-
Clinical Oral Investigations Jul 2023The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the prognosis of at-home dental bleaching using low concentration bleaching products. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the prognosis of at-home dental bleaching using low concentration bleaching products.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This review was conducted was performed following the recommendations of the 2020 PRISMA statement and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO-CRD42022360530). The PICO question was "What is the prognosis of home teeth whitening treatment?". An advanced electronic search was made in three databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase.
RESULTS
The database search led to the retrieval of 225 articles. After elimination of duplicate references, the titles and abstracts of the articles were analyzed with respect to the eligibility criteria, and 24 studies were included for the development of the systematic review.
CONCLUSIONS
Most authors state that the color remains stable between 1 and 2.5 years regardless of the type of bleaching agent or the forms of administration, and color stability in cases of severe discolorations presents a higher degree of recurrence.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Given the growing demand for dental cosmetic treatments, the following systematic review may aid the clinician's continuing education and evidence-based practice by providing knowledge on the field of at-home dental bleaching agents and their long-term effects.
Topics: Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Bleaching; Prognosis; Bleaching Agents
PubMed: 37273018
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05069-0 -
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD 2024
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Humans; Antioxidants; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Oxidants; Animals
PubMed: 38461511
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-240217 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023The chemistry of hypervalent iodine reagents has now become quite valuable due to the reactivity of these compounds under mild reaction conditions and their resemblance... (Review)
Review
The chemistry of hypervalent iodine reagents has now become quite valuable due to the reactivity of these compounds under mild reaction conditions and their resemblance in chemical properties to transition metals. The environmentally friendly nature of these reagents makes them suitable for Green Chemistry. Reagents with a dual nature, such as iodine(III) reagents, are capable electrophiles, while iodine(V) reagents are known for their strong oxidant behavior. Various iodine(V) reagents including IBX and DMP have been used as oxidants in organic synthesis either in stoichiometric or in catalytic amounts. In this review article, we describe various oxidation reactions induced by iodine(V) reagents reported in the past decade.
Topics: Iodine; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Indicators and Reagents; Catalysis
PubMed: 37446912
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135250 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jul 2023Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is widely used for wastewater disinfection but suffers from low inactivation rates and can cause photoreactivation of microorganisms.... (Review)
Review
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is widely used for wastewater disinfection but suffers from low inactivation rates and can cause photoreactivation of microorganisms. Synergistic disinfection with UV and oxidants is promising for enhancing the inactivation performance. This review summarizes the inactivation effects on representative microorganisms by UV/hydrogen peroxide (HO), UV/ozone (O), UV/persulfate (PS), UV/chlorine, and UV/chlorine dioxide (ClO). UV synergistic processes perform better than UV or an oxidant alone. UV mainly attacks the DNA or RNA in microorganisms; the oxidants HO and O mainly attack the cell walls, cell membranes, and other external structures; and HOCl and ClO enter cells and oxidize proteins and enzymes. Free radicals can have strong oxidation effects on cell walls, cell membranes, proteins, enzymes, and even DNA. At similar UV doses, the inactivation rates of Escherichia coli with UV alone, UV/HO, UV/O, UV/PS (peroxydisulfate or peroxymonosulfate), and UV/chlorinated oxidant (chlorine, ClO, and NHCl) range from 2.03 to 3.84 log, 2.62-4.30 log, 4.02-6.08 log, 2.93-5.07 log, and 3.78-6.55 log, respectively. The E. coli inactivation rates are in the order of UV/O ≈ UV/Cl > UV/PS > UV/HO. This order is closely related to the redox potentials of the oxidants and quantum yields of the radicals. UV synergistic disinfection processes inhibit photoreactivation of E. coli in the order of UV/O > UV/PS > UV/HO. The activation mechanisms and formation pathways of free radicals with different UV-based synergistic processes are presented. In addition to generating HO·, O can reduce the turbidity and chroma of wastewater to increase UV penetration, which improves the disinfection performance of UV/O. This knowledge will be useful for further development of the UV-based synergistic disinfection processes.
