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Advanced Healthcare Materials Jul 2023Organoids and cells in organ-on-chip platforms replicate higher-level anatomical, physiological, or pathological states of tissues and organs. These technologies are... (Review)
Review
Organoids and cells in organ-on-chip platforms replicate higher-level anatomical, physiological, or pathological states of tissues and organs. These technologies are widely regarded by academia, the pharmacological industry and regulators as key biomedical developments. To map advances in this emerging field, a meta-analysis based on a quality-controlled text-mining algorithm is performed. The analysis covers titles, keywords, and abstracts of categorized academic publications in the literature and preprint databases published after 2010. The algorithm identifies and tracks 149 and 107 organs or organ substructures modeled as organoids and organ-on-chip, respectively, stem cell sources, as well as 130 diseases, and 16 groups of organisms other than human and mouse in which organoid/organ-on-chip technology is applied. The meta-analysis illustrates changing diversity and focus in organoid/organ-on-chip research and captures its geographical distribution. The downloadable dataset provided is a robust framework for researchers to interrogate with their own questions.
PubMed: 37479227
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301067 -
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives Feb 2024Human organs-on-chips (organ chips) are small microfluidic devices that allow human cells to perform complex organ-level functions in vitro by recreating multi-cellular... (Review)
Review
Human organs-on-chips (organ chips) are small microfluidic devices that allow human cells to perform complex organ-level functions in vitro by recreating multi-cellular and multi-tissue structures and applying in vivo-like biomechanical cues. Human Organ Chips are being used for drug discovery and toxicology testing as an alternative to animal models which are ethically challenging and often do not predict clinical efficacy or toxicity. In this mini-review, we summarize our presentation that reviewed the state of the art relating to these microfluidic culture devices designed to mimic specific human organ structures and functions, and the application of Organ Chips to regenerative pharmacology.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Microphysiological Systems; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Models, Animal; Drug Discovery
PubMed: 38149766
DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1159 -
Ageing Research Reviews Nov 2023This commentary provides a novel synthesis of how biological systems adapt to a broad spectrum of environmental and age-related stresses that are underlying causes of... (Review)
Review
This commentary provides a novel synthesis of how biological systems adapt to a broad spectrum of environmental and age-related stresses that are underlying causes of numerous degenerative diseases and debilitating effects of aging. It proposes that the most fundamental, evolutionary-based integrative strategy to sustain and protect health is based on the concept of hormesis. This concept integrates anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and cellular repair responses at all levels of biological organization (i.e., cell, organ and organism) within the framework of biphasic dose responses that describe the quantitative limits of biological plasticity in all cells and organisms from bacteria and plants to humans. A major feature of the hormetic concept is that low levels of biological, chemical, physical and psychological stress upregulate adaptive responses that not only precondition, repair and restore normal functions to damaged tissues/organs but modestly overcompensate, reducing ongoing background damage, thereby enhancing health beyond that in control groups, lacking the low level "beneficial" stress. Higher doses of such stress often become counterproductive and eventually harmful. Hormesis is active throughout the life-cycle and can be diminished by aging processes affecting the onset and severity of debilitating conditions/diseases, especially in elderly subjects. The most significant feature of the hormetic dose response is that the limits of biological plasticity for adaptive processes are less than twice that of control group responses, with most, at maximum, being 30-60 % greater than control group values. Yet, these modest increases can make the difference between health or disease and living or dying. The quantitative features of these adaptive hormetic dose responses are also independent of mechanism. These features of the hormetic dose response determine the capacity to which systems can adapt/be protected, the extent to which biological performance (e.g., memory, resistance to injury/disease, wound healing, hair growth or lifespan) can be enhanced/extended and the extent to which synergistic interactions may occur. Hormesis defines the quantitative rules within which adaptive processes operate and is central to evolution and biology and should become transformational for experimental concepts and study design strategies, public health practices and a vast range of therapeutic strategies and interventions.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Hormesis; Longevity; Aging; Adaptation, Physiological; Antioxidants
PubMed: 37709054
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102074 -
Biofabrication Aug 2023Thesimulation of organs resolves the accuracy, ethical, and cost challenges accompanyingexperiments. Organoids and organs-on-chips have been developed to model the,... (Review)
Review
Thesimulation of organs resolves the accuracy, ethical, and cost challenges accompanyingexperiments. Organoids and organs-on-chips have been developed to model the, real-time biological and physiological features of organs. Numerous studies have deployed these systems to assess the, real-time responses of an organ to external stimuli. Particularly, organs-on-chips can be most efficiently employed in pharmaceutical drug development to predict the responses of organs before approving such drugs. Furthermore, multi-organ-on-a-chip systems facilitate the close representations of theenvironment. In this review, we discuss the biosensing technology that facilitates the, real-time measurements of organ responses as readouts on organ-on-a-chip systems, including multi-organ models. Notably, a human-on-a-chip system integrated with automated multi-sensing will be established by further advancing the development of chips, as well as their assessment techniques.
