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BMC Infectious Diseases Oct 2023Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis remains a challenge in most developing countries due to low yield from bacterial culture, widespread use of non-prescription...
Comparison of bacterial culture with BioFire® FilmArray® multiplex PCR screening of archived cerebrospinal fluid specimens from children with suspected bacterial meningitis in Nigeria.
BACKGROUND
Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis remains a challenge in most developing countries due to low yield from bacterial culture, widespread use of non-prescription antibiotics, and weak microbiology laboratories. The objective of this study was to compare the yield from standard bacterial culture with the multiplex nested PCR platform, the BioFire® FilmArray® Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel (BioFire ME Panel), for cases with suspected acute bacterial meningitis.
METHODS
Following Gram stain and bacterial culture on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from children aged less than 5 years with a clinical suspicion of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) as defined by the WHO guidelines, residual CSF specimens were frozen and later tested by BioFire ME Panel.
RESULTS
A total of 400 samples were analyzed. Thirty-two [32/400 (8%)] of the specimens were culture positive, consisting of; three Salmonella spp. (2 Typhi and 1 non-typhi), three alpha hemolytic Streptococcus, one Staphylococcus aureus, six Neisseria meningitidis, seven Hemophilus influenzae, 11 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 368 were culture negative. Of the 368 culture-negative specimens, the BioFire ME Panel detected at least one bacterial pathogen in 90 (24.5%) samples, consisting of S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis and H. influenzae, predominantly. All culture positive specimens for H. influenzae, N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae also tested positive with the BioFire ME Panel. In addition, 12 specimens had mixed bacterial pathogens identified. For the first time in this setting, we have data on the viral agents associated with meningitis. Single viral agents were detected in 11 (2.8%) samples while co-detections with bacterial agents or other viruses occurred in 23 (5.8%) of the samples.
CONCLUSIONS
The BioFire® ME Panel was more sensitive and rapid than culture for detecting bacterial pathogens in CSF. The BioFire® ME Panel also provided for the first time, the diagnosis of viral etiologic agents that are associated with meningoencephalitis in this setting. Institution of PCR diagnostics is recommended as a routine test for suspected cases of ABM to enhance early diagnosis and optimal treatment.
Topics: Child; Humans; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Encephalitis; Nigeria; Meningitis, Bacterial; Meningitis; Neisseria meningitidis; Bacteria; Haemophilus influenzae; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Cerebrospinal Fluid
PubMed: 37784010
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08645-7 -
Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal Aug 2023Empyema can rarely complicate pneumonia in neonates; it has a high morbidity and mortality in this population. We report a two-month-old healthy term male neonate who...
Empyema can rarely complicate pneumonia in neonates; it has a high morbidity and mortality in this population. We report a two-month-old healthy term male neonate who presented with fever, mild shortness of breath and reduced feeding to a tertiary care hospital in Muscat, Oman, in 2021. Investigations revealed the presence of Haemophilus influenzae empyema. He was managed with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and prolonged course of antibiotics. A follow-up at the end of the antibiotic course revealed complete symptom resolution with a repeated chest x-ray showing significant right chest opacity improvement. A baseline immune work-up was done and was reported to be within normal ranges.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Infant; Male; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Empyema; Fever; Haemophilus influenzae; Oman
PubMed: 37655094
DOI: 10.18295/squmj.5.2022.041 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Dec 2023The aim of this study was to characterize the floR-carrying plasmids originating from Glaesserella parasuis and Actinobacillus indolicus isolated from pigs with...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to characterize the floR-carrying plasmids originating from Glaesserella parasuis and Actinobacillus indolicus isolated from pigs with respiratory disease in China.
METHODS
A total of 125 G. parasuis and 28 A. indolicus strains collected between 2009 and 2022 were screened for florfenicol resistance. Characterization of floR-positive isolates and plasmids were determined by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), conjugation and transformation assays, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and phylogenetic analysis.
RESULTS
One A. indolicus and six G. parasuis were identified as positive for floR. The six G. parasuis were assigned to four different serovars, including serovars 6, 7, 9, and unknown. In addition to strain XP11, six floR genes were located on plasmids. The six floR-bearing plasmids could be transformed into Pasteurella multocida and divided into two different types, including ∼5000 bp and ∼6000 bp plasmids. The ∼5000 bp plasmids consisting of rep, lysR, mobB, and floR genes, exhibited high similarity among Pasteurellaceae bacteria. Furthermore, the ∼6000 bp plasmids, consisting of rep, lysR, mobC, mobA/L, and floR genes, showed high similarity between G. parasuis and Actinobacillus Spp. Notably, WGS results showed that the floR modules of the two types of plasmids could be transferred and integrated into the diverse Pasteurellaceae- origined plasmids.
