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Frontiers in Immunology 2023Comparative animal models generate fundamental scientific knowledge of immune responses. However, these studies typically are conducted in mammals because of their... (Review)
Review
Comparative animal models generate fundamental scientific knowledge of immune responses. However, these studies typically are conducted in mammals because of their biochemical and physiological similarity to humans. Presently, there has been an interest in using teleost fish models to study intestinal immunology, particularly intestinal mucosa immune response. Instead of targeting the pathogen itself, a preferred approach for managing fish health is through nutrient supplementation, as it is noninvasive and less labor intensive than vaccine administrations while still modulating immune properties. Amino acids (AAs) regulate metabolic processes, oxidant-antioxidant balance, and physiological requirements to improve immune response. Thus, nutritionists can develop sustainable aquafeeds through AA supplementation to promote specific immune responses, including the intestinal mucosa immune system. We propose the use of dietary supplementation with functional AAs to improve immune response by discussing teleost fish immunology within the intestine and explore how oxidative burst is used as an immune defense mechanism. We evaluate immune components and immune responses in the intestine that use oxidant-antioxidant balance through potential selection of AAs and their metabolites to improve mucosal immune capacity and gut integrity. AAs are effective modulators of teleost gut immunity through oxidant-antioxidant balance. To incorporate nutrition as an immunoregulatory means in teleost, we must obtain more tools including genomic, proteomic, nutrition, immunology, and macrobiotic and metabonomic analyses, so that future studies can provide a more holistic understanding of the mucosal immune system in fish.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Antioxidants; Immunonutrition Diet; Oxidants; Immunity, Mucosal; Amino Acids; Proteomics; Fishes; Intestinal Mucosa; Mammals
PubMed: 37841275
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241615 -
Journal of Esthetic and Restorative... Sep 2023This controlled randomized clinical trial determined the whitening efficacy and the intensity and absolute risk of tooth sensitivity in dual whitening when prefilled... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
This controlled randomized clinical trial determined the whitening efficacy and the intensity and absolute risk of tooth sensitivity in dual whitening when prefilled at-home whitening trays were used between in-office whitening intervals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An in-office whitening agent containing 35% hydrogen peroxide was used. A prefilled tray with a whitening agent containing 6% hydrogen peroxide was used for at-home whitening. Sixty-six subjects were randomly assigned to three groups. Group I: at-home whitening was performed 10 times between the in-office whitening treatments. Group II: at-home whitening was performed five times between the in-office whitening treatments. Group III: only in-office whitening was performed. The tooth color changes were evaluated using a spectrophotometer. A visual analog scale was used to express the pain intensity.
RESULTS
All the groups showed increased ΔE*ab, ΔE , and ΔWI with increased whitening sessions. Group I at the 3rd whitening session showed significantly higher ΔE*ab, ΔE , and ΔWI than group III. Tooth sensitivity showed higher values up to 24 h after whitening.
CONCLUSIONS
Although dual whitening with the prefilled tray and in-office whitening had higher whitening ability than in-office whitening alone, the intensity and absolute risk of tooth sensitivity was similar.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The dual whitening might produce faster and stronger whitening effects than in-office whitening alone.
Topics: Humans; Bleaching Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Hydrogen Peroxide; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36883730
DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13033 -
Operative Dentistry Nov 2023The present study aimed to evaluate the desensitizing effect of toothpaste for sensitive teeth on patient tooth sensitivity and on bleaching efficacy of the 38% hydrogen... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
The present study aimed to evaluate the desensitizing effect of toothpaste for sensitive teeth on patient tooth sensitivity and on bleaching efficacy of the 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent used for in-office bleaching compared to a regular toothpaste in a randomized clinical trial.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Forty-eight patients having maxillary right central incisors with darkness greater than A1 were selected for the present double-blind randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: the placebo group, which used regular toothpaste, and the experimental group, which used sensitivity toothpaste. The intervention consisted of applying toothpaste with the aid of an individual tray for a period of 4 minutes daily, starting one week before the first bleaching session and interrupting use immediately after the second session. After allocation to one of the groups, individuals received in-office dental bleaching with a 40-minute application of 38% hydrogen peroxide for two sessions with an interval of one week. The incidence and intensity of sensitivity were assessed using a visual analogue scale and a numeric analogue scale. Sensitivity was measured immediately before each session, 1 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after each bleaching session and four weeks after the second bleaching session. Tooth shade was evaluated using a spectrophotometer and by comparison with the VITA Classical Shade Guide (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany). Tooth shade was evaluated before the first bleaching session, one week after the first bleaching session, one week after the second bleaching session and four weeks after the second bleaching session. Participants and professionals who performed the bleaching, shade, and sensitivity assessments were blinded to the group of patients they were treating or assessing. For the incidence of hypersensitivity, the results were evaluated by comparing the groups at different evaluation times with the Mann-Whitney test for comparison between groups, the Friedman test for repeated measures, and the Tukey test for comparison of times. Shade change on the guide was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test for comparison between groups and the Wilcoxon test for comparison between times. Shade change by the spectrophotometer was analyzed using the t-test for comparison between groups and the paired t-test for comparison between times. All analyses were performed with a significance level of 5%.
