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Food & Nutrition Research 2024This scoping review for the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 summarizes the available evidence on fats and oils from a food level perspective. A literature search... (Review)
Review
This scoping review for the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023 summarizes the available evidence on fats and oils from a food level perspective. A literature search for systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses was conducted in PubMed. There are few SRs and meta-analyses available that investigate the association between fats and oils (food level) and health outcomes; the majority report associations at the nutrient level (fatty acid classes). All identified SRs and meta-analyses were of low methodological quality, thus the findings and conclusions presented within this scoping review should be interpreted cautiously. Based on this limited evidence, the following results were indicated: the intake of olive oil may be associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and total mortality in prospective cohort studies. The intake of butter was not associated with the risk of CVD but may be related to slightly lower risk of T2D and higher risk of total mortality in prospective cohort studies. For cancer, the evidence is sparse and primarily based on case-control studies. The intake of olive oil may be associated with reduced risk of cancer, whereas the intake of butter may be associated with increased risk of certain cancer types. Butter increases LDL-cholesterol when compared to virtually all other fats and oils. Palm oil may increase LDL-cholesterol when compared to oils rich in MUFA or PUFA but may not have any effect on glucose or insulin. Coconut oil may increase LDL-cholesterol when compared to other plant oils but may decrease LDL-cholesterol when compared to animal fats rich in SFA. Canola/rapeseed oil may decrease LDL-cholesterol compared to olive oil, sunflower oil and sources of SFA and may also reduce body weight compared to other oils. Olive oil may decrease some inflammation markers but may not have a differential effect on LDL-cholesterol compared to other fats and oils. The effect on risk markers likely differs depending on the type/version of oil, for example, due to the presence of polyphenols, phytosterols and other minor components. Taken together, based on the available evidence, oils rich in unsaturated fat (e.g. olive oil, canola oil) are to be preferred over oils and fats rich in saturated fat (e.g. butter, tropical oils).
PubMed: 38370114
DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v68.10487 -
Environmental Research Sep 2023Soil conditioner is class of products used to enhance physics, physicochemical or soil biological activities, being able to recover disturbed or nutritional unbalanced...
Soil conditioner is class of products used to enhance physics, physicochemical or soil biological activities, being able to recover disturbed or nutritional unbalanced soils. The formulation of a soil conditioner composed by bauxite residue (BR), and organic oil palm wastes, as raw materials, was recently proposed as an innovative strategy for the Brazilian acid soils amendment. Here we show the results of soil conditioner amended soil leaching tests and agronomical performance. The soil conditioners were formulated by BR mixed with decomposed POC (palm oil compost) and non-decomposed POMW (palm oil mill waste) oil palm wastes, in the proportion of 25% BR + 75% POC (T1) and 50% BR + 50% POMW (T2), in addition to the treatment with 100% POMW without BR (T3) and limestone at a dose calculated to raise soil pH to 6.0 (T4). Except for T4, all conditioners were applied to the soil at doses of 40, 80, and 120 t ha for leaching tests. The experimental plots were composed of polyvinyl chloride columns, filled with 5 kg of soil, with bottles adapted with hoses at the bottom to facilitate drainage of the leachate. After leaching tests, the respective columns were used as pots for the cultivation of Brachiaria grass, stage with addition of a control composed by undisturbed soil (T5). The pH of the leachates had changes, but the use of BR associated with POMW was similar to the use of limestone. Of the 65 chemical elements evaluated, only nine were identified in the leachate, being most of them considered as plant nutrients. As for soil pH, limestone was slightly higher (6.6) than treatments that had BR (5.5). Brachiaria grass cultivated in the soil amended with conditioners showed similar results of limestone treated soil for the parameters of plant development and showed fertility improvement.
Topics: Soil; Aluminum Oxide; Palm Oil; Agriculture; Poaceae; Soil Pollutants; Calcium Carbonate
PubMed: 37352953
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116474 -
Journal of Plant Physiology Aug 2024The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is emerging as the world's most important and prolific oilseed crop, celebrated for its impressive oil yield. However, the molecular...