CONCLUSION
This study firstly reported the characterization of floR-carrying plasmids from A. indolicus and a non-virulent serovar of G. parasuis in pigs in China and elucidated the transmission mechanism of the floR resistance gene among the Pasteurellaceae family.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Plasmids; Actinobacillus
PubMed: 37726088
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.09.009 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2024species are frequently encountered as serious diseases in small ruminants. It is the main cause of respiratory pasteurellosis in sheep and goats of all age groups.
BACKGROUND
species are frequently encountered as serious diseases in small ruminants. It is the main cause of respiratory pasteurellosis in sheep and goats of all age groups.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to April 2023 in Haramaya district, eastern Ethiopia, to isolate and identify and and estimate their prevalence, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial sensitivity of isolates in small ruminants using a purposive sampling method. A total of 384 samples (156 nasal swabs from clinic cases and 228 lung swabs from abattoir cases) were collected. STATA 14 software was used to analyze the data. In addition, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess an association of risk factors.
RESULTS
Out of the 384 samples examined, 164 were positive for pasteurellosis, resulting in a 42.70% prevalence. Similarly, 63 (38.4%) of the 164 positive results were from nasal swabs, while 101 (61.6%) came from lung samples. accounted for 126 (76.82%) of the isolates, while accounted for 38 (23.17%). Of the 63 nasal swab isolates, 33 (37%) were from goats and 30 (42.8%) were from sheep. And 17 (10.89%) and 46 (29.58%), respectively, were and . Of the 46 (40%) of the 101 (44.3%) isolates of the pneumonic lung, samples were from goats, while 55 (48.47%) were from sheep. In this study, the risk factors (species, age, and body condition score) were found to be significant ( < 0.05). isolates evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility were highly resistant to oxacillin (90.90%), followed by gentamycin (72.72%), and penicillin (63.63%). However, the isolates were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (90.90%), followed by tetracycline (63.63%), and ampicillin (54.54%).
CONCLUSION
This study showed that and are the common causes of mannheimiosis and pasteurellosis in small ruminants, respectively, and isolates were resistant to commonly used antibiotics in the study area. Thus, an integrated vaccination strategy, antimicrobial resistance monitoring, and avoidance of stress-inducing factors are recommended.
Topics: Animals; Pasteurella multocida; Mannheimia haemolytica; Ethiopia; Sheep; Goats; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sheep Diseases; Goat Diseases; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Pasteurella Infections
PubMed: 38655561
DOI: 10.1155/2024/5605552 -
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and... Sep 2023Levofloxacin veterinary formulations are available in Argentina, China and India for the use in dogs, cattle, pig and sheep, but not currently in the rabbit. Only the...
In vitro and ex vivo antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against Pasteurella multocida and Escherichia coli isolated from rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) - A preliminary study.
Levofloxacin veterinary formulations are available in Argentina, China and India for the use in dogs, cattle, pig and sheep, but not currently in the rabbit. Only the extra-label use in rabbits is possible. Levofloxacin is not labelled for veterinary use in the EU or the USA. The activity of levofloxacin against rabbit pathogens Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined in broth and serum for 10 P. multocida isolates and 5 E. coli isolates from rabbits. One isolate of each bacterial species was used for the time-killing curve study in vitro and ex vivo. In vitro AUC /MIC ratios were used for building the inhibitory pharmacodynamic I model. The P. multocida MIC were 0.008-0.5 μg/mL, MBC - 0.015-0.5 μg/mL. Escherichia coli MIC was 0.008-0.03 μg/mL and MBC - 0.03-0.25 μg/mL. Bacterial counts were reduced to the limit of detection after 24 h with levofloxacin concentrations of 2 MIC and higher. All serum samples from rabbits treated with levofloxacin eliminated the bacteria within 24 h. AUC /MIC ratios for bacteriostatic, bactericidal and bacterial elimination effects for P. multocida and E. coli isolates were 21, 29 and 75 h and 27, 32 and 60 h, respectively. Proposed daily doses against P. multocida (MIC = 0.015 μg/mL) and E. coli (MIC = 0.03 μg/mL) isolates were calculated as ≤0.91 and ≤1.43 mg/kg, respectively. Fluoroquinolones are categorized by WHO as 'highest priority critically important antimicrobials'. Considering the increasing importance of antimicrobial stewardship, antimicrobials from a lower importance category that are active against the isolate of interest should be used in preference to fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolone use in veterinary medicine should be based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing in order to mitigate the risk to public health and prevent the spread of bacterial resistance.
