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Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Antimicrobial resistance is a major global problem that is primarily driven by the excessive and inappropriate utilization of antibiotics. Urinary tract infections...
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global problem that is primarily driven by the excessive and inappropriate utilization of antibiotics. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in primary health care (PHC) and are typically treated with antibiotics. There is ample evidence on the management of this condition in women but not in men. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of UTIs in men in Catalonia, Spain. We conducted a population-based observational cohort study that included male patients diagnosed with UTI within our SIDIAP and CMBD database during the period from 2012 to 2021. UTI diagnoses were grouped into five main groups (cystitis, prostatitis, orchitis and epididymitis, urethritis, and pyelonephritis). Of the 316,762 men with at least one recorded UTI episode, the majority were registered with a diagnosis of cystitis in PHC (212,958 patients). Quinolones were the most commonly recorded treatment for UTIs (between 18.3% and 38.6%, depending on the group), except for urethritis in which a combination of antibiotics (36.7%) was most frequently used. The treatment duration period was between 9 days and 18 days, except for the prostatitis group, in which treatment was extended to 21 days. Urine cultures were documented in up to 30% in the cystitis group. Pyelonephritis was the category linked to most septicemia cases (3.0%). Conclusions: This is the first study to assess UTIs in men using a large PHC database in Spain. The sociodemographic characteristics of our sample are similar to other studies in the literature. In our setting, the use of quinolones for the treatment of UTIs is the most registered, and its duration was between 9 days and 18 days, despite the fact that resistance to quinolones exceeds 20% of the strains in our area.
PubMed: 37998813
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111611 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Oct 2023
Topics: Male; Humans; Orchitis; Epididymitis
PubMed: 37236824
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.05.046 -
Cureus Sep 2023Ultrasound is the modality of choice for detecting the causes of acute scrotal pain and diagnosing scrotal pathologies. Pyocele is a term used for describing the...
Ultrasound is the modality of choice for detecting the causes of acute scrotal pain and diagnosing scrotal pathologies. Pyocele is a term used for describing the purulent fluid collection in the scrotal sac, which may present to the hospital as a complication of testicular abscess, epididymal-orchitis, or post-trauma. Ultrasound is the modality of choice for diagnosing such pathologies. The presented case is of a young male from rural India who developed a pyocele post-trauma and underwent an ultrasound examination, where it was found to be a ruptured pyocele with contents spreading into the hemi-scrotum. Rupture of the tunica is frequently associated with the hematocele; however, pyocele is less commonly associated with rupture. The case report discusses the causes of pyocele, imaging features, management, and complications of this pathology along with other possible differential diagnosis.
PubMed: 37842434
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45198 -
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : JCU May 2024Granulomatous orchitis is a relatively rare clinical testicular lesion. The imaging manifestations and clinical symptoms are similar to those of testicular tumors. In... (Review)
Review
Granulomatous orchitis is a relatively rare clinical testicular lesion. The imaging manifestations and clinical symptoms are similar to those of testicular tumors. In order to improve the understanding of this disease, this article reports the ultrasonographic manifestations of a case of granulomatous orchitis and reviews the relevant literature with.
Topics: Humans; Orchitis; Male; Diagnostic Errors; Granuloma; Diagnosis, Differential; Testis; Ultrasonography; Adult
PubMed: 38288520
DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23640 -
Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Sep 2023Bacterial infection can induce testicular inflammation and damage male fertility. This paper reveals the role of nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group C member 2 (NR2C2) in...
IN BRIEF
Bacterial infection can induce testicular inflammation and damage male fertility. This paper reveals the role of nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group C member 2 (NR2C2) in macrophage cells in orchitis caused by bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection.
ABSTRACT
Bacterial infection and induced inflammation are important causes of male infertility. Here, we described the characteristics of expression and the regulatory role of NR2C2 in testicular inflammatory injury induced by infection with the bacterial endotoxin LPS. We found that NR2C2 was highly expressed in the testes and the expression of NR2C2 was upregulated in testicular macrophages in the LPS-induced mouse orchitis model in vivo. In primary testicular macrophages and RAW264.7 cells in vitro, RNA interference with the Nr2c2 gene downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-6. In addition, the knockdown of NR2C2 in macrophages alleviated the inhibitory effect of the inflammatory supernatant secreted by the macrophages on the proliferation of spermatogonia GC-1 SPG cells. Mechanistically, NR2C2 activated NF-κB signaling by binding with DR elements in the promotor of the Nfκb gene and promoted the development of inflammation. These data are the first to confirm that during LPS-induced bacterial infection, NR2C2 plays a proinflammatory role by activating IL-1β and IL-6 via the NF-κB pathway in macrophages, consequently inhibiting the proliferation of spermatogonia and damaging the quality of sperm. Our findings reveal the important role of NR2C2 in testicular inflammatory injury induced via LPS and provide a new potential target and a molecular basis for the treatment of male infertility caused by bacterial infection.