Topics: Disinfection; Hydrogen Peroxide; Wastewater; Chlorine; Escherichia coli; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Chlorides; Ultraviolet Rays; Water Purification
PubMed: 37062094
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131393 -
Water Research Apr 2024This publication summarizes my journey in the field of chemical oxidation processes for water treatment over the last 30+ years. Initially, the efficiency of the... (Review)
Review
This publication summarizes my journey in the field of chemical oxidation processes for water treatment over the last 30+ years. Initially, the efficiency of the application of chemical oxidants for micropollutant abatement was assessed by the abatement of the target compounds only. This is controlled by reaction kinetics and therefore, second-order rate constant for these reactions are the pre-requisite to assess the efficiency and feasibility of such processes. Due to the tremendous efforts in this area, we currently have a good experimental data base for second-order rate constants for many chemical oxidants, including radicals. Based on this, predictions can be made for compounds without experimental data with Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships with Hammet/Taft constants or energies of highest occupied molecular orbitals from quantum chemical computations. Chemical oxidation in water treatment has to be economically feasible and therefore, the extent of transformation of micropollutants is often limited and mineralization of target compounds cannot be achieved under realistic conditions. The formation of transformation products from the reactions of the target compounds with chemical oxidants is inherent to oxidation processes and the following questions have evolved over the years: Are the formed transformation products biologically less active than the target compounds? Is there a new toxicity associated with transformation products? Are transformation products more biodegradable than the corresponding target compounds? In addition to the positive effects on water quality related to abatement of micropollutants, chemical oxidants react mainly with water matrix components such as the dissolved organic matter (DOM), bromide and iodide. As a matter of fact, the fraction of oxidants consumed by the DOM is typically > 99%, which makes such processes inherently inefficient. The consequences are loss of oxidation capacity and the formation of organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts also involving bromide and iodide, which can be oxidized to reactive bromine and iodine with their ensuing reactions with DOM. Overall, it has turned out in the last three decades, that chemical oxidation processes are complex to understand and to manage. However, the tremendous research efforts have led to a good understanding of the underlying processes and allow a widespread and optimized application of such processes in water treatment practice such as drinking water, municipal and industrial wastewater and water reuse systems.
Topics: Bromides; Iodides; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidants; Water Purification
PubMed: 38387263
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121148 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Sep 2023Cellular oxidation-reduction (redox) systems, which encompass pro- and antioxidant molecules, are integral components of a plethora of essential cellular processes. Any... (Review)
Review
Cellular oxidation-reduction (redox) systems, which encompass pro- and antioxidant molecules, are integral components of a plethora of essential cellular processes. Any dysregulation of these systems can cause molecular imbalances between the pro- and antioxidant moieties, leading to a state of oxidative stress. Long-lasting oxidative stress can manifest clinically as a variety of chronic illnesses including cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic diseases like diabetes. As such, this review investigates the impact of oxidative stress on the human body with emphasis on the underlying oxidants, mechanisms, and pathways. It also discusses the available antioxidant defense mechanisms. The cellular monitoring and regulatory systems that ensure a balanced oxidative cellular environment are detailed. We critically discuss the notion of oxidants as a double-edged sword, being signaling messengers at low physiological concentrations but causative agents of oxidative stress when overproduced. In this regard, the review also presents strategies employed by oxidants including redox signaling and activation of transcriptional programs such as those mediated by the Nrf2/Keap1 and NFk signaling. Likewise, redox molecular switches of peroxiredoxin and DJ-1 and the proteins they regulate are presented. The review concludes that a thorough comprehension of cellular redox systems is essential to develop the evolving field of redox medicine.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Disease
PubMed: 37436042
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31071 -
Current Opinion in Chemical Biology Oct 2023There is considerable interest in the role of oxygen-derived oxidants (often termed generically reactive oxygen species), and the potential effect of exogenous... (Review)
Review
There is considerable interest in the role of oxygen-derived oxidants (often termed generically reactive oxygen species), and the potential effect of exogenous antioxidants, in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. Most of the published research focuses on the inflammatory response and the concept that oxidants are pro-inflammatory and antioxidants are anti-inflammatory. The present review discusses the evidence that both oxidants and thiol antioxidants are important in the various processes of innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on the function of the immune system in the defense against pathogens, rather than its pathogenic role in inflammatory and autoimmune disease.