RESULTS
There was no difference in the pattern of dental hypersensitivity between groups. For all shade measures, there was no difference between the bleaching results, and no statistically significant difference was observed between the study groups.
CONCLUSION
The use of arginine-based desensitizing toothpaste did not interfere with the bleaching ability of hydrogen peroxide and was not effective in reducing the sensitivity caused by in-office tooth bleaching.
Topics: Humans; Dentin Sensitivity; Hydrogen Peroxide; Toothpastes; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Bleaching; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 37881142
DOI: 10.2341/23-009-C -
Journal of Environmental Management Nov 2023Landfill leachate is a discrete volumetric component of municipal solid waste; hence, researchers and professionals are more concerned about it because of its obscurity.... (Review)
Review
Landfill leachate is a discrete volumetric component of municipal solid waste; hence, researchers and professionals are more concerned about it because of its obscurity. Innovative treatment and emerging technologies are being scrutinized to address the treatment of landfill leachate challenges. The leading target of this review was to examine the possibility of removing recalcitrant organic pollutants from landfill leachate by photocatalytic-based advanced oxidation processes. A summary of the systematic applicability of conventional treatment for landfill leachate is provided, with a focus on physico-chemical and biological processes. The biological treatment, such as aerobic and anaerobic digestion, is an excellent technique for treating highly concentrated organic pollutants in the wastewater. However, Leachate can scarcely be treated using conventional techniques since it is enriched with refractory organics and inorganic ions. It is clear from the literature review that none of the available combinations of physico-chemical and biological treatments are entirely relevant for the removal of recalcitrant organic pollutants from leachate. Recently, the photo-assisted TiO/ZnO oxidation has shown an excessively potential and feasible way to treat landfill leachate. TiO/ZnO photocatalysis is currently developing to treat recalcitrant organic pollutants from landfill leachate. The effect of operating parameters reveals that pH and temperature affect the reaction rate. The addition of oxidant HO to the TiO/ZnO suspension suggests that TiO leads to an increase in the rate of reaction when compared to ZnO. Photocatalytic remediation technique of landfill leachate would support the goal of environmental sustainability by greatly enhancing the effectiveness of treated leachate reutilization. In this review, the selection of the best photocatalytic treatment for leachate based on its systematic relevance and potential conditions, characteristics, cost-effectiveness, essential controlling, discharge limit, long-term environmental effects, and its future study perspectives are emphasized and discussed.
Topics: Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Hydrogen Peroxide; Zinc Oxide; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 37619385
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118794 -
Chemosphere Sep 2023Tetracycline (TC) and Oxytetracycline (OTC) are common antibiotics increasingly detected in the environment, posing a potential risk to human and aquatic lives. Although...
Non-thermal plasma activated peroxide and percarbonate for tetracycline and oxytetracycline degradation: Synergistic performance, degradation pathways, and toxicity evaluation.
Tetracycline (TC) and Oxytetracycline (OTC) are common antibiotics increasingly detected in the environment, posing a potential risk to human and aquatic lives. Although conventional methods such as adsorption and photocatalysis are used for the degradation of TC and OTC, they are inefficient in removal efficiency, energy yield, and toxic byproduct generation. Herein, a falling-film dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor coupled with environmentally friendly oxidants (hydrogen peroxide (HPO), sodium percarbonate (SPC), and HPO + SPC) was applied, and the treatment efficiency of TC and OTC was investigated. Experimental results showed that moderate addition of the HPO and SPC exhibited a synergistic effect (SF > 2), significantly improving the antibiotic removal ratio, total organic removal ratio (TOC), and energy yield by more than 50%, 52%, and 180%, respectively. After 10 min of DBD treatment, the introduction of 0.2 mM SPC led to a 100% antibiotic removal ratio and a TOC removal of 53.4% and 61.2% for 200 mg/L TC and 200 mg/L OTC, respectively. Also, 1 mM HPO dosage led to 100% antibiotic removal ratios after 10 min of DBD treatment and a TOC removal of 62.4% and 71.9% for 200 mg/L TC and 200 mg/L OTC, respectively. However, the DBD + HPO + SPC treatment method had a detrimental effect on the performance of the DBD reactor. After 10 min of DBD plasma discharge, the removal ratios for TC and OTC were 80.8% and 84.1%, respectively, when 0.5 mM HPO + 0.5 mM SPC was added. Moreover, principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis confirmed the differences between the treatment methods. Furthermore, the concentration of oxidant-induced in-situ generated ozone and hydrogen peroxide were quantitatively determined, and their indispensable roles during the degradation process were established via radical scavenger tests. Finally, the synergetic antibiotic degradation mechanisms and pathways were proposed, and the toxicities of the intermediate byproducts were evaluated.
