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IUBMB Life Jan 2024The mitochondrial retrograde signaling (RTG) pathway of communication from mitochondria to the nucleus was first studied in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It rewires... (Review)
Review
The mitochondrial retrograde signaling (RTG) pathway of communication from mitochondria to the nucleus was first studied in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It rewires cellular metabolism according to the mitochondrial state by reprogramming nuclear gene expression in response to mitochondrial triggers. The main players involved in retrograde signaling are the Rtg1 and Rtg3 transcription factors, and a set of positive and negative regulators, including the Rtg2, Mks1, Lst8, and Bmh1/2 proteins. Retrograde regulation is integrated with other processes, including stress response, osmoregulation, and nutrient sensing through functional crosstalk with cellular pathways such as high osmolarity glycerol or target of rapamycin signaling. In this review, we summarize metabolic changes observed upon retrograde stimulation and analyze the progress made to uncover the mechanisms underlying the integration of regulatory circuits. Comparisons of the evolutionary adaptations of the retrograde pathway that have occurred in the different yeast groups can help to fully understand the process.
Topics: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; Cell Nucleus; Transcription Factors; Signal Transduction; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
PubMed: 37565710
DOI: 10.1002/iub.2775 -
Heart Failure Reviews May 2024Heart failure (HF) is a pervasive clinical challenge characterized by compromised cardiac function and reduced quality of life. The kinin-kallikrein system (KSS), a... (Review)
Review
Heart failure (HF) is a pervasive clinical challenge characterized by compromised cardiac function and reduced quality of life. The kinin-kallikrein system (KSS), a multifaceted peptide cascade, has garnered substantial attention due to its potential role in HF. Through activation of B1 and/or B2 receptors and downstream signaling, kinins modulate various physiological processes, including inflammation, coagulation, pain, blood pressure control, and vascular permeability. Notably, aberrations in KKS components have been linked to HF risk. The elevation of vasodilatory bradykinin (BK) due to kallikrein activity reduces preload and afterload, while concurrently fostering sodium reabsorption inhibition. However, kallikrein's conversion of prorenin to renin leads to angiotensinsII upregulation, resulting in vasoconstriction and fluid retention, alongside increased immune cell activity that fuels inflammation and cardiac remodeling. Importantly, prolonged KKS activation resulting from volume overload and tissue stretch contributes to cardiac collagen loss. The conventional renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors used in HF management may inadvertently intensify KKS activity, exacerbating collagen depletion and cardiac remodeling. It is crucial to balance the KKS's role in acute cardiac damage, which may temporarily enhance function and metabolic parameters against its detrimental long-term effects. Thus, KKS blockade emerges as a promising strategy to impede HF progression. By attenuating the link between immune system function and tissue damage, KKS inhibition can potentially reduce cardiac remodeling and alleviate HF symptoms. However, the nuanced roles of BK in various acute conditions necessitate further investigation into the sustained benefits of kallikrein inhibitors in patients with chronic HF.
Topics: Humans; Heart Failure; Kallikrein-Kinin System; Kinins; Kallikreins; Renin-Angiotensin System; Signal Transduction; Bradykinin
PubMed: 38381277
DOI: 10.1007/s10741-024-10393-y -
Annual Review of Entomology Jan 2024Aquatic environments are an unusual habitat for most arthropods. Nevertheless, many arthropod species that were once terrestrial dwelling have transitioned back to... (Review)
Review
Aquatic environments are an unusual habitat for most arthropods. Nevertheless, many arthropod species that were once terrestrial dwelling have transitioned back to marine and freshwater environments, either as semiaquatic or, more rarely, as fully aquatic inhabitants. Transition to water from land is exceptional, and without respiratory modifications to allow for extended submergence and the associated hypoxic conditions, survival is limited. In this article, we review marine-associated species that have made this rare transition in a generally terrestrial group, spiders. We include several freshwater spider species for comparative purposes. Marine-associated spiders comprise less than 0.3% of spider species worldwide but are found in over 14% of all spider families. As we discuss, these spiders live in environments that, with tidal action, hydraulic forces, and saltwater, are more extreme than freshwater habitats, often requiring physiological and behavioral adaptations to survive. Spiders employ many methods to survive inundation from encroaching tides, such as air bubble respiration, airtight nests, hypoxic comas, and fleeing incoming tides. While airway protection is the primary survival strategy, further survival adaptations include saltwater-induced osmotic regulation, dietary composition, predator avoidance, reproduction, locomotory responses, and adaptation to extreme temperatures and hydrostatic pressures that challenge existence in marine environments.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Spiders; Ecosystem; Arthropods; Hypoxia; Reproduction
PubMed: 37788437
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-062923-102457 -
Genes Jul 2023Salt and osmotic stress seriously restrict the growth, development, and productivity of horticultural crops in the greenhouse. The papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs)...