Topics: Humans; Male; Animals; Mice; NF-kappa B; Lipopolysaccharides; Orchitis; Interleukin-6; Semen; Inflammation; Macrophages; Endotoxins
PubMed: 37427695
DOI: 10.1530/REP-23-0041 -
Stress Biology Feb 2024The male reproductive system has a standard immune response regulatory mechanism, However, a variety of external stimuli, including viruses, bacteria, heat, and...
The male reproductive system has a standard immune response regulatory mechanism, However, a variety of external stimuli, including viruses, bacteria, heat, and medications can damage the testicles and cause orchitis and epididymitis. It has been shown that various RNA viruses are more likely to infect the testis than DNA viruses, inducing orchitis and impairing testicular function. It was found that local injection of the viral RNA analog poly(I:C) into the testes markedly disrupted the structure of the seminiferous tubules, accompanied by apoptosis and inflammation. Poly(I:C) mainly inhibited the expression of testosterone synthesis-associated proteins, STAR and MGARP, and affected the synthesis and metabolism of amino acids and lipids in the testis. This led to the disruption of the metabolite levels in the testis of mice, thus affecting the normal spermatogenesis process. The present study analyzed the acute inflammatory response of the testis to viral infection using a multi-omics approach. It provides insights into how RNA virus infection impairs testicular function and offers a theoretical basis for future studies on immune homeostasis and responses under stress conditions in male reproduction.
PubMed: 38300431
DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00146-6 -
Urology Case Reports May 2024Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis (IGO) is a rare inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology affecting the testis. Presented here is the case of a young patient who...
Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis (IGO) is a rare inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology affecting the testis. Presented here is the case of a young patient who developed IGO, potentially associated with an anti-sperm antibody-mediated autoimmune response.
PubMed: 38799733
DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2024.102754 -
Actas Urologicas Espanolas Sep 2023To evaluate the indications and histology of our series of orchiectomies, analysing the results by patient's age.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the indications and histology of our series of orchiectomies, analysing the results by patient's age.
METHODS
We included the orchiectomies realized in our hospital between 2005 and 2020 in patients older than 18 years. We estimated demographic data, indications, histology and effectiveness of testicular ultrasound by three groups of age.
RESULTS
We included 489 orchiectomies, which 364 (74%) belonged to Group A (patients between 18-50 years), 59 (12%) to Group B (50-70 years) and 66 (14%) to Group C (older than 70 years). In Group A, 284 (78%) orchiectomies were indicated due to malignancy suspect. In 91.9% cases (261) malign neoplasm was confirmed at final histology and 253 (89%) were germinal cells. Testicular ultrasound had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 90% in this group. In Group B, 34 (57%) orchiectomies were indicated because of malignancy suspect. At final histologic analysis, 25/34 (73.5%) confirmed malign neoplasm. Ultrasound had a PPV of 68%. In Group C, orchiepididymitis was the main cause of testicular removal with 30 cases (45,5%). From the 20 cases (30.3%) with suspicion of malignancy, only 6 had confirmed malign histology. Testicular ultrasound PPV for malignancy was 31%.
CONCLUSION
In patients younger than 70 years the main orchiectomy's indication was suspect of malignancy and in older than 70, testicular inflammation. The germinal neoplasm was the predominant histology in younger than 70 years. In older than that, malignancy was infrequent. The positive predictive value of testicular ultrasound for malignancy decreased with patient's age. In patients older than 50 years proper image diagnosis to assess malignancy should be considered before orchiectomy is done.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged; Orchiectomy; Testicular Neoplasms; Orchitis; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 36427799
DOI: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2022.11.004 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023This study included 47 free-ranging bats from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Six bats (12.8%) had genital inflammatory lesions, and two of them (one and one , a...
This study included 47 free-ranging bats from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Six bats (12.8%) had genital inflammatory lesions, and two of them (one and one , a frugivorous and a nectarivorous, respectively) were diagnosed with sp. infection through PCR, and antigens in intralesional macrophages were detected using immunohistochemistry.
PubMed: 37701528
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1235299 -
Veterinary Sciences May 2024Management of breeding stallions is crucial to equine reproduction. The longevity of the breeding career is the ultimate objective, whether the stallion is used for... (Review)
Review
Management of breeding stallions is crucial to equine reproduction. The longevity of the breeding career is the ultimate objective, whether the stallion is used for natural cover or for semen collection and artificial insemination. Stud farm veterinarians should be aware of the techniques used to evaluate testicular function and the diagnostic approach to testicular disorders in cases of emergency. This paper presents the clinical methods used to evaluate testicular health, including palpation, ultrasonography, biopsy, and fine-needle aspiration. The discussion of testicular disorders is broken down into four categories: congenital disorders (cryptorchidism, monorchidism, and testicular hypoplasia), differential diagnosis of scrotal enlargement, differential diagnosis of causes of progressive testicular enlargement, and differential diagnosis of testicular asymmetry or reduction in size with an emphasis on testicular degeneration. The sudden increase in testicular size is often accompanied by severe clinical signs and is a major cause for referral of stallion for surgery. Testicular disorders are illustrated with clinical cases seen by the authors.
PubMed: 38921990
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060243