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Transfusion Medicine (Oxford, England) Oct 2023Cryoprecipitate is used primarily to replenish fibrinogen levels in patients. Little is known about the presence of micro- or nano-sized particles in cryoprecipitate....
BACKGROUND
Cryoprecipitate is used primarily to replenish fibrinogen levels in patients. Little is known about the presence of micro- or nano-sized particles in cryoprecipitate. Therefore, we aimed to quantify these particles and investigate some pre-analytical considerations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Particle concentration and size distribution were determined in 10 cryoprecipitate units by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The effects of freeze-thawing cryoprecipitate and 0.45 μm filtration with either regenerated cellulose (RC) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters before sample analysis were examined.
RESULTS
Neither the size nor concentration of particles were affected by two freeze/thaw cycles. PTFE filtration, but not RC filtration, significantly reduced particle mean and mode size compared to RC filtration and mode size compared to unfiltered cryoprecipitate. The 10 cryoprecipitate units had an average particle concentration of 2.50 × 10 ± 1.10 × 10 particles/mL, a mean particle size of 133.8 ± 7.5 nm and a mode particle size of 107.9 ± 11.1 nm.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that preanalytical filtration of cryoprecipitate units using RC filters was suitable for NTA. An additional freeze/thaw cycle did not impact NTA parameters, suggesting that aliquoting cryoprecipitate units prior to laboratory investigations is suitable for downstream analyses.
Topics: Humans; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Polytetrafluoroethylene; Factor VIII; Fibrinogen; Filtration
PubMed: 37483014
DOI: 10.1111/tme.12986 -
Pharmaceutical Research Aug 2023Using a high level of mannitol as a diluent in oral formulations can potentially result in tablet defects (e.g., chipping, cracking) during compression. This work aims...
PURPOSE
Using a high level of mannitol as a diluent in oral formulations can potentially result in tablet defects (e.g., chipping, cracking) during compression. This work aims to scrutinize the linkage between the mechanical properties and material attributes of mannitol and also uncover how variations between vendors and lots can lead to significant changes in the compaction performance of tablet formulations containing mannitol.
METHODS
The mechanical properties (Poisson's ratio, fracture energy) and mechanical performance (ejection force, pressure transmission ratio, residual radial die-wall stress, and tensile strength) of mannitol compacts were assessed on a compaction simulator for four lots of mannitol from two different vendors. The variation of material attributes of each lot, including particle size distribution (PSD), crystal form, primary crystal size and morphology, specific surface area (SSA), powder flow, and moisture absorption were investigated.
RESULTS
The variability of material attributes in mannitol lots, especially primary crystal size and SSA, can result in significant changes in mechanical properties and mechanical performance such as ejection force and residual radial die-wall stresses, which potentially led to chipping during compression.
CONCLUSION
The study elucidated the linkage between fundamental material attributes and mechanical properties of mannitol, highlighting their impact on tablet defects and compaction performance in compression. A comprehensive understanding of the variability in mannitol properties between vendors and lots is crucial for successful formulation development, particularly when high percentages of mannitol are included as a brittle excipient.
Topics: Mannitol; Mechanical Phenomena; Chemical Phenomena; Excipients; Tensile Strength; Tablets; Drug Compounding; Particle Size; Powders
PubMed: 37552385
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03577-y -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Aug 2023The effect of particle size on the sublimation behavior of butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) was investigated when BHT was included as antioxidant in tablets. Sublimation of...