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is emerging as the world's most important and prolific oilseed crop, celebrated for its impressive oil yield. However, the molecular intricacies that govern lipid metabolism and fatty acid accumulation in oil palm fruits remain relatively underexplored. This study reveals a significant correlation between the expression of EgGRP2A, a transcription factor, and the expression of EgFATA in the oil palm. Yeast one-hybrid analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) reveal and confirm the binding interactions between EgGRP2A and the promoter region of EgFATA. Subsequent experiments in oil palm protoplasts show that transient overexpression of EgGRP2A leads to a marked upregulation of EgFATA expression. Conversely, downregulation of EgGRP2A in transgenic oil palm embryoids leads to a significant reduction in EgFATA expression. Metabolite profiling in the transgenic embryoids reveals a significant reduction in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic acid. These findings promise profound insights into the regulatory orchestration of EgFATA and the synthesis of fatty acids, particularly oleic acid, in the oil palm. Furthermore, the results lay the foundation for future breeding and genetic improvement efforts aimed at increasing oleic acid content in oil palm varieties.
Topics: Arecaceae; Oleic Acid; Plant Proteins; Transcription Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plants, Genetically Modified
PubMed: 38772323
DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154263 -
Conservation Biology : the Journal of... Feb 2024The expansion of oil palm plantations has led to land-use change and deforestation in the tropics, which has affected biodiversity. Although the impacts of the crop on... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The expansion of oil palm plantations has led to land-use change and deforestation in the tropics, which has affected biodiversity. Although the impacts of the crop on terrestrial biodiversity have been extensively reviewed, its effects on freshwater biodiversity remain relatively unexplored. We reviewed the research assessing the impacts of forest-to-oil palm conversion on freshwater biota and the mitigating effect of riparian buffers on these impacts. We searched for studies comparing taxa richness, species abundance, and community composition of macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and fish in streams in forests (primary and disturbed) and oil palm plantations with and without riparian buffers. Then, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the overall effect of the land-use change on the 3 taxonomic groups. Twenty-nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. On average, plantations lacking buffers hosted 44% and 19% fewer stream taxa than primary and disturbed forests, respectively. Stream taxa on plantations with buffers were 24% lower than in primary forest and did not differ significantly from disturbed forest. In contrast, stream community composition differed between forests and plantations regardless of the presence of riparian buffers. These differences were attributed to agrochemical use and altered environmental conditions in the plantations, including temperature changes, worsened water conditions, microhabitat loss, and food and shelter depletion. On aggregate, abundance did not differ significantly among land uses because increases in generalist species offset the population decline of vulnerable forest specialists in the plantation. Our results reveal significant impacts of forest-to-oil palm conversion on freshwater biota, particularly taxa richness and composition (but not aggregate abundance). Although preserving riparian buffers in the plantations can mitigate the loss of various aquatic species, it cannot conserve primary forest communities. Therefore, safeguarding primary forests from the oil palm expansion is crucial, and further research is needed to address riparian buffers as a promising mitigation strategy in agricultural areas.
Topics: Animals; Conservation of Natural Resources; Biodiversity; Forests; Agriculture; Fresh Water
PubMed: 37650444
DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14172 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Aug 2023Biomass as a raw material has profound implications for thermal conversion processes. It is important to study the relationship between kinetic modeling to depict...