Topics: Humans; Oxytetracycline; Peroxides; Hydrogen Peroxide; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Tetracycline; Heterocyclic Compounds; Oxidants
PubMed: 37330069
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139246 -
Chemosphere Oct 2023Biological nitrogen removal (BNR) is essential for the treatment of nitrogen-containing wastewater. However, the requirement for aeration and the addition of external... (Review)
Review
Biological nitrogen removal (BNR) is essential for the treatment of nitrogen-containing wastewater. However, the requirement for aeration and the addition of external carbon sources, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions and additional costs, are disadvantages of the traditional BNR process. Alternative technologies have been devised to overcome these drawbacks. Bioelectrochemical nitrogen removal (BENR) has been proposed for efficient nitrogen removal, demonstrating flexibility and versatility. BENR can be performed by combining nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX), or organic carbon oxidation. Bioelectrochemical-ANAMMOX (BE-ANAMMOX) is the most promising method for nitrogen removal, as it can directly convert NH to N and H in one step when the electrode is arranged as an electron acceptor. High-value-added hydrogen can potentially be recovered with efficient nitrogen removal using this concept, maximizing the benefits of BENR. Using alternative electron acceptors, such as electrodes and metal ions, for complete total nitrogen removal is a promising technology to substitute NO production from NH oxidation by aeration. However, the requirement of electron donors for NO reduction, low NH removal efficiency, and low competitiveness of exoelectrogenic bacteria still remain the main obstacles. The future direction for successful BENR should aim to achieve complete anaerobic NH oxidation without any electron acceptor and to maximize selectivity in H production. Therefore, the bioelectrochemical pathways and balances between efficient nitrogen removal and high-value-added chemical production should be further studied for carbon and energy neutralities.
Topics: Denitrification; Nitrogen; Bioreactors; Anaerobiosis; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidants; Carbon; Ammonium Compounds; Sewage
PubMed: 37567277
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139776 -
Journal of Neuroscience Research Sep 2023Transcranial direct curent stimulation (tDCS) and trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) are promising therapies for pain that can alter the excitability of...
Transcranial direct curent stimulation (tDCS) and trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) are promising therapies for pain that can alter the excitability of neuronal activity in cerebral cortex. The aim of the study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of direct current stimulation (DCS) over the spinal cord and cerebral cortex on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI). Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups: Sham, CCI, CCI + tDCS and CCI + tsDCS. The neuropathic pain model was induced by using the CCI model. Rats with neuropathy were treated with cathodal tDCS and tsDCS stimulations consisting of 0.5 mA for 30 min a day for 7 days from day 8 onwards. Locomotor activity was measured by open-field test and nociceptive behavior was assessed by hot-plate, tail-flick and Randall-Selitto tests. Following the behavioral experiments, total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and proinflammatory cytokine levels were evaluated in spinal cord and cerebral cortex tissues. The CCI model induced significant mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Nociceptive behaviors in rats with CCI were reversed by DCS treatment. Higher TOC and lower TAC levels were detected in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex tissues of the CCI rats compared to the control. tsDCS treatment amended oxidant/antioxidant status. Moreover, tsDCS modulated the central levels of Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-18. tsDCS stimulation showed better therapeutic effect on neuropathic pain by regulating oxidant/antioxidant levels and reducing neuroinflammation. DCS, especially at spinal level, may be a promising therapeutic strategy that can be used alone or in combination with other effective treatments for alleviating neuropathic pain.
Topics: Rats; Male; Animals; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; Rats, Wistar; Antioxidants; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Nociception; Sciatic Nerve; Neuralgia; Hyperalgesia; Spinal Cord; Oxidative Stress; Oxidants
PubMed: 37313582
DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25204 -
Minerva Pediatrics Dec 2023There is a crucial balance between oxidant and antioxidant defense mechanisms. We aimed to evaluate the role of the balance of these systems in children with bloodstream...
BACKGROUND
There is a crucial balance between oxidant and antioxidant defense mechanisms. We aimed to evaluate the role of the balance of these systems in children with bloodstream infection.
METHODS
We analyzed prospectively oxidant and antioxidant stress parameters from serum samples of children with BSI besides demographic and clinical data of children. Serum levels of the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), albumin, plasma thiol, disulphide, catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels, ferroxidase and arylesterase (ARES) activity were evaluated in both patients and healthy controls.