The effect of particle size on the sublimation behavior of butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) was investigated when BHT was included as antioxidant in tablets. Sublimation of pure BHT was found to be independent of its particle size, with pore formation on the surface of all tablets after storage at room temperature and above. Moreover, a higher residual BHT content after storage was detected in tablets containing a larger size fraction. X-ray µCT scans revealed the formation of peripherally larger pores at higher BHT particle sizes, implying a slower sublimation rate in the tablet core. A stability study indicated an increase in the extent of BHT sublimation at higher temperature and longer exposure time for all size fractions. The influence of BHT particle size was more pronounced when the tablets were stored at higher temperature, but the effect receded with longer exposure time. Similar trends were seen in film-coated tablets. Due to the short exposure time to elevated temperatures, a gradient in pore size was also observed at smaller particle sizes, with peripheral pores being larger in uncoated tablets. Superficial pores disappeared when a film coating was deposited onto the tablets. After storage of the film-coated tablets, less BHT had sublimated compared to the uncoated tablet. The coating layer did not prevent sublimation, but the process was slowed down.
Topics: Antioxidants; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Particle Size; Tablets; Tablets, Enteric-Coated
PubMed: 37488059
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123264 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Feb 2024The extensive application of amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSiNPs) in recent years has resulted in unavoidable human exposure in daily life, thus raising widespread... (Review)
Review
The extensive application of amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSiNPs) in recent years has resulted in unavoidable human exposure in daily life, thus raising widespread concerns regarding the safety of aSiNPs on human health. The particle size is one of the important characteristics of nanomaterials that could influence their toxicity. For the reason that particles with smaller sizes possess larger surface area, which may lead to higher surface activity and biological reactivity. However, due to the complexity of experimental conditions and biological systems, the relationship between the particle size and the toxic effect of aSiNPs remains unclear. Therefore, this systematic review aims to investigate how particle size influences the toxic effect of aSiNPs in vivo and to analyze the relevant experimental factors affecting the size-dependent toxicity of aSiNPs in vivo. We found that 83.8% of 35 papers included in the present review came to the conclusion that smaller-sized aSiNPs exhibited stronger toxicity, though a few papers (6 papers) put forward different opinions. The reasons for smaller aSiNPs manifested greater toxicity were summarized. In addition, certain important experimental factors could influence the size-dependent effects and in vivo toxicity of aSiNPs, such as the synthesis method of aSiNPs, disperse medium of aSiNPs, administration route of aSiNPs, species or strain of experimental animals, sex of experimental animals, aggregation/agglomeration and protein corona of aSiNPs.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Silicon Dioxide; Nanoparticles; Particle Size
PubMed: 38199222
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115910 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Sep 2023Evaluate light transmittance (%T), color change (ΔE), degree of conversion (DC), bottom-to-top Knoop microhardness (KHN), flexural strength (BFS) and modulus (FM),...
OBJECTIVE
Evaluate light transmittance (%T), color change (ΔE), degree of conversion (DC), bottom-to-top Knoop microhardness (KHN), flexural strength (BFS) and modulus (FM), water sorption/solubility (WS/SL) and calcium release of resin composites containing different dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)-to-barium glass ratios (DCPD:BG) and DCPD particle sizes.
METHODS
Ten resin-based composites (50 vol% inorganic fraction) were prepared using BG (0.4 µm) and DCPD particles (12 µm, 3 µm or mixture) with DCPD:BG of 1:3, 1:1 or 3:1. A composite without DCPD was used as a control. DC, KHN, %T and ΔE were determined in 2-mm thick specimens. BFS and FM were determined after 24 h. WS/SL was determined after 7 d. Calcium release was determined by coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey test (alpha: 0.05).
RESULTS
%T was significantly reduced in composites with milled, compared to pristine DCPD (p < 0.001). ΔE > 3.3 were observed with DCPD:BG of 1:1 and 3:1 formulated with milled DCPD (p < 0.001). DC increased at 1:1 and 3:1 DCPD:BG (p < 0.001). All composites presented bottom-to-top KHN of at least 0.8. BFS was not affected by DCPD size but was strongly dependent on DCPD:BG (p < 0.001). Reductions in FM were observed with milled DCPD (p < 0.001). WS/SL increased with DCPD:BG (p < 0.001). At 3DCPD: 1BG, using small DCPD particles led to a 35 % increase in calcium release (p < 0.001).