Topics: Rabbits; Animals; Swine; Cattle; Dogs; Sheep; Levofloxacin; Pasteurella multocida; Escherichia coli; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Fluoroquinolones; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37060264
DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13383 -
Nature Communications Sep 2023Soluble HMW1C-like N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs) catalyze the glycosylation of Asn residues in proteins, a process fundamental for bacterial autoaggregation, adhesion...
Soluble HMW1C-like N-glycosyltransferases (NGTs) catalyze the glycosylation of Asn residues in proteins, a process fundamental for bacterial autoaggregation, adhesion and pathogenicity. However, our understanding of their molecular mechanisms is hindered by the lack of structures of enzymatic complexes. Here, we report structures of binary and ternary NGT complexes of Aggregatibacter aphrophilus NGT (AaNGT), revealing an essential dyad of basic/acidic residues located in the N-terminal all α-domain (AAD) that intimately recognizes the Thr residue within the conserved motif Asn-X-Ser/Thr. Poor substrates and inhibitors such as UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose mimetics adopt non-productive conformations, decreasing or impeding catalysis. QM/MM simulations rationalize these results, showing that AaNGT follows a S2 reaction mechanism in which the acceptor asparagine uses its imidic form for catalysis and the UDP-glucose phosphate group acts as a general base. These findings provide key insights into the mechanism of NGTs and will facilitate the design of structure-based inhibitors to treat diseases caused by non-typeable H. influenzae or other Gram-negative bacteria.
Topics: Glycosylation; Bacterial Proteins; Asparagine; Haemophilus influenzae; Glucose; Uridine Diphosphate
PubMed: 37723184
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41238-1 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024DTaP5-HBV-IPV-Hib (Vaxelis®) is a hexavalent combination vaccine (HV) indicated in infants and toddlers for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis...
A phase 4, open-label study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of DTaP5-HBV-IPV-Hib in children previously vaccinated with DTaP2-HBV-IPV-Hib or DTaP5-HBV-IPV-Hib (V419-016).
DTaP5-HBV-IPV-Hib (Vaxelis®) is a hexavalent combination vaccine (HV) indicated in infants and toddlers for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, and invasive disease due to type b. Switching between HVs during the childhood vaccination series is sometimes necessary due to, for example, vaccine availability, health-care provider preference, and/or tender awards. The purpose of this study was to describe the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a booster dose of Vaxelis® in participants who previously received a primary infant series of either DTaP2-HBV-IPV-Hib (Hexyon®) or Vaxelis®. Healthy participants approximately 11-13 months of age who previously received a two-dose primary series of Hexyon® (HHV group) or Vaxelis® (VVV group) all received a Vaxelis® booster dose. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring antibody levels to individual vaccine antigens approximately 30 days following booster vaccination. Safety was evaluated as the proportion of participants with adverse events (AEs). The proportions of participants with antibody-specific responses for antigens contained in both Vaxelis® and Hexyon® at 30 days post-toddler-booster vaccination with Vaxelis® were comparable between groups, and higher in the VVV group for Vaxelis® antigens PRN and FIM2/3. The overall proportions of participants with AEs were generally comparable between groups. Following a booster dose of Vaxelis®, immune responses were comparable between groups for all shared antigens, and higher in the VVV group for antigens found only in Vaxelis®. The booster was well tolerated in both groups. These data support the use of Vaxelis® as a booster in mixed HV regimens.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Haemophilus influenzae type b; Hepatitis B virus; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccines, Combined; Tetanus; Diphtheria; Whooping Cough; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Haemophilus Vaccines; Immunization Schedule; Antibodies, Bacterial
PubMed: 38327239
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2310900 -
BMJ Case Reports May 2024is a gram-negative coccobacillus that is commonly transmitted through animal bites including cats and dogs. The degree of infection can be worrisome in the...
is a gram-negative coccobacillus that is commonly transmitted through animal bites including cats and dogs. The degree of infection can be worrisome in the immunosuppressed population with a stark correlation in patients with cirrhosis. However, taking that population into account, only 13 cases of bacteraemia have been recorded with the majority of those cases having cirrhotic liver disease along with multiple comorbidities. Here, we present an elderly patient with only pertinent medical history of mixed hyperlipidaemia who presents after a mechanical fall with acute renal failure and septic shock secondary to bacteraemia.
