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JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Jan 2024We quantify the osmolality of human milk fortified with human milk fortifiers (HMFs), powder infant formulas and protein additives.
BACKGROUND
We quantify the osmolality of human milk fortified with human milk fortifiers (HMFs), powder infant formulas and protein additives.
METHODS
Commercial liquid HMFs and powder infant formulas were added to pasteurized pooled donor human milk in triplicate and stirred. The osmolality of unfortified and fortified human milk at 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, and 30 kcal/oz (0.73, 0.8, 0.87, 0.9, 0.93, and 1 kcal/ml, respectively) was determined using freezing-point depression.
RESULTS
The osmolality of fortified human milk associated with energy density in a linear relationship regardless of the fortification strategies. Multiple liquid HMFs and every powder infant formula exceeded the osmolality threshold of 450 mOsm/kg H O within the energy densities tested.
CONCLUSION
The osmolality of fortified human milk is highly variable and should be considered when selecting a fortifying agent for human milk.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Milk, Human; Powders; Food, Fortified; Dietary Supplements; Osmolar Concentration
PubMed: 37608726
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2558 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023Being one of the main proteins in the human body and many animal species, albumin plays a decisive role in the transport of various ions, electrically neutral molecules...
Being one of the main proteins in the human body and many animal species, albumin plays a decisive role in the transport of various ions, electrically neutral molecules and in maintaining the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood [...].
Topics: Animals; Humans; Serum Albumin; Translational Science, Biomedical; Biology; Electricity; Osmotic Pressure
PubMed: 37762028
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813725 -
Clinical Journal of the American... Oct 2023
Topics: Horses; Animals; Potassium; Dietary Supplements; Osmolar Concentration; Administration, Oral
PubMed: 37678216
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.0000000000000294 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Jun 2024Patients with an ileostomy often have impaired quality of life, sodium depletion, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and other organ-specific pathologies. The osmolality of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Patients with an ileostomy often have impaired quality of life, sodium depletion, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and other organ-specific pathologies. The osmolality of oral supplements influences ileostomy output and increases sodium loss. We hypothesized the existence of an osmolality range in which fluid absorption and secondary natriuresis are optimal.
METHODS
This was a single-center, quasi-randomized crossover intervention study, including patients with an ileostomy and no home parenteral support. After an 8-h fasting period, each patient ingested 500 mL of 3-18 different oral supplements and a standardized meal during the various intervention periods, followed by a 6-h collection of ileostomy and urine outputs. The primary outcome was 6-h ileostomy output.
RESULTS
A total of 14 ileostomy patients with a median age of 65 years (interquartile range 38-70 years) were included. The association between osmolalities (range 5-1352 mOsm/kg) and ileostomy output forecasted an S-curve. A linear association between osmolality of oral supplements (range 290-600 mOsm/kg) and ileostomy output was identified and assessed with a mixed-effects model. Ileostomy output increased by 57 g/6 h (95% confidence interval (CI) 21-94) when the oral supplement osmolality increased by 100 mOsm/kg (p = 0.005).
CONCLUSION
Osmolality in oral supplements correlated with ileostomy output. Our results indicate that patients with an ileostomy may benefit from increased ingestion of oral supplements with osmolalities between 100 and 290 mOsm/kg. We define this range as the Goldilocks zone, equivalent to optimal fluid and electrolyte absorption.
Topics: Humans; Ileostomy; Middle Aged; Aged; Male; Female; Dietary Supplements; Adult; Osmolar Concentration; Cross-Over Studies; Administration, Oral; Sodium
PubMed: 38777478
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.03.003 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Jul 2023The functional, bulk, and interfacial shear rheological properties of hazelnut protein isolate were studied at different pH values between 3.0 and 8.0 and ionic strength...
The functional, bulk, and interfacial shear rheological properties of hazelnut protein isolate were studied at different pH values between 3.0 and 8.0 and ionic strength levels between 0.0 and 1.0 M. The results showed that pH significantly affected protein solubility, emulsion properties, water and oil holding capacities, foam stability, surface hydrophobicity, and free -SH groups. The highest surface hydrophobicity, free -SH groups, and better functional properties were observed at pH 8.0. Protein solubility also increased with increasing ionic strength up to 0.6 M. The emulsion and foam stability of hazelnut protein isolate showed similar changes with protein solubility. The flow behavior of hazelnut protein suspensions was found to be shear thinning with the highest consistency index at pH 3.0 and the lowest at pH 6.0, however, the ionic strength did not significantly affect the consistency coefficient but did cause a significant change in the flow behavior index, with the lowest value observed at 0.6 M. The best gel structure in hazelnut proteins was observed at pH 3.0 and 4.0. The addition of ions at 0.4 and 0.6 M concentrations resulted in an improved viscoelastic character. The hazelnut protein isolate was also found to form solid-like viscoelastic layers at both air-water and oil-water interfaces, with the interfacial adsorption behavior affected by both pH and ionic strength. Overall, these results suggest that pH and ionic strength have significant effects on the functional and rheological properties of hazelnut protein isolate, which may have the potential as an auxiliary substance in food systems.