SIGNIFICANCE
A trade-off between strength and Ca release was observed. In spite of its low strength, the formulation containing 3 DCPD: 1 glass and milled DCPD particles is preferred due to its superior Ca release.
Topics: Calcium; Phosphates; Particle Size; Materials Testing; Composite Resins
PubMed: 37423880
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.06.012 -
The Journal of Dairy Research Aug 2023Homogenisation is a widely used technique in manufacturing powdered milk with a direct impact on product solubility, and the homogenisation pressure is a central...
The effect of homogenisation pressure on the microstructure of milk during evaporation and drying: particle-size distribution, electronic scanning microscopy, water activity and isotherm.
Homogenisation is a widely used technique in manufacturing powdered milk with a direct impact on product solubility, and the homogenisation pressure is a central attribute of this process. We aimed to understand the effect of increasing homogenisation pressures (0/0, 15/5, and 75/5 MPa, 1st/2nd stages) on particle-size distribution during homogenised whole milk powder manufacture and rehydration of the final product. The fluid milk was thermally treated, homogenised, concentrated by rotary evaporation, and then dried using a spray dryer. Particle size (Dv90) was monitored at all stages of the manufacturing process. The final product (milk powder) was analysed using particle-size distribution, electronic scanning microscopy, water activity, and isotherms. The results demonstrated that increasing the homogenisation pressure leads to milk powder with smaller particle size when rehydrated (Dv90 values: 6.08, 1.48 and 0.64 μm for 0, 20 and 80 MPa, respectively). Furthermore, the volume (%) of the particles in the 'sub-micro' region (smaller than 1.0 μm) presented an inversely proportional profile to the homogenisation pressure (homogenised fluid milk: 86.1, 29.3 and 2.4%; concentrated milk: 86.1, 26.5 and 5.7%, and reconstituted milk powder: 84.2, 31.8 and 10.9%). Surprisingly, this pattern was not observed in the SPAN value (which corresponds to the width or range of the size distribution based on the volume). Additionally, the increase in the homogenisation pressure did not affect the sorption isotherm pattern. These results demonstrate that increasing the homogenisation pressure decreases the particle size of the reconstituted powdered milk, indicating the potential for future studies on how this phenomenon affects its physicochemical and final product properties.
Topics: Animals; Milk; Water; Powders; Particle Size; Microscopy, Confocal; Electronics
PubMed: 37807753
DOI: 10.1017/S0022029923000456 -
British Poultry Science Aug 20231. Past studies have shown that fibre-based feed supplements, such as silage, are well accepted by laying hens and can reduce feather pecking and cannibalism. What is...
Fibre-based feed supplements - fermentation and moisture characteristics, edibility and particle size influence cage-reared laying hens' preference based on feed consumption and time at the feeder.
1. Past studies have shown that fibre-based feed supplements, such as silage, are well accepted by laying hens and can reduce feather pecking and cannibalism. What is uncertain is whether fermentation and moisture characteristics, edibility or particle size influence the hen's choice for a fibre-based feed supplement or if there are more preferred materials.2. The study included three experiments on fermentation and moisture characteristics (Experiment 1), edibility (consumable; Experiment 2) and particle size (Experiment 3) on laying hen preference for different supplements.3. Experiments were conducted in conventional cages, where two cages formed one replication (six replicates per treatment) and each feeding area was subdivided into a trough (basal diet) and a supplement insert (supplements). Since the hens had a free choice between the basal diet and the supplements, feed consumption and the percentage of time hens spent at the supplement insert indicated the strength of preference. The basal diet dry matter (DM) consumption was assessed for all experiments and the supplement and total DM consumption was documented for Experiments 1 and 3. In addition, the percentage of the observed time hens spent at the trough or supplement insert was observed for Experiments 2 and 3.4. There was an increase in the supplement DM consumption for non-fermented and moist supplements ( < 0.05) and, in some cases, a smaller particle size ( < 0.05). Furthermore, hens spent more time with edible ( < 0.05) and small-sized ( < 0.05) supplements. It was concluded that a preferred material in addition to the basal diet could increase the time hens spend at the feeder by up to 1 hour per photoperiod.