Topics: Humans; Pasteurella Infections; Bacteremia; Pasteurella multocida; Male; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Shock, Septic; Acute Kidney Injury
PubMed: 38789270
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2024-259681 -
Characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae carriage among healthy children in China: A meta-analysis.Medicine Nov 2023Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) commonly causes invasive and noninvasive bacterial infections. Nationwide investigation on the carriage characteristics of H influenzae in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) commonly causes invasive and noninvasive bacterial infections. Nationwide investigation on the carriage characteristics of H influenzae in healthy children in China is lacking. We reviewed the prevalence of H influenzae infections in this population.
METHODS
PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and CBM databases were electronically searched to collect cross-sectional studies on the prevalence of Hi among healthy children in China from inception to November 2021. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias in the included studies. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 14.0.
RESULTS
A total of 28 studies involving 14,301 children were included, among whom there were 2878 children with Hi. The pooled carriage rate of Hi was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.17-0.25). Subgroup analysis indicated no significant sex- or age-related differences. The proportion of Hi in winter (29%) was higher than that in other seasons. Results indicated significant differences among the provinces, with carriage proportions ranging from 0.11 to 0.60. The proportion of nontypeable H influenzae (NTHi) was higher than that of the capsular type. The proportion of Hib in the capsular type (2%) was higher than that in other serotypes.
CONCLUSIONS
The carriage rate of Hi in healthy children in China was 21% with no sex-related age differences. The proportion of Hi in winter was high, and the proportions of Hi in different regions were significantly different. NTHi was the predominant serotype detected in children.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Male; Carrier State; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae
PubMed: 37933036
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035313 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2023Haemophilus seminalis is a newly proposed species that is phylogenetically related to Haemophilus haemolyticus. The distribution of in the human population, its genomic...
Haemophilus seminalis is a newly proposed species that is phylogenetically related to Haemophilus haemolyticus. The distribution of in the human population, its genomic diversity, and its pathogenic potential are still unclear. This study reports the finding of our comparative genomic analyses of four newly isolated Haemophilus strains (SZY H8, SZY H35, SZY H36, and SZY H68) from human sputum specimens (Guangzhou, China) along with the publicly available genomes of other phylogenetically related Haemophilus species. Based on pairwise comparisons of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, the four isolates showed <98.65% sequence identity to the type strains of all known Haemophilus species but were identified as belonging to , based on comparable phenotypic and genotypic features. Additionally, the four isolates showed high genome-genome relatedness indices (>95% ANI values) with 17 strains that were previously identified as either "" or hemin (X-factor)-independent H. haemolyticus and therefore required a more detailed classification study. Phylogenetically, these isolates, along with the two previously described isolates (a total of 23 isolates), shared a highly homologous lineage that is distinct from the clades of the main H. haemolyticus and Haemophilus influenzae strains. These isolates present an open pangenome with multiple virulence genes. Notably, all 23 isolates have a functional heme biosynthesis pathway that is similar to that of . The phenotype of hemin (X-factor) independence and the analysis of the , , and genes can be used to distinguish these isolates from H. haemolyticus and H. influenzae. Based on the above findings, we propose a reclassification for all ". " and two H. haemolyticus isolates belonging to with an emended description of This study provides a more accurate identification of Haemophilus isolates for use in the clinical laboratory and a better understanding of the clinical significance and genetic diversity in human environments. As a versatile opportunistic pathogen, the accurate identification of Haemophilus species is a challenge in clinical practice. In this study, we characterized the phenotypic and genotypic features of four strains that were isolated from human sputum specimens and propose the ". " and hemin (X-factor)-independent H. haemolyticus isolates as belonging to . The prediction of virulence-related genes indicates that isolates carry several virulence genes that are likely to play an important role in its pathogenicity. In addition, we depict that the genes , , and can be used as biomarkers for distinguishing from H. haemolyticus and H. influenzae. Our findings provide some insights into the identification, epidemiology, genetic diversity, pathogenic potential, and antimicrobial resistance of the newly proposed . .
Topics: Humans; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Hemin; Haemophilus; Haemophilus influenzae; Genomics; Phylogeny; Genetic Variation
PubMed: 37382545
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04772-22