Salt and osmotic stress seriously restrict the growth, development, and productivity of horticultural crops in the greenhouse. The papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) participate in multi-stress responses in plants. We previously demonstrated that salt and osmotic stress affect cysteine protease 15 of pepper ( L.) (); however, the role of in salt and osmotic stress responses is unknown. Here, the function of in regulating pepper salt and osmotic stress resistance was explored. Pepper plants were subjected to abiotic (sodium chloride, mannitol, salicylic acid, ethrel, methyl jasmonate, etc.) and biotic stress ( inoculation). The was silenced through the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transiently overexpressed in pepper plants. The full-length fragment is 1568 bp, with an open reading frame of 1032 bp, encoding a 343 amino acid protein. CaCP15 is a senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) subfamily member containing two highly conserved domains, Inhibitor 129 and Peptidase_C1. expression was the highest in the stems of pepper plants. The expression was induced by salicylic acid, ethrel, methyl jasmonate, and was infected by inoculation. Furthermore, was upregulated under salt and osmotic stress, and silencing in pepper enhanced salt and mannitol stress resistance. Conversely, transient overexpression of increased the sensitivity to salt and osmotic stress by reducing the antioxidant enzyme activities and negatively regulating the stress-related genes. This study indicates that negatively regulates salt and osmotic stress resistance in pepper via the ROS-scavenging.
Topics: Osmoregulation; Sodium Chloride; Capsicum; Antioxidants; Salicylic Acid; Mannitol
PubMed: 37510313
DOI: 10.3390/genes14071409 -
Systematic Reviews Jul 2023The purpose of this systematic review is to collect, appraise, and synthesize existing evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) on the effectiveness...
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this systematic review is to collect, appraise, and synthesize existing evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) on the effectiveness of tolvaptan for water retention in heart failure.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, web of science, Cochrane reviews for SRs/Mas published between the databases' establishment to November 17, 2021. All the records were managed with Endnote 20. Standardized forms were used to extract data. Revman 5.3 was used to make forest plots to show the characteristics of outcomes. The methodological and evidence quality were respectively evaluated by AMSTAR-2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2) and GRADE (Grading of Recommendation of Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system.
RESULTS
A total of 9 SRs/Mas between 2015 to 2020 met inclusion criteria. Serum sodium concentration and urine output were considered as primary outcomes and body weight change and all-cause mortality as second outcomes. Through conducting forest plots, it appeared that tolvaptan brought more positive effect than conventional therapies. It was pessimistic when it comes to the quality of the 9 studies. all the 9 articles were rated as low-quality because AMSTAR 2 evaluation showed that they each had at least one critical item (items 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15) defect. Besides, every article had a few non-critical item defects too. The result of GRADE assessment was not optimistic, so the overall quality of the evidences was low as well.
CONCLUSION
Tolvaptan can be recommended for water retention in HF patients, but more evidence is needed.
Topics: Humans; Tolvaptan; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Heart Failure; Databases, Factual; Water
PubMed: 37516894
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02293-3 -
American Journal of Physiology. Renal... Mar 2024Circadian rhythms are endogenous biological oscillations that regulate various physiological processes in organisms, including kidney function. The kidney plays a vital... (Review)
Review
Circadian rhythms are endogenous biological oscillations that regulate various physiological processes in organisms, including kidney function. The kidney plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating water and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and excretion of metabolic waste products, all of which display circadian rhythmicity. For this reason, studying the circadian regulation of the kidney is important, and the time of day is a biological and experimental variable that must be considered. Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian regulation within the kidney. In this review, the current knowledge regarding circadian rhythms in the kidney is explored, focusing on the molecular clock machinery, circadian control of renal functions, and the impact of disrupted circadian rhythms on kidney health. In addition, parameters that should be considered and future directions are outlined in this review.
Topics: Circadian Clocks; Kidney; Circadian Rhythm; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Homeostasis
PubMed: 38174377
DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00214.2023 -
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Jun 2024To review the evaluation and management of fluid overload in critically ill children. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To review the evaluation and management of fluid overload in critically ill children.
RECENT FINDINGS
Emerging evidence associates fluid overload, i.e. having a positive cumulative fluid balance, with adverse outcome in critically ill children. This is most likely the result of impaired organ function due to increased extravascular water content. The combination of a number of parameters, including physical, laboratory and radiographic markers, may aid the clinician in monitoring and quantifying fluid status, but all have important limitations, in particular to discriminate between intra- and extravascular water volume. Current guidelines advocate a restrictive fluid management, initiated early during the disease course, but are hampered by the lack of high quality evidence.
SUMMARY
Recent advances in early evaluation of fluid status and (tailored) restrictive fluid management in critically ill children may decrease complications of fluid overload, potentially improving outcome. Further clinical trials are necessary to provide the clinician with solid recommendations.