Topics: Animals; Female; Chickens; Particle Size; Fermentation; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Animal Feed
PubMed: 37133245
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2208267 -
Journal of Environmental Sciences... Apr 2024We developed a single-particle optical particle counter with polarization detection (SOPC) for the real-time measurement of the optical size and depolarization ratio...
We developed a single-particle optical particle counter with polarization detection (SOPC) for the real-time measurement of the optical size and depolarization ratio (defined as the ratio of the vertical component to the parallel component of backward scattering) of atmospheric particles, the polarization ratio (DR) value can reflect the irregularity of the particles. The SOPC can detect aerosol particles with size larger than 500 nm and the maximum particle count rate reaches ∼1.8 × 10 particles per liter. The SOPC uses a modulated polarization laser to measure the optical size of particles according to forward scattering signal and the DR value of the particles by backward S and P signal components. The sampling rate of the SOPC was 10 #/(sec·channel), and all the raw data were processed online. The calibration curve was obtained by polystyrene latex spheres with sizes of 0.5-10 µm, and the average relative deviation of measurement was 3.96% for sub 3 µm particles. T-matrix method calculations showed that the DR value of backscatter light at 120° could describe the variations in the aspect ratio of particles in the above size range. We performed insitu observations for the evaluation of the SOPC, the mass concentration constructed by the SOPC showed good agreement with the PM measurements in a nearby state-controlled monitoring site. This instrument could provide useful data for source appointment and regulations against air pollution.
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Particle Size; Air Pollution; Light; Microspheres
PubMed: 38135422
DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.010 -
Nature Biotechnology Apr 2024We introduce a method, single-particle profiler, that provides single-particle information on the content and biophysical properties of thousands of particles in the...
We introduce a method, single-particle profiler, that provides single-particle information on the content and biophysical properties of thousands of particles in the size range 5-200 nm. We use our single-particle profiler to measure the messenger RNA encapsulation efficiency of lipid nanoparticles, the viral binding efficiencies of different nanobodies, and the biophysical heterogeneity of liposomes, lipoproteins, exosomes and viruses.
Topics: Particle Size; Liposomes; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 37308687
DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01825-5 -
Environmental Research Aug 2023Rock particles from drilling and blasting during tunnel construction (DB particles) are released to the aquatic environment where they may cause negative toxicological...
Rock particles from drilling and blasting during tunnel construction (DB particles) are released to the aquatic environment where they may cause negative toxicological and ecological effects. However, there exists little research on the difference in morphology and structure of these particles. Despite this DB particles are assumed to be sharper and more angular than naturally eroded particles (NE particles), and in consequence cause greater mechanical abrasion to biota. Moreover, morphology of DB particles is assumed to depend on geology, thus depending on where construction takes place different morphologies may be emitted. The objectives in the current study were to investigate the morphological differences between DB and NE particles, and the influence of mineral and elemental content on DB particles. Particle geochemistry and morphology were characterized by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, micro-X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, environmental scanning electron microscope interfaced with energy dispersive X-ray, stereo microscope, dynamic image analysis and coulter counter. DB particles (61-91% < 63 μm) collected from five different tunnel construction locations in Norway were 8-15% more elongated (lower aspect ratio) than NE particles from river water and sediments, although their angularity was similar (solidity; diff 0.3-0.8%). Despite distinct mineral and elemental characteristics between tunnel construction locations, DB morphology was not explained by geochemical content since only 2-2.1% of the variance was explained. This suggests that particle formation mechanisms during drilling and blasting are more influential of morphology than mineralogy, when working in granite-gneiss terrain. When tunnelling in granite-gneiss terrain, particles with greater elongation than natural particles may enter aquatic systems.
Topics: Particle Size; Silicon Dioxide; Spectrum Analysis; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 37268214
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116250