Topics: Humans; Microphysiological Systems; Organoids
PubMed: 37587753
DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aceaae -
Materials Horizons Oct 2023Organs-on-chips are microengineered microfluidic living cell culture devices with continuously perfused chambers penetrating to cells. By mimicking the biological... (Review)
Review
Organs-on-chips are microengineered microfluidic living cell culture devices with continuously perfused chambers penetrating to cells. By mimicking the biological features of the multicellular constructions, interactions among organs, vascular perfusion, physicochemical microenvironments, and so on, these devices are imparted with some key pathophysiological function levels of living organs that are difficult to be achieved in conventional 2D or 3D culture systems. In this technology, biomaterials are extremely important because they affect the microstructures and functionalities of the organ cells and the development of the organs-on-chip functions. Thus, herein, we provide an overview on the advances of biomaterials for the construction of organs-on-chips. After introducing the general components, structures, and fabrication techniques of the biomaterials, we focus on the studies of the functions and applications of these biomaterials in the organs-on-chips systems. Applications of the biomaterial-based organs-on-chips as alternative animal models for pharmaceutical, chemical, and environmental tests are described and highlighted. The prospects for exciting future directions and the challenges of biomaterials for realizing the further functionalization of organs-on-chips are also presented.
Topics: Animals; Biomimetics; Biocompatible Materials; Cell Culture Techniques; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Microphysiological Systems
PubMed: 37697735
DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00755c -
Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany) Dec 2023Biological and biomedical research using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism has gained recognition through several Nobel prizes within the last 100 years.... (Review)
Review
Biological and biomedical research using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism has gained recognition through several Nobel prizes within the last 100 years. Drosophila exhibits several advantages when compared to other in vivo models such as mice and rats, as its life cycle is very short, animal maintenance is easy and inexpensive and a huge variety of transgenic strains and tools are publicly available. Moreover, more than 70% of human disease-causing genes are highly conserved in the fruit fly. Here, we explain the use of Drosophila in nephrology research and describe two kidney tissues, Malpighian tubules and the nephrocytes. The latter are the homologous cells to mammalian glomerular podocytes and helped to provide insights into a variety of signaling pathways due to the high morphological similarities and the conserved molecular make-up between nephrocytes and podocytes. In recent years, nephrocytes have also been used to study inter-organ communication as links between nephrocytes and the heart, the immune system and the muscles have been described. In addition, other tissues such as the eye and the reproductive system can be used to study the functional role of proteins being part of the kidney filtration barrier.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Rats; Mice; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Drosophila Proteins; Kidney; Animals, Genetically Modified; Podocytes; Mammals
PubMed: 37171583
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-05996-w -
Philosophical Transactions. Series A,... Aug 2023The physical origin of behaviour in biological organisms is distinct from those of non-living systems in one significant way: organisms exhibit intentionality or... (Review)
Review
The physical origin of behaviour in biological organisms is distinct from those of non-living systems in one significant way: organisms exhibit intentionality or goal-directed behaviour. How may we understand and explain this important aspect in physical terms, grounded in laws of physics and chemistry? In this article, we discuss recent experimental and theoretical progress in this area and future prospects of this line of thought. The physical basis for our investigation is thermodynamics, though other branches of physics and chemistry have an important role. This article is part of the theme issue 'Thermodynamics 2.0: Bridging the natural and social sciences (Part 1)'.
Topics: Thermodynamics; Physics; Social Sciences
PubMed: 37334453
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0278 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Sep 2023Donation after circulatory death (DCD) is practiced in several countries to increase the number of organs for transplantation. This review summarises the key points in a... (Review)
Review
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) is practiced in several countries to increase the number of organs for transplantation. This review summarises the key points in a new protocol which will introduce controlled DCD in Denmark as an option in seriously ill patients, in whom death is inevitable and the criteria for brain death is not met. It includes a no touch period of five minutes following circulatory arrest. Rapid procurement or normothermic regional perfusion may be applied depending on the organs to be transplanted. The introduction of DCD requires thorough training of involved health personnel.
Topics: Humans; Tissue Donors; Organ Preservation; Tissue and Organ Procurement; Cardiovascular System; Denmark
PubMed: 37772648
DOI: No ID Found