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Journal of Food Science and Technology Aug 2023Medium-chain triglycerides contain medium-chain fatty acid esterified to the glycerol backbone. These MCFA have a shorter chain length and are quickly metabolized in the... (Review)
Review
Medium-chain triglycerides contain medium-chain fatty acid esterified to the glycerol backbone. These MCFA have a shorter chain length and are quickly metabolized in the body serving as an immediate energy source. They are known to have good physiological as well as functional characteristics which help in treating various health disorders. Naturally, they are found in coconut oil, milk fat, and palm kernel oil, and they are synthetically produced by esterification and interesterification reactions. Due to their numerous health benefits, MCT is used as a functional or nutraceutical oil in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. To increase their nutraceutical benefits and food applications MCFA can be used along with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the synthesis of structured lipids. This review aims to provide information about triglycerides of MCFA, structure, metabolism, properties, synthetic routes, intensified synthesis approaches, health benefits, application, and safety of use of MCT in the diet.
PubMed: 35761969
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05499-w -
International Journal of Cosmetic... Aug 2023The employment of Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for determination and quantification of lard in a binary blend with palm...
BACKGROUND
The employment of Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for determination and quantification of lard in a binary blend with palm oil in a cosmetic soap formulations.
OBJECTIVE
To determine and quantify lard as an adulterant in a binary blend with palm oil in a cosmetic soap formulations by FT-IR and multivariate analysis.
METHODS
Fatty acids in lard, palm oil and binary blends were extracted via liquid-liquid extraction and were subjected to FTIR spectrometry, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) for the classification of lard in cosmetic soap formulations via two DA models: Model A (percentage of lard in cosmetic soap) and Model B (porcine and non-porcine cosmetic soap). Linear regression (MLR), partial least square regression (PLS-R) and principal components regression (PCR) were used to assess the degree of adulteration of lard in the cosmetic soap.
FINDINGS
The FTIR spectrum of palm oil slightly differed from that of lard at the wavenumber range of 1453 cm and 1415 cm in palm oil and lard, respectively, indicating the bending vibrations of CH2 and CH3 aliphatic groups and OH carboxyl group respectively. Both of the DA models could accurately classify 100% of cosmetic soap formulations. Nevertheless, less than 100% of verification value was obtained when it was further used to predict the unknown cosmetic soap sample suspected of containing lard or a different percentage of lard. The PCA for Model A and Model B explained a similar cumulative variability (CV) of 92.86% for the whole dataset. MLR and PCR showed the highest determination coefficient (R2) of 0.996, and the lowest relative standard error (RSE) and mean square error (MSE), indicating that both regression models were effective in quantifying the lard adulterant in cosmetic soap.
CONCLUSION
FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics with DA, PCA and MLR or PCR can be used to analyse the presence of lard and quantify its percentage in cosmetic soap formulations.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Palm Oil; Soaps; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Dietary Fats; Least-Squares Analysis
PubMed: 36987749
DOI: 10.1111/ics.12854 -
Gels (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023The aim of this study was to assess the gelling potential of chiral oxalamide derivatives in vegetable oils. Special emphasis was given to the potential applications of...
The aim of this study was to assess the gelling potential of chiral oxalamide derivatives in vegetable oils. Special emphasis was given to the potential applications of the examined oil gels as sustained delivery systems and as fat substitutes in food products. The applicability of oil gelators is envisaged in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry. The regulations requiring the elimination of saturated fats and rising concerns among consumers health motivated us to investigate small organic molecules capable of efficiently transforming from liquid oil to a gel state. The oxalamide organogelators showed remarkable gelation efficiency in vegetable oils, thermal and mechanical stability, self-healing properties, and a long period of stability. The physical properties of the gels were analysed by TEM microscopy, DSC calorimetry, and oscillatory rheology. The controlled release properties of acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and hydrocortisone were analysed by the LC-MS method. The influence of the oil type (sunflower, soybean, and olive oil) on gelation efficiency of diverse oxalamide derivatives was examined by oscillatory rheology. The oxalamide gelators showed thermoreversible and thixotropic properties in vegetable oils with a minimum gelation concentration of just 0.025 wt%. The substitution of palm fats with gelled sunflower oil applied in cocoa and milk spreads at gelator concentrations lower than 0.2 wt% have shown promising viscoelastic properties compared to that of the original food products.