RESULTS
A total of 113 children were evaluated, 50 of them had bacteremia and the remaining 63 were healthy subjects. The median TOS values were 18.5 µmol H
2 O2 /L and 13.1 µmol H2 O2 /L in patient and control groups, respectively with a statistically significant difference between groups. The mean serum IMA levels were 0.8±0.1 absorbance unit (ABSU) in patients and 0.5±0.09 ABSU in control, the difference between groups was statistically significant. The native thiol, total thiol levels and the disulphide levels were significantly lower in the patient group as compared with the control group. The myeloperoxidase level was 136 U/L in patients and 107 in controls with a statistically significant difference between groups.CONCLUSIONS
TOS, IMA, MPO, and particularly plasma thiols seem good candidates for accurate diagnosis of bacteremia in children.
Topics: Humans; Child; Antioxidants; Oxidants; Peroxidase; Biomarkers; Oxidative Stress; Serum Albumin; Disulfides; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Bacteremia
PubMed: 32881474
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-5276.20.05748-5 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023It has been reported that in an oxidative environment, the flavonoid ,-dihydroquercetin (,-DHQ) oxidizes into a product that rearranges to form quercetin. As quercetin...
It has been reported that in an oxidative environment, the flavonoid ,-dihydroquercetin (,-DHQ) oxidizes into a product that rearranges to form quercetin. As quercetin is a very potent antioxidant, much better than ,-DHQ, this would be an intriguing form of targeting the antioxidant quercetin. The aim of the present study is to further elaborate on this targeting. We can confirm the previous observation that ,-DHQ is oxidized by horseradish peroxidase (HRP), with HO as the oxidant. However, HPLC analysis revealed that no quercetin was formed, but instead an unstable oxidation product. The inclusion of glutathione (GSH) during the oxidation process resulted in the formation of a ,-DHQ-GSH adduct, as was identified using HPLC with IT-TOF/MS detection. GSH adducts appeared on the B-ring of the ,-DHQ quinone, indicating that during oxidation, the B-ring is oxidized from a catechol to form a quinone group. Ascorbate could reduce the quinone back to ,-DHQ. No ,-DHQ was detected after the reduction by ascorbate, indicating that a possible epimerization of ,-DHQ quinone to ,-DHQ quinone does not occur. The fact that no epimerization of the oxidized product of ,-DHQ is observed, and that GSH adducts the oxidized product of ,-DHQ on the B-ring, led us to conclude that the redox-modulating activity of ,-DHQ quinone resides in its B-ring. This could be confirmed by chemical calculation. Apparently, the administration of ,-DHQ in an oxidative environment does not result in 'biotargeting' quercetin.
Topics: Antioxidants; Quercetin; Hydrogen Peroxide; Ascorbic Acid; Glutathione; Quinones
PubMed: 37762525
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814220 -
Redox Biology Aug 2023Continued oxidant production during chronic inflammation generates host tissue damage, with this being associated with pathologies including atherosclerosis....
Continued oxidant production during chronic inflammation generates host tissue damage, with this being associated with pathologies including atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques contain modified proteins that may contribute to disease development, including plaque rupture, the major cause of heart attacks and strokes. Versican, a large extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycan, accumulates during atherogenesis, where it interacts with other ECM proteins, receptors and hyaluronan, and promotes inflammation. As activated leukocytes produce oxidants including peroxynitrite/peroxynitrous acid (ONOO/ONOOH) at sites of inflammation, we hypothesized that versican is an oxidant target, with this resulting in structural and functional changes that may exacerbate plaque development. The recombinant human V3 isoform of versican becomes aggregated on exposure to ONOO/ONOOH. Both reagent ONOO/ONOOH and SIN-1 (a thermal source of ONOO/ONOOH) modified Tyr, Trp and Met residues. ONOO/ONOOH mainly favors nitration of Tyr, whereas SIN-1 mostly induced hydroxylation of Tyr, and oxidation of Trp and Met. Peptide mass mapping indicated 26 sites with modifications (15 Tyr, 5 Trp, 6 Met), with the extent of modification quantified at 16. Multiple modifications, including the most extensively nitrated residue (Tyr), are within the hyaluronan-binding region, and associated with decreased hyaluronan binding. ONOO/ONOOH modification also resulted in decreased cell adhesion and increased proliferation of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Evidence is also presented for colocalization of versican and 3-nitrotyrosine epitopes in advanced (type II-III) human atherosclerotic plaques. In conclusion, versican is readily modified by ONOO/ONOOH, resulting in chemical and structural modifications that affect protein function, including hyaluronan binding and cell interactions.
Topics: Humans; Oxidants; Peroxynitrous Acid; Versicans; Hyaluronic Acid; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Extracellular Matrix; Atherosclerosis; Protein Isoforms; Inflammation
PubMed: 37402332
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102794