Topics: Antioxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidants; Reactive Oxygen Species; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 37295350
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102339 -
Free Radical Biology & Medicine May 2024Redox organization governs an underlying simplicity in living systems. Critically, redox reactions enable the essential characteristics of life: extraction of energy... (Review)
Review
Redox organization governs an underlying simplicity in living systems. Critically, redox reactions enable the essential characteristics of life: extraction of energy from the environment, use of energy to support metabolic and structural organization, use of dynamic redox responses to defend against environmental threats, and use of redox mechanisms to direct differentiation of cells and organ systems essential for reproduction. These processes are sustained through a redox context in which electron donor/acceptor couples are poised at substantially different steady-state redox potentials, some with relatively reducing steady states and others with relatively oxidizing steady states. Redox-sensitive thiols of the redox proteome, as well as low molecular weight redox-active molecules, are maintained individually by the kinetics of oxidation-reduction within this redox system. Recent research has revealed opposing network interactions of the metallome, redox proteome, metabolome and transcriptome, which appear to be an evolved redox response structure to maintain stability of an organism in the presence of variable oxidative environments. Considerable opportunity exists to improve human health through detailed understanding of these redox networks so that targeted interventions can be developed to support new avenues for redox medicine.
Topics: Humans; Proteome; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidants; Sulfhydryl Compounds
PubMed: 38490457
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.008 -
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering May 2024Manganese dioxide (MnO) nanomaterials can react with trace hydrogen peroxide (HO) to produce paramagnetic manganese (Mn) and oxygen (O), which can be used for magnetic... (Review)
Review
Manganese dioxide (MnO) nanomaterials can react with trace hydrogen peroxide (HO) to produce paramagnetic manganese (Mn) and oxygen (O), which can be used for magnetic resonance imaging and alleviate the hypoxic environment of tumors, respectively. MnO nanomaterials also can oxidize glutathione (GSH) to produce oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to break the balance of intracellular redox reactions. As a consequence of the sensitivity of the tumor microenvironment to MnO-based nanomaterials, these materials can be used as multifunctional diagnostic and therapeutic platforms for tumor imaging and treatment. Importantly, when MnO nanomaterials are implanted along with other therapeutics, synergetic tumor therapy can be achieved. In addition to tumor treatment, MnO-based nanomaterials display promising prospects for tissue repair, organ protection, and the treatment of other diseases. Herein, we provide a thorough review of recent progress in the use of MnO-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications, which may be helpful for the design and clinical translation of next-generation MnO nanomaterials.
Topics: Manganese Compounds; Oxides; Humans; Nanostructures; Animals; Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 38588342
DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01852 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Oct 2023To investigate oxidative stress markers in tears and serum of patients with ocular rosacea and to examine their association with both ocular surface parameters and...
PURPOSE
To investigate oxidative stress markers in tears and serum of patients with ocular rosacea and to examine their association with both ocular surface parameters and cutaneous rosacea subtypes.
METHODS
This prospective study includes rosacea patients with ocular involvement and healthy controls. We performed ophthalmological examination of all participants and collected tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer, Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores. We quantified the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and arylesterase (ARE) levels from tear and serum samples, and calculated the oxidative stress index (OSI). We also classified patients into phymatous, erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular subtypes.
RESULTS
We included 90 ocular rosacea patients and 30 healthy controls. Oxidative stress (TOS, OSI) levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) and antioxidant levels (TAS, ARE) were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in both tear and serum samples of ocular rosacea patients as compared to controls. We found a significant positive correlation between the tear and serum values regarding oxidative stress parameters (P < 0.05). Besides, OSI was negatively correlated with TBUT and positively correlated with MGD score (meiboscore) and OSDI (P < 0.05). The Schirmer score was not correlated with OSI. No difference was found between the cutaneous subtypes with respect to TAS, TOS, ARE, and OSI results.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we identified oxidative stress markers in the serum and tears of ocular rosacea patients and showed their correlation with clinical signs of MGD, suggesting that oxidative stress contributes to ocular rosacea pathogenesis and that oxidative stress could be an indicator of MGD severity.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Prospective Studies; Meibomian Gland Dysfunction; Tears; Dry Eye Syndromes; Meibomian Glands; Rosacea; Oxidative Stress; Oxidants
PubMed: 37843493
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.22