Biomass as a raw material has profound implications for thermal conversion processes. It is important to study the relationship between kinetic modeling to depict significant importance in thermal processing by estimating volatile yield and reaction performance during biomass decomposition. This work aimed to determine the thermal decomposition reaction kinetics of non-woody (oil palm trunk (OPT)) and woody (rubberwood sawdust (RWS)) biomass. Devolatilization of biomass is determined by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at three different heating rates (10, 20, and 30 °C/min) using nitrogen as inert gas. The kinetic analysis used isoconversion models of Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). The activation energy varied from 218.4 to 303.8 kJ/mol (Friedman), 235.9 to 299.1 kJ/mol (OFW), and 235.8 to 298.9 kJ/mol (KAS) for OPT; and 199.7 to 228.1 kJ/mol (Friedman), 210.6 to 225.6 kJ/mol (OFW), and 210.7 to 225.2 kJ/mol (KAS) for RWS. The kinetic analysis indicated that RWS and OPT had diverse reaction kinetics, which depend on the reaction rate and order of the reaction. Experimental and theoretical conversion data agreed reasonably well, indicating that these results can be used for future OPT and RWS process modeling. Consistency of results is validated using GC-MS equipped with a pyrolyzer.
PubMed: 37556055
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28998-5 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023The addition of various oils to meat analog has been an important topic to improving its juiciness and tenderness. However, this causes a concern about oil leaching from...
The addition of various oils to meat analog has been an important topic to improving its juiciness and tenderness. However, this causes a concern about oil leaching from the meat analog during long-term storage. Here, we aimed to assess the storage stability of vegetable-oil-supplemented meat analogs and analyze the effects of temperature and storage period on their physiochemical characteristics. The meat analogs were prepared by adding 30 g castor oil, orange oil, palm oil, shortening, or margarine vegetable oil based on 100 g of textured vegetable protein. They were then stored at -18 or -60 °C for 6 months and analyzed at one-month intervals. The meat analog supplemented with orange oil had the highest water content (64.85%; 66.07%), hardness (35.48 N; 34.05 N), and DPPH-radical-scavenging activity (30.01%; 30.87%) under -18 and -60 °C, respectively, as well as the highest liquid-holding capacity in different conditions. During frozen storage, temperature barely affected the meat quality. The storage stability of all meat analog samples was maintained for 6 months, although the quality was slightly reduced with an increase in storage duration. Coliform group bacteria were not detected regardless of the storage condition. In conclusion, all results supposed that orange oil can be a promising candidate for improving the juiciness and tenderness of meat analogs, and the quality of samples was maintained for at least 6 months under frozen storage. The findings of this study are relevant to the development and promotion of meat analog as an alternative to animal meat.
PubMed: 37835240
DOI: 10.3390/foods12193586 -
Computational Biology and Chemistry Oct 2023Transcription control through cis-regulatory elements (CREs) is one of important regulators of gene expression. This study aimed to identify the location of CREs in oil...
Transcription control through cis-regulatory elements (CREs) is one of important regulators of gene expression. This study aimed to identify the location of CREs in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using the combination of DNA free energy and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density approaches. Promoter region sequences were extracted oil palm genome spanning from 1500 nucleotides (nt) upstream to 1000 nt downstream of every annotated transcription start sites (TSS). Free energy profiles of each promoter region were calculated using PromPredict software. Raw reads from the deep sequencing of 59 oil palm origins were used to calculate SNP density of each promoter region. The result showed that the average free energy (AFE) on the upstream region of TSS is about 1.5 kcal/mol higher compared to the downstream region. Using DNA free energy method, 16,281 regions of CREs were predicted. Most of predicted CREs was located between 1 and 500 nt upstream of TSS. Anti-correlation pattern between free energy and SNP density was observed on the predicted regions of CREs. This anti-correlated pattern was also observed on an experimentally determined promoter of the oil palm metallothionein gene, EgMSP1. Considering the increasing use of promoter information on plant biotechnology, an easy and accurate promoter prediction using the combination of free energy and SNP density method could be recommended.
