including altered passive eruption (APE) and hypermobile upper lip (HUL). This state-of-the art narrative review explores current concepts regarding soft tissue EGD etiologies and the contemporary modalities available for APE or HUL treatment.
DATA, SOURCES, STUDY SELECTION
Literature search was conducted for a narrative review on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of EGD caused by APE and HUL. Searching for articles was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar. Published articles, including case reports, case series, observational and interventional clinical trials, and critical appraisals of the literature (e.g., systematic reviews) on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of EGD caused by APE and HUL were retrieved and reviewed. Particular focus was placed on novel treatment modalities introduced in the last five years.
CONCLUSIONS
Recent research evidence indicates that APE and HUL are the two major soft tissue-based EGD etiologies. Aesthetic crown lengthening (ACL) and lip repositioning surgery (LRS) are the established surgical treatment modalities for APE and HUL, respectively. The last few years have seen the introduction of new techniques for APE and HUL management, an expansion of the available ACL and LRS technique variations, and additional evidence further supporting the effectiveness of these two procedures. Several of the recently introduced approaches offer unique, innovative, and potentially impactful concepts. However, for many of these newly described treatments the available evidence is limited to case reports and the exact indications remain to be adequately defined.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Altered passive eruption and hypermobile upper lip are the common soft tissue causes of gummy smile and can be successfully managed through aesthetic crown lengthening and lip repositioning surgery, respectively. A wide range of newly introduced approaches promises to further facilitate gummy smile treatment and improve outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Gingiva; Lip; Esthetics, Dental; Smiling; Hominidae
PubMed: 37730094
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104711 -
Journal of Translational Medicine Apr 2024The aim of this study was to assess the microbial variations and biomarkers in the vaginal and oral environments of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical...
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to assess the microbial variations and biomarkers in the vaginal and oral environments of patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer (CC) and to develop novel prediction models.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study included 164 samples collected from both the vaginal tract and oral subgingival plaque of 82 women. The participants were divided into four distinct groups based on their vaginal and oral samples: the control group (Z/KZ, n = 22), abortion group (AB/KAB, n = 17), HPV-infected group (HP/KHP, n = 21), and cervical cancer group (CC/KCC, n = 22). Microbiota analysis was conducted using full-length 16S rDNA gene sequencing with the PacBio platform.
RESULTS
The vaginal bacterial community in the Z and AB groups exhibited a relatively simple structure predominantly dominated by Lactobacillus. However, CC group shows high abundances of anaerobic bacteria and alpha diversity. Biomarkers such as Bacteroides, Mycoplasma, Bacillus, Dialister, Porphyromonas, Anaerococcus, and Prevotella were identified as indicators of CC. Correlations were established between elevated blood C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and local/systemic inflammation, pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion, which contribute to unevenness in the vaginal microenvironment. The altered microbial diversity in the CC group was confirmed by amino acid metabolism. Oral microbial diversity exhibited an inverse pattern to that of the vaginal microbiome, indicating a unique relationship. The microbial diversity of the KCC group was significantly lower than that of the KZ group, indicating a link between oral health and cancer development. Several microbes, including Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Propionibacterium, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, and Neisseria, were identified as CC biomarkers. Moreover, periodontal pathogens were associated with blood CRP levels and oral hygiene conditions. Elevated oral microbial amino acid metabolism in the CC group was closely linked to the presence of pathogens. Positive correlations indicated a synergistic relationship between vaginal and oral bacteria.
CONCLUSION
HPV infection and CC impact both the vaginal and oral microenvironments, affecting systemic metabolism and the synergy between bacteria. This suggests that the use of oral flora markers is a potential screening tool for the diagnosis of CC.
Topics: Humans; Female; Microbiota; Vagina; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections; Mouth; Adult; Middle Aged; Papillomaviridae; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Human Papillomavirus Viruses
PubMed: 38685022
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05124-8 -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Jun 2024The oral microbiota has recently attracted attention owing to its association with oral and systemic diseases. Accordingly, gaining an understanding of oral microbiota... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The oral microbiota has recently attracted attention owing to its association with oral and systemic diseases. Accordingly, gaining an understanding of oral microbiota development and the factors influencing it can contribute to preventing the establishment of dysbiotic oral microbiota and, eventually, oral microbiota-related diseases.