PubMed: 37754380
DOI: 10.3390/gels9090699 -
Annual Review of Food Science and... Jun 2024Lipid modifications play a crucial role in various fields, including food science, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel production. Traditional methods for lipid modifications... (Review)
Review
Lipid modifications play a crucial role in various fields, including food science, pharmaceuticals, and biofuel production. Traditional methods for lipid modifications involve physical and chemical approaches or enzymatic reactions, which often have limitations in terms of specificity, efficiency, and environmental impact. In recent years, nonconventional technologies have emerged as promising alternatives for lipid modifications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of nonconventional technologies for lipid modifications, including high-pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, ultrasound, ozonation, and cold plasma technology. The principles,mechanisms, and advantages of these technologies are discussed, along with their applications in lipid modification processes. Additionally, the challenges and future perspectives of nonconventional technologies in lipid modifications are addressed, highlighting the potential and challenges for further advancements in this field. The integration of nonconventional technologies with traditional methods has the potential to revolutionize lipid modifications, enabling the development of novel lipid-based products with enhanced functional properties and improved sustainability profiles.
Topics: Lipids; Food Technology; Plasma Gases; Ozone; Food Handling
PubMed: 38134384
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-072023-034440 -
Journal of Environmental Management Oct 2023Although causal links between tropical deforestation and palm oil are well established, linking this land use change to where the palm oil is actually consumed remains a...
Although causal links between tropical deforestation and palm oil are well established, linking this land use change to where the palm oil is actually consumed remains a distinct challenge and research gap. Supply chains are notoriously difficult to track back to their origin (i.e., the 'first-mile'). This poses a conundrum for corporations and governments alike as they commit to deforestation-free sourcing and turn to instruments like certification to increase supply chain transparency and sustainability. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) offers the most influential certification system in the sector, but whether it actually reduces deforestation is still unclear. This study used remote sensing and spatial analysis to assess the deforestation (2009-2019) caused by oil palm plantation expansion in Guatemala, a major palm oil source for international consumer markets. Our results reveal that plantations are responsible for 28% of deforestation in the region and that more than 60% of these plantations encroach on Key Biodiversity Areas. RSPO-certified plantations, comprising 63% of the total cultivated area assessed, did not produce a statistically significant reduction in deforestation. Using trade statistics, the study linked this deforestation to the palm oil supply chains of three transnational conglomerates - Pepsico, Mondelēz International, and Grupo Bimbo - all of whom rely on RSPO-certified supplies. Addressing this deforestation and supply chain sustainability challenge hinges on three measures: 1) reform of RSPO policies and practices; 2) robust corporate tracking of supply chains; and 3) strengthening forest governance in Guatemala. This study offers a replicable methodology for a wide-range of investigations that seek to understand the transnational linkages between environmental change (e.g. deforestation) and consumption.
Topics: Palm Oil; Agriculture; Guatemala; Conservation of Natural Resources; Certification; Arecaceae
PubMed: 37399622
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118505 -
Heliyon Nov 2023This paper carried out a comparative review on the current trends in the conversion of palm oil waste into value-adding products by the Cameroonian and Malaysian palm... (Review)
Review
This paper carried out a comparative review on the current trends in the conversion of palm oil waste into value-adding products by the Cameroonian and Malaysian palm sectors/researchers. Trends like composting, composite, pulping, mushroom cultivation, pyrolysis, aerobic and anaerobic digestion of palm biomass were studied as means to reduce the bulk, and to curb emissions of Greenhouse gas while producing value. Base on this research, limited works has been done on the conversion of palm biomass into value in Cameroon, whereas Malaysian palm researchers have employed all of these techniques and producing values from them. It was discovered that the various conversion process have different degree of feasibility and sustainability, and the end-products have different applications. Conversion process like pyrolysis is relatively faster, it could take just a few minute and the end-product which is biofuel have a wide range of applications; in contrast to composting which could take up to 180 days to mature and the end-product is limited to fertilizer. This research aims to sensitize the palm sector in Cameroon to the various processes that can be applied to sustainably manage palm waste. A priority table was also developed based on the feasibility and sustainability of the various conversion processes to serve as a guide towards sustainable waste management in the agro-industrial palm sector in Cameroon and a step towards industrialization.