Topics: Humans; Critical Illness; Child; Fluid Therapy; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 38655808
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001347 -
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Sep 2024The neuroendocrine system of crustaceans is complex and regulates many processes, such as development, growth, reproduction, osmoregulation, behavior, and metabolism.... (Review)
Review
The neuroendocrine system of crustaceans is complex and regulates many processes, such as development, growth, reproduction, osmoregulation, behavior, and metabolism. Once stimulated, crustaceans' neuroendocrine tissues modulate the release of monoamines, ecdysteroids, and neuropeptides that can act as hormones or neurotransmitters. Over a few decades, research has unraveled some mechanisms governing these processes, substantially contributing to understanding crustacean physiology. More aspects of crustacean neuroendocrinology are being comprehended with molecular biology, transcriptome, and genomics analyses. Hence, these studies will also significantly enhance the ability to cultivate decapods, such as crabs and shrimps, used as human food sources. In this review, current knowledge on crustacean endocrinology is updated with new findings about crustacean hormones, focusing mainly on the main neuroendocrine organs and their hormones and the effects of these molecules regulating metabolism, growth, reproduction, and color adaptation. New evidence about vertebrate-type hormones found in crustaceans is included and discussed. Finally, this review may assist in understanding how the emerging chemicals of environmental concern can potentially impair and disrupt crustacean's endocrine functions and their physiology.
Topics: Animals; Crustacea; Neuropeptides; Neurosecretory Systems; Reproduction
PubMed: 38697385
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112265 -
Physiological Reports Nov 2023Perioperative hyponatremia, due to non-osmotic release of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin, is a serious electrolyte disorder observed in connection with...
Perioperative hyponatremia, due to non-osmotic release of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin, is a serious electrolyte disorder observed in connection with many types of surgery. Since blood loss during surgery contributes to the pathogenesis of hyponatremia, we explored the effect of bleeding on plasma sodium using a controlled hypotensive hemorrhage pig model. After 30-min baseline period, hemorrhage was induced by aspiration of blood during 30 min at mean arterial pressure <50 mmHg. Thereafter, the animals were resuscitated with retransfused blood and a near-isotonic balanced crystalloid solution and monitored for 180 min. Electrolyte and water balances, cardiovascular response, renal hemodynamics, and markers of volume regulation and osmoregulation were investigated. All pigs (n = 10) developed hyponatremia. All animals retained hypotonic fluid, and none could excrete net-free water. Urinary excretion of aquaporin 2, a surrogate marker of collecting duct responsiveness to antidiuretic hormone, was significantly reduced at the end of the study, whereas lysine vasopressin, i.e., the pig antidiuretic hormone remained high. In this animal model, hyponatremia developed due to net positive fluid balance and generation of electrolyte-free water by the kidneys. A decreased urinary aquaporin 2 excretion may indicate an escape from antidiuresis.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Hyponatremia; Aquaporin 2; Vasopressins; Hemorrhage; Sodium; Electrolytes; Water
PubMed: 38010195
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15886 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... May 2024The disruption of calcium signaling associated with polycystin deficiency has been proposed as the primary event underlying the increased abnormally patterned epithelial...
The disruption of calcium signaling associated with polycystin deficiency has been proposed as the primary event underlying the increased abnormally patterned epithelial cell growth characteristic of Polycystic Kidney Disease. Calcium can be regulated through mechanotransduction, and the mechanosensitive cation channel Piezo1 has been implicated in sensing of intrarenal pressure and in urinary osmoregulation. However, a possible role for PIEZO1 in kidney cystogenesis remains undefined. We hypothesized that cystogenesis in ADPKD reflects altered mechanotransduction, suggesting activation of mechanosensitive cation channels as a therapeutic strategy for ADPKD. Here, we show that Yoda-1 activation of PIEZO1 increases intracellular Ca and reduces forskolin-induced cAMP levels in mIMCD3 cells. Yoda-1 reduced forskolin-induced IMCD cyst surface area and in mouse metanephros in a dose-dependent manner. Knockout of polycystin-2 dampened the efficacy of PIEZO1 activation in reducing both cAMP levels and cyst surface area in IMCD3 cells. However, collecting duct-specific knockout neither induced cystogenesis in wild-type mice nor affected cystogenesis in the model of ADPKD. Our study suggests that polycystin-2 and PIEZO1 play a role in mechanotransduction during cystogenesis , and , but that cyst expansion may require inactivation or repression of additional suppressors of cystogenesis and/or growth. Our study provides a preliminary proof of concept for PIEZO1 activation as a possible component of combination chemotherapy to retard or halt cystogenesis and/or cyst growth.
PubMed: 38766249
DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.11.593717