HIGHLIGHT
In this review, we highlight the results of a longitudinal project focusing on oral microbiota development during early life. At 4 months of age, the oral microbiota of infants was found to differ considerably from the maternal oral microbiota, even though infants acquire oral bacteria from their mothers. At 18 months, although the infant microbiota is still not completely comparable with that of adults, from 4 to 18 months, there is a rapid phase of development, during which the microbial composition undergoes considerable change to a profile more similar to that in adults. During this development, the infant oral microbiota converges into two different profiles with adult-like traits, namely, Streptococcus salivarius- and Neisseria-dominant profiles. This divergence is strongly influenced by dietary habits, with a frequent intake of sweetened beverages being associated with an S. salivarius-dominant profile, which is suspected to be implicated in oral and systemic diseases.
CONCLUSION
The foundation of the adult oral microbiota may be established by 18 months of age, and the developmental period from 4 to 18 months may be an appropriate period during which to modify the microbial balance to obtain a desirable healthy state. In particular, dietary habits during this period warrant close attention.
Topics: Humans; Mouth; Infant; Microbiota; Streptococcus salivarius; Neisseria
PubMed: 38703995
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.05.001 -
Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine :... Jan 2024Amyloidosis exhibits a variable spectrum of systemic signs and oral manifestations that can be difficult to diagnose. This study aimed to characterize the clinical,...
BACKGROUND
Amyloidosis exhibits a variable spectrum of systemic signs and oral manifestations that can be difficult to diagnose. This study aimed to characterize the clinical, demographic, and microscopic features of amyloidosis in the oral cavity.
METHODS
This collaborative study involved three Brazilian oral pathology centers and described cases with a confirmed diagnosis of amyloidosis on available oral tissue biopsies. Clinical data were obtained from medical records. H&E, Congo-red, and immunohistochemically stained slides were analyzed.
RESULTS
Twenty-six oral biopsies from 23 individuals (65.2% males; mean age: 59.6 years) were included. Oral involvement was the first sign of the disease in 67.0% of cases. Two patients had no clinical manifestation in the oral mucosa, although the histological analysis confirmed amyloid deposition. Amyloid deposits were distributed in perivascular (88.0%), periacinar and periductal (80.0%), perineurial (80.0%), endoneurial (33.3%), perimuscular (88.2%), intramuscular (94.1%), and subepithelial (35.3%) sites as well as around fat cells (100.0%). Mild/moderate inflammation was found in 65.4% of cases and 23.1% had giant cells.
CONCLUSIONS
Amyloid deposits were consistently found in oral tissues, exhibiting distinct deposition patterns. Oral biopsy is less invasive than internal organ biopsy and enables the reliable identification of amyloid deposits even in the absence of oral manifestations. These findings corroborate the relevance of oral biopsy for the diagnosis of amyloidosis.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Female; Plaque, Amyloid; Amyloidosis; Biopsy; Amyloid; Mouth
PubMed: 38154788
DOI: 10.1111/jop.13504 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Oral microbial infections are one of the most common diseases. Their progress not only results in the irreversible destruction of teeth and other oral tissues but also... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Oral microbial infections are one of the most common diseases. Their progress not only results in the irreversible destruction of teeth and other oral tissues but also closely links to oral cancers and systemic diseases. However, traditional treatment against oral infections by antibiotics is not effective enough due to microbial resistance and drug blocking by oral biofilms, along with the passive dilution of the drug on the infection site in the oral environment.
AIM OF REVIEW
Besides the traditional antibiotic treatment, carbon dots (CDs) recently became an emerging antimicrobial and microbial imaging agent because of their excellent (bio)physicochemical performance. Their application in treating oral infections has received widespread attention, as witnessed by increasing publication in this field. However, to date, there is no comprehensive review available yet to analyze their effectiveness and mechanism. Herein, as a step toward addressing the present gap, this review aims to discuss the recent advances in CDs against diverse oral pathogens and thus propose novel strategies in the treatment of oral microbial infections.
KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW
In this manuscript, the recent progress of CDs against oral pathogens is summarized for the first time. We highlighted the antimicrobial abilities of CDs in terms of oral planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria, oral pathogenic biofilms, and fungi. Next, we introduced their microbial imaging and detection capabilities and proposed the prospects of CDs in early diagnosis of oral infection and pathogen microbiological examination. Lastly, we discussed the perspectives on clinical transformation and the current limitations of CDs in the treatment of oral microbial infections.
Topics: Carbon; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mouth; Biofilms; Bacteria
PubMed: 37780847
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1251309 -
Dental Traumatology : Official... Mar 2024The recognition and reporting of child abuse and neglect continues to be a challenge in the healthcare setting. All healthcare providers, including dentists, should be... (Review)
Review
The recognition and reporting of child abuse and neglect continues to be a challenge in the healthcare setting. All healthcare providers, including dentists, should be aware of the high prevalence of orofacial injuries and conditions that are concerning for abuse and neglect. Sentinel injuries may appear trivial and do not require medical attention, but are unlikely caused by accidental mechanisms and, if not properly identified, often precede more severe abusive injuries. Concerning orofacial findings can manifest as bruising, eye injuries, intraoral injuries, pharyngeal perforations, facial bone fractures, and sexually transmitted infections. Abusive caregivers are likely to give inadequate explanations or no history at all to explain concerning findings. Medical providers' failure to make mandated reports about their concerns to the appropriate agencies can have significant long-term impacts on the physical and psychological well-being of children.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child Abuse; Physical Abuse; Facial Injuries; Mouth
PubMed: 37226580
DOI: 10.1111/edt.12852 -
European Review For Medical and... Nov 2023This review evaluates the relationship between saliva and dental erosion. The acidic environment that can be established in the mouth leads to dental erosion. Acid pH,...
OBJECTIVE
This review evaluates the relationship between saliva and dental erosion. The acidic environment that can be established in the mouth leads to dental erosion. Acid pH, low salivary flow, systemic pathologies of patients, intake of acidic foods, and poor oral hygiene contribute to an oral environment that favors the development of dental erosion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to assess the role of saliva and dental erosion. The inclusion criteria for the search were: year of publication from January 1st, 2013, to March 1st, 2023, and English language.
RESULTS
A total of 3,597 articles covering our topic were found, of which 15 were selected for qualitative analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Saliva protects against erosion by neutralizing and removing intrinsic and extrinsic acids, promoting the formation of an acquired protective film, and providing mineral substrates for remineralization by maintaining homeostasis in the digestive tract and oral cavity.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Tooth Erosion; Food; Minerals; Mouth; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 37975390
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202311_34345 -
Acta Odontologica Latinoamericana : AOL Dec 2023Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease with unknown etiology. It presents as single-system (affecting a single organ or tissue) or as multisystem (with or...
UNLABELLED
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease with unknown etiology. It presents as single-system (affecting a single organ or tissue) or as multisystem (with or without risk organ involvement). The oral cavity may be involved or be the site of the first manifestation.
AIM
To describe, group, and determine the frequency of oral lesions in pediatric patients with LCH, and to relate these lesions to age and the different disease subtypes.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Clinical and radiographic examinations were used to evaluate 95 patients diagnosed with LCH, aged 0 to 16 years, who were referred to the Department of Comprehensive Pediatric Dentistry at the School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires. Clinical histories were prepared and informed consents obtained. Lesions were diagnosed by observation, palpation and biopsies, and grouped according to affected tissues into bone, mucosal, and bone-mucosal.