PubMed: 38027990
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21410 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023() is a soil-borne fungus threatening oil palm at the present. It causes basal stem rot disease on oil palm. Within six months, this fungus can cause an oil palm... (Review)
Review
() is a soil-borne fungus threatening oil palm at the present. It causes basal stem rot disease on oil palm. Within six months, this fungus can cause an oil palm plantation to suffer a significant 43% economic loss. The high persistence and nature of spread of in soil make control of the disease challenging. Therefore, controlling the pathogen requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that underlie pathogenicity as well as its interactions with host plants. In this paper, we present the general characteristics, the pathogenic mechanisms, and the host's defensive system of . We also review upcoming and most promising techniques for disease management that will have the least negative effects on the environment and natural resources.
PubMed: 37492765
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1156869 -
Plant & Cell Physiology Jun 2024Plant oils represent a large group of neutral lipids with important applications in food, feed and oleochemical industries. Most plants accumulate oils in the form of... (Review)
Review
Plant oils represent a large group of neutral lipids with important applications in food, feed and oleochemical industries. Most plants accumulate oils in the form of triacylglycerol within seeds and their surrounding tissues, which comprises three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. Different plant species accumulate unique fatty acids in their oils, serving a range of applications in pharmaceuticals and oleochemicals. To enable the production of these distinctive oils, select plant species have adapted specialized oil metabolism pathways, involving differential gene co-expression networks and structurally divergent enzymes/proteins. Here, we summarize some of the recent advances in our understanding of oil biosynthesis in plants. We compare expression patterns of oil metabolism genes from representative species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Ricinus communis (castor bean), Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) to showcase the co-expression networks of relevant genes for acyl metabolism. We also review several divergent enzymes/proteins associated with key catalytic steps of unique oil accumulation, including fatty acid desaturases, diacylglycerol acyltransferases and oleosins, highlighting their structural features and preference toward unique lipid substrates. Lastly, we briefly discuss protein interactomes and substrate channeling for oil biosynthesis and the complex regulation of these processes.
Topics: Plant Oils; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Species Specificity; Lipid Metabolism; Plant Proteins; Plants; Lipids
PubMed: 37971406
DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad147 -
Animal Bioscience Sep 2023Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) exert positive effects on human health. The long chain n-3 PUFA of pork can be increased by adding fish oil to the...
OBJECTIVE
Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) exert positive effects on human health. The long chain n-3 PUFA of pork can be increased by adding fish oil to the diet. Due to the cost and availability of fish oil an alternative source must be found.
METHODS
This study evaluated the effect of five dietary oils on meat quality, fatty acid composition and lipid stability. The five diets contained 1% palm oil (Control), 1% soya oil, 1% linseed oil, 1% fish oil, and 1% Echium oil, respectively. The trial consisted of 60 gilts, randomly allocated to five groups.
RESULTS
All color parameters, extractable fat content, fat free dry matter, and moisture content of the m. longissimus muscle were unaffected by dietary treatment. Consumers and a trained sensory panel could not detect a difference between the control samples and the Echium oil sample during sensory analysis. Samples containing higher levels of PUFA (soya, linseed, fish, and Echium oil) had higher levels of primary and secondary lipid oxidation products after refrigerated and frozen storage. However, these values were still well below the threshold value where off flavors can be detected. The Echium oil treatment had significantly higher levels of long chain PUFA than the linseed oil treatment, but it was still significantly lower than that of the fish oil treatment.
CONCLUSION
Echium oil supplementation did not increase the levels of n-3 to the same extent as fish oil did. The result did however suggest that Echium oil can be used in pig diets to improve muscle long chain n-3 fatty acid content without any adverse effects on meat quality when compared to linseed, soya, and palm oil.
PubMed: 37170526
DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0362