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Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Jun 2024The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has globally reached alarming dimensions and many adolescents affected by obesity already present one or more... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has globally reached alarming dimensions and many adolescents affected by obesity already present one or more obesity-related comorbidities. In recent years, emerging evidence supporting the role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases has been reported and the use of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics as a strategy to manipulate gut microbiota has become popular. The aim of this review is to explore the relationship between gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and to discuss the potential use of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics for the prevention and treatment of this clinical picture in adolescence. According to the most recent literature, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics have no clear effect on MetS, but a possible modulation of anthropometric parameters has been observed after synbiotic supplementation. Only one study has examined the role of postbiotics in alleviating metabolic complications in children with obesity but not in adolescents. More extensive research is needed to support the conclusions drawn so far and to develop effective microbiome-based interventions that may help improving the quality of life of children and adolescents exposed to the increasing prevalence of MetS.
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Synbiotics; Adolescent; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Pediatric Obesity; Child
PubMed: 38704983
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.04.032 -
Public Health Nutrition Jul 2023This study estimates the prevalence of, and associations between, family food insecurity and overweight/obesity among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI)...
OBJECTIVE
This study estimates the prevalence of, and associations between, family food insecurity and overweight/obesity among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) adolescents and explores socio-demographic factors which might have a moderation effect on the association.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional study using 2014 NHPI-National Health Interview Survey data reported by a parent or guardian. Family-level food security was assessed by the US Department of Agriculture 10-item questionnaire. BMI for age and sex ≥ 85th and 95th percentiles defined overweight and obesity, respectively, according to US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria.
SETTING
The USA, including all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
PARTICIPANTS
383 NHPI adolescents aged 12-17 in the USA.
RESULTS
A third (33·5 %) of NHPI adolescents aged 12-17 were overweight (19·1 %) or obese (14·4 %); 8·1 % had low food security; and 8·5 % had very low food security. Mean family food security score was 1·06, which corresponds to marginal food security. We found no association between family food insecurity and adolescent overweight/obesity or between any other covariates and overweight/obesity, except for family Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation. Odds of being overweight/obese were 77 % lower for adolescents in families participating in SNAP (OR: 0·23, 95 % CI: 0·08, 0·64, = 0·007). The association between SNAP participation and lower odds of overweight/obesity was particularly pronounced for adolescent girls in food-insecure families.
CONCLUSIONS
The association between SNAP participation and lower odds of overweight/obesity suggests potential benefit of research to determine whether interventions to increase SNAP enrollment would improve NHPI adolescents' health outcomes.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Food Assistance; Food Insecurity; Food Supply; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Poverty; Prevalence; Child; Male
PubMed: 37069046
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980023000769 -
Indian Pediatrics Sep 2023American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) have released their first comprehensive clinical practice guideline that outlines evidence-based evaluation and treatment of... (Review)
Review
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) have released their first comprehensive clinical practice guideline that outlines evidence-based evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. This article reviews the same, along with implication in our setting and the need for updating our guideline, which is almost two decades old.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Overweight; Academies and Institutes
PubMed: 37705267
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Adolescent Health :... Nov 2023Adherence to overall 24-hour Movement Guidelines (24HGs) has been associated with childhood obesity in cross-sectional studies. However, few longitudinal studies have...
PURPOSE
Adherence to overall 24-hour Movement Guidelines (24HGs) has been associated with childhood obesity in cross-sectional studies. However, few longitudinal studies have examined such associations, especially in China. We aimed to explore prospective associations between adherence to recommendations of 24HGs and risks of developing overweight and obesity among children and adolescents.
METHODS
We included participants (aged 6-17 years) without overweight and obesity at enrollment from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2004-2011 surveys and followed them till 2015. We assigned one point each to the adherence of guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, recreational screen time and sleep, and summed them up to indicate the overall level of adherence to 24HGs (range: 0-3 points). The primary outcome was the first occurrence of overweight or obesity. Multivariable cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the corresponding associations.
RESULTS
Among 1,382 participants (mean age: 10.3 ± 3.2 years; 48.4% girls), a total of 152 (11%) individuals were identified as incident overweight and obesity during an average of 4.7 years of follow-up. Compared with participants nonadherent to any of the guidelines, those adhering to one (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-0.71, p < .01), two (HR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28-0.88, p = .02), and three (HR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.17-0.91, p = .03) recommendations had significantly lower risks of developing overweight and obesity.