RESULTS
42.1% presented oral lesions, and in 14.73%, these lesions were the first manifestation of LCH. Ninety percent presented only bone lesions, while the remaining 10% presented bone-mucosal and mucosal lesions. In the single-system subtype, 52.5% presented bone lesions. In the multisystem subtypes (with or without risk organs), all three types of lesions were found. The association between age at which LCH was diagnosed and oral tissue involvement showed that bone-mucosal lesions occur in young children (average age 1.4 years) diagnosed with multisystem LCH. Oral mucosa was only affected in reactivations of the disease.
CONCLUSIONS
A high frequency of oral lesions was observed, which were sometimes the first manifestation of the disease, most often affecting bone tissue. Dentists can play an active role in the initial diagnosis of the disease.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Infant; Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell; Bone and Bones; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 38345277
DOI: 10.54589/aol.36/3/156 -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2024This review highlights the existence and association of Acinetobacter baumannii with the oro-dental diseases, transforming this systemic pathogen into an oral pathogen.... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This review highlights the existence and association of Acinetobacter baumannii with the oro-dental diseases, transforming this systemic pathogen into an oral pathogen. The review also hypothesizes possible reasons for the categorization of this pathogen as code blue due to its stealthy entry into the oral cavity.
METHODOLOGY
Study data were retrieved from various search engines reporting specifically on the association of A. baumannii in dental diseases and tray set-ups. Articles were also examined regarding obtained outcomes on A. baumannii biofilm formation, iron acquisitions, magnitude of antimicrobial resistance, and its role in the oral cancers.
RESULTS
A. baumannii is associated with the oro-dental diseases and various virulence factors attribute for the establishment and progression of oro-mucosal infections. Its presence in the oral cavity is frequent in oral microbiomes, conditions of impaired host immunity, age related illnesses, and hospitalized individuals. Many sources also contribute for its prevalence in the dental health care environment and the presence of drug resistant traits is also observed. Its association with oral cancers and oral squamous cell carcinoma is also evident.
CONCLUSIONS
The review calls for awareness on the emergence of A. baumannii in dental clinics and for the need for educational programs to monitor and control the sudden outbreaks of such virulent and resistant traits in the dental health care settings.
Topics: Humans; Acinetobacter baumannii; Biofilms; Acinetobacter Infections; Mouth Neoplasms; Mouth; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Virulence Factors; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 38747806
DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0382 -
American Journal of Perinatology May 2024The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the oral microbiome composition in preterm infants, sampling and collection methods, as well as exposures associated... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the oral microbiome composition in preterm infants, sampling and collection methods, as well as exposures associated with oral microbiome composition and health implications. We conducted a scoping review of the literature using the Arskey and O'Malley framework. We identified a total of 13 articles which met our inclusion criteria and purpose of this scoping review. Articles included in this review compared the oral microbiome in preterm infants to term infants, examined alterations to the oral microbiome over time, compared the oral microbiome to different body site microbiomes, and explored associations with clinically relevant covariates and outcomes. Exposures associated with the diversity and composition of the oral microbiome in preterm infants included delivery mode, oral feeding, oropharyngeal care, skin-to-skin care, and antibiotics. Day of life and birth weight were also associated with oral microbiome composition. The oral microbiome may be associated with the composition of the tracheal and gut microbiomes, likely due to their proximity. Alpha and beta diversity findings varied across studies as well as the relative abundance of taxa. This is likely due to the different sampling techniques and timing of collection, as well as the wide range of infant clinical characteristics. Multiple factors may influence the composition of the oral microbiome in preterm infants. However, given the heterogeneity of sampling techniques and results within this review, the evidence is not conclusive on the development as well as short- and long-term implications of the oral microbiome in preterm infants and needs to be explored in future research studies. KEY POINTS: · Day of life is a critical factor in oral microbiome development in preterm infants.. · The oral microbiome may be associated with tracheal and gut microbiome colonization.. · Future research should examine sampling methodology for examining the oral microbiome.. · Future research should explore associations with the oral microbiome and adverse health outcomes..
Topics: Humans; Infant, Premature; Infant, Newborn; Mouth; Microbiota; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Birth Weight; Gastrointestinal Microbiome
PubMed: 37907200
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776344