Topics: Corylus; Emulsions; Proteins; Osmolar Concentration; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Rheology; Water
PubMed: 37254341
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112906 -
Current Microbiology Nov 2023Soil salinization is a global issue that negatively impacts crop yield and has become a prime concern for researchers worldwide. Many important crop plants are... (Review)
Review
Soil salinization is a global issue that negatively impacts crop yield and has become a prime concern for researchers worldwide. Many important crop plants are susceptible to salinity-induced stresses, including ionic and osmotic stress. Approximately, 20% of the world's cultivated and 33% of irrigated land is affected by salt. While various agricultural practices have been successful in alleviating salinity stress, they can be costly and not environment-friendly. Therefore, there is a need for cost-effective and eco-friendly practices to improve soil health. One promising approach involves utilizing microbes found in the vicinity of plant roots to mitigate the effects of salinity stress and enhance plant growth as well as crop yield. By exploiting the salinity tolerance of plants and their associated rhizospheric microorganisms, which have plant growth-promoting properties, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salt stress on crop plants. The soil salinization is a common problem in the world, due to which we are unable to use the saline land. To make proper use of this land for different crops, microorganisms can play an important role. Looking at the increasing population of the world, this will be an appreciated effort to make the best use of the wasted land for food security. The updated information on this issue is needed. In this context, this article provides a concise review of the latest research on the use of salt-tolerant rhizospheric microorganisms to mitigate salinity stress in crop plants.
Topics: Plant Development; Agriculture; Crop Production; Soil; Plant Roots; Salinity
PubMed: 38006515
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03538-z -
International Journal of Sport... Sep 2023First morning urine (FMU) assessment would be a practical and convenient solution for clinically acceptable detection of underhydration prior to competition/training,...
First morning urine (FMU) assessment would be a practical and convenient solution for clinically acceptable detection of underhydration prior to competition/training, and for the general public. Thus, we thus sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of FMU as a valid indicator of recent (previous 24 hr, 5 days average) hydration practices. For 5 consecutive days and one final morning, 67 healthy women (n = 38) and men (n = 29; age: 20 [1] years, body mass index: 25.9 [5.5]) completed 24-hr diet logs for total water intake (from beverages and foods, absolute and relative to body mass), 24-hr urine and FMU collection (last morning only) for osmolality (Osm), specific gravity (SG), and color (Col), and morning blood sampling for plasma osmolality and copeptin. Correlations determined significance and relationship strength among FMU and all other variables. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratios were employed using previously reported values to indicate underhydration (total water intake < 30 ml/kg, osmolality > 500, and >800 mOsm/kg, specific gravity > 1.017, and copeptin > 6.93 pmol/L). FMU_Osm and FMU_SG were significantly correlated (p < .05) to all variables except the previous 5-day plasma osmolality. FMU_Col was only significantly correlated with other color time intervals and total water intake per gram. FMU_Osm held greatest utility (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity >80%) overall, with the best outcome being FMU_Osm indicating a previous 24-hr osmolality threshold of 500 mOsm/kg (FMU_Osm criterion >710 mOsm/kg and positive likelihood ratio = 5.9). With less effort and cost restriction, FMU is a viable metric to assess underhydration.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adult; Female; Young Adult; Urinalysis; Drinking; Osmolar Concentration; Body Mass Index; Specific Gravity; Dehydration; Urine
PubMed: 37225169
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0203 -
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2024Nocturnal enuresis can be frustrating for children and their families as the child ages. Our aim is to evaluate urine aquaporin 2 (AQP-2) as a noninvasive biomarker of...