Topics: Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Arecaceae
PubMed: 37481844
DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107931 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023Experts on palm oil production and utilization emphasize the role of consumer purchasing power in dealing with the environmental and social impacts of the palm oil... (Review)
Review
Experts on palm oil production and utilization emphasize the role of consumer purchasing power in dealing with the environmental and social impacts of the palm oil crisis -that by increasing the demand for sustainable palm oil (SPO), greater supply will follow. However, research has identified a persistent intention-behavior gap. Even knowledgeable consumers do not always follow through on their intentions to purchase SPO. Utilizing the Capability-Opportunity Motivation model of Behavior (COM-B), this article reviews important variables contributing to this intention-behavior gap. While knowledge about palm oil and SPO (capability), perceived product availability (opportunity), and pro-green consumption attitudes (motivation) are important predictors of SPO purchasing intentions, increasing these factors has been insufficient in narrowing the intention-behavior gap. Campaigns can increase knowledge about palm oil and SPO, as well as build motivation around making the 'sustainable' choice, but are inadequate in addressing barriers around opportunity (e.g., ease of access to SPO products). In expressing their intent to purchase SPO products, consumers may underestimate the difficulties in being able to identify these consumables (e.g., palm oil often is not clearly labeled, sustainability status may not be obvious), and locate them. In this review, we argue that while consumer behavior is important, it is insufficient to power industry-wide change toward the utilization of SPO. Greater corporate responsibility is needed to increase use of SPO in products, and make consumables containing SPO more available, identifiable, and affordable for consumers. We also suggest that national procurement policies for SPO are likely to produce longer-lasting change.
PubMed: 38239839
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1329901 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Sep 2023The use of animal fats as raw material for shortening production has been avoided because of low supply, and religious restrictions of certain beliefs. The use of...
The use of animal fats as raw material for shortening production has been avoided because of low supply, and religious restrictions of certain beliefs. The use of hydrogenated vegetable oils is also avoided because that may induce cardiovascular diseases. Palm oils and soya bean oil are theoretically potentials to be used as raw materials for shortening manufacturing due to their triacylglycerols composition and these oils can be easily modified to achieve desirable plasticity. In this study, shortening was produced by formulating a blend of palm stearin and soya bean oil in varying proportions. Physicochemical properties, product stability, and sensory acceptability of the processed shortening were determined. Stability tests of the processed shortening were determined for 6 months at two months intervals. The acidity, peroxide value, and free fatty acid values were increased with storage time and storage temperature. The physicochemical properties of the processed shortening samples were within the requirements of the food domain. The samples stored at 37 °C exhibited the highest acid, peroxide, and free fatty acid values throughout storage time. In conclusion, shortening produced from 60% palm stearin (S60) and stored at room temperature has shown a good physicochemical characteristic and is well accepted for different sensory attributes.
PubMed: 37424573
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05760-w -
Water Science and Technology : a... Sep 2023Residual oil from palm oil mill effluent (POME) can be valorized into value-added products like biofuel. However, the complex structure in POME limits the full recovery...
Residual oil from palm oil mill effluent (POME) can be valorized into value-added products like biofuel. However, the complex structure in POME limits the full recovery of intracellular lipids. To address this challenge, low-frequency ultrasonication was used as a pre-treatment prior to oil recovery to improve the yield by liberating the entrapped oil via the cell disruption technique. This study focused on optimizing the ultrasound conditions (i.e., ultrasonication amplitude, ultrasonication duration, and probe immersion depth) to maximize the improvement of oil recovery yield using response surface methodology. The optimized conditions were 30.074% ultrasonication amplitude, 0.167 min ultrasonication duration, and 2 cm probe immersion depth. This resulted in an additional 42.50% improvement in oil recovery yield over non-ultrasonicated POME, which is in close agreement with the model prediction. Additionally, a cost-benefit analysis was incorporated to determine the feasibility of ultrasonication for enhancing oil recovery. The study also explored the synthesis of biodiesel from POME-recovered oil and characterized the fuel attributes according to American Society for Testing and Materials- and European Standards-prescribed procedures. The attributes of biodiesel produced from POME-recovered oil are comparable to those of palm-based biodiesel in Malaysia, demonstrating its potential as an alternative source for biodiesel production.
Topics: Biofuels; Palm Oil; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Malaysia
PubMed: 37768744
DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.264