BACKGROUND/AIM
Nocturnal enuresis can be frustrating for children and their families as the child ages. Our aim is to evaluate urine aquaporin 2 (AQP-2) as a noninvasive biomarker of water balance in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study included 90 children; sixty-eight children suffering from PMNE aged (9.57 ± 2.16) years and 22 healthy children with good toilet control, matched sex and age. All enuretic children were subjected to complete history taking, clinical evaluation, and bed wetting diary. Serum arginine vasopressin (AVP) and urine AQP-2 were tested in the morning (at 9-11 am) and evening (at 9-11 pm). Blood urea, creatinine, Na, glucose, urine osmolality, Ca/Cr, Alb/Cr and specific gravity were tested simultaneously.
RESULTS
Serum AVP, urine AQP-2, and urine osmolality were statistically lower in patients than controls. Patients had a significantly lower level of night serum AVP concentrations, urine AQP-2, and urine osmolality than the corresponding morning level. Urine AQP-2 was significantly correlated with urine osmolality (p < 0.05). AQP-2 had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 70%. However, no statistically significant correlation was found between serum AVP and urine AQP-2.
CONCLUSION
Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children could be associated with reduction of urine excretion of AQP-2 at night. Urine AQP-2 is significantly correlated with urine osmolality. Therefore, it may be a noninvasive biomarker of hydration status in children with PMNE, with good sensitivity and specificity.
Topics: Humans; Child; Nocturnal Enuresis; Male; Female; Aquaporin 2; Circadian Rhythm; Biomarkers; Osmolar Concentration; Case-Control Studies; Arginine Vasopressin; Adolescent
PubMed: 38812639
DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5780 -
Pharmaceutical Research Jul 2023To investigate the difference in methods to determine the osmolality in solutions of stabilizers used for long-acting injectable suspensions.
PURPOSE
To investigate the difference in methods to determine the osmolality in solutions of stabilizers used for long-acting injectable suspensions.
METHODS
The osmolality was measured by freezing point depression and vapor pressure for 11 different polymers and surfactants (PEG 3350, 4000, 6000, 8000, 20,000, PVP K12, K17 and K30, poloxamer 188, 388 and 407, HPMC E5, Na-CMC, polysorbate 20 and 80, vitamin E-TPGS, phospholipid, DOSS and SDS) in different concentrations.
RESULTS
Independently of the measuring method, an increase in osmolality with increasing concentration was observed for all polymers and surfactants, as would be expected due to the physicochemical origin of the osmolality. No correlation was found between the molecular weight of the polymers and the measured osmolality. The osmolality values were different for PVPs, PEGs, and Na-CMC using the two different measurement methods. The values obtained by the freezing point depression method tended to be similar or higher than the ones provided by vapor pressure, overall showing a significant difference in the osmolality measured by the two investigated methods.
CONCLUSIONS
For lower osmolality values (e.g. surfactants), the choice of the measuring method was not critical, both the freezing point depression and vapor pressure could be used. However, when the formulations contained higher concentrations of excipients and/or thermosensitive excipients, the data suggests that the vapor pressure method would be more suited.
Topics: Excipients; Vapor Pressure; Freezing; Depression; Osmolar Concentration; Polymers; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 35460023
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03262-6 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Sep 2024As climate change alters the hydric regime of many habitats, understanding the hydric physiology of animals becomes increasingly important. Plasma osmolality is a...
As climate change alters the hydric regime of many habitats, understanding the hydric physiology of animals becomes increasingly important. Plasma osmolality is a popular metric to assess an organism's hydration, but samples often need to be stored before being analyzed, under varying conditions and for different lengths of time. Previous studies on plasma storage conditions, and how they impact sample integrity, are minimal and have focused more on clinical applications than field studies. We studied the stability of osmolality values from wild rattlesnake plasma samples stored in commonly used plastic snap-cap tubes under different time (0, 2, 3, 7, 29 days) and temperature (refrigerated at 2 °C and frozen at -18 °C) treatments. We hypothesized that frozen samples would remain more stable (e.g., retain osmolality values more similar to baseline values) than refrigerated samples because freezing the plasma would reduce evaporation. We found that osmolality of samples increased over time at both temperatures, becoming significantly higher than baseline after 7 days. Contrary to our prediction, osmolality increased more in frozen samples than in refrigerated samples. We discuss possible reasons for our results, along with their implications. To obtain the most accurate plasma osmolality values, we recommend refrigerating plasma samples for as short a time as possible, 3 days or fewer, before analyzing them on an osmometer.
Topics: Osmolar Concentration; Animals; Temperature; Time Factors; Plasma; Blood Specimen Collection; Specimen Handling; Freezing
PubMed: 38762048
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111665