DISCUSSION
Children and adolescents who met any recommendations of 24HGs had significantly lower risks of developing subsequent overweight and obesity. Setting achievable goals such as adopting at least one recommendation could be considered in future public health recommendations to accelerate progress in childhood obesity prevention.
Topics: Female; Humans; Child; Adolescent; Male; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exercise; Sleep
PubMed: 37565981
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.009 -
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology &... Apr 2006
Topics: Humans; Atherosclerosis; Child; Pediatric Obesity; Human Growth Hormone
PubMed: 38742787
DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2006-190402 -
Expert Review of Endocrinology &... 2023
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Pediatric Obesity; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37450420
DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2023.2236693 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Sep 2023This systematic review critically appraised and synthesized evidence from economic evaluations of interventions targeting childhood excess weight. We conducted... (Review)
Review
This systematic review critically appraised and synthesized evidence from economic evaluations of interventions targeting childhood excess weight. We conducted systematic searches in 11 databases from inception to April 19, 2023. Studies were eligible if they evaluated interventions targeting children up to 18 years and the study intervention(s) targeted childhood excess weight or sought to improve diet or physical activity, regardless of the type of economic evaluation or the underpinning study design. We synthesized evidence using narrative synthesis methods. One-hundred fifty-one studies met the eligibility criteria and were classified into three groups based on the intervention approach: prevention-only (13 studies), prevention and treatment (100 studies), and treatment-only (38 studies). The predominant setting and study design differed considerably between the three groups of studies. However, compared with usual care, most interventions were deemed cost-effective. The study participants' ages, sex, and socioeconomic status were crucial to intervention cost-effectiveness. Interventions whose effects were projected beyond childhood, such as bariatric surgery, lower protein infant formula, and home-based general practitioner consultations, tended to be cost-effective. However, cost-effectiveness was sensitive to the assumptions underlying the persistence and intensity of such effects. Our findings can inform future recommendations on the conduct of economic evaluations of interventions targeting childhood overweight and obesity, as well as practice and policy recommendations.
Topics: Child; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diet; Exercise; Bariatric Surgery
PubMed: 37463862
DOI: 10.1111/obr.13597 -
Journal of Renal Nutrition : the... Jul 2023Childhood obesity is considered one of the important risk factors for many long-term morbidities. However, the long-term consequences of childhood obesity on kidney... (Review)
Review
Childhood obesity is considered one of the important risk factors for many long-term morbidities. However, the long-term consequences of childhood obesity on kidney function are largely unknown. In this systematic review, all prospective or retrospective cohort studies and nested case-control articles which investigated association of childhood obesity with later life kidney function were searched via some international databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. After screening 6,843 published articles, 8 prospective cohorts studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. All the included studies were published in the last 10 years. The overall follow-up duration of studies ranged from 8 to 64 years. Out of 8 included studies, 6 reported a statistically significant positive association between higher BMI levels in early life and greater renal disease risk in later life. Evidence from various populations implicates a positive link between obesity in early life and kidney disease in later life.
Topics: Child; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Kidney Diseases; Kidney
PubMed: 36963736
DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2023.03.003 -
Endocrinologia, Diabetes Y Nutricion Sep 2023Childhood obesity is an extremely prevalent pathology and, in order to be able to address it, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence on its genesis and...
INTRODUCTION
Childhood obesity is an extremely prevalent pathology and, in order to be able to address it, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence on its genesis and maintenance. We hypothesise that the timing of meals and sleep, the regularity of these throughout the week and a sedentary lifestyle influence the degree of obesity.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We included children and adolescents with obesity who attended a first check-up visit at the Childhood Obesity Unit between January 2018 and February 2020. The data were obtained from a questionnaire on food (36-h intake, frequency of consumption, eating times and habits) and sleep.
RESULTS
The degree of obesity was influenced to a greater extent by later meal times and the distribution of calories throughout the day (less at breakfast, more at dinner) than by the total number of calories ingested. In addition, a lower consumption of vegetables was related to a higher degree of obesity. The difference between the hours of sleep at weekends and on weekdays correlated positively with a higher degree of obesity. Finally, the anthropometric data correlated negatively with the number of hours of physical activity. Almost half of the children did not exercise after school.
CONCLUSION
In the approach to childhood obesity, it is necessary to include recommendations on the regularity of meal and sleep times, as well as the distribution of calories throughout the day. Additionally, it is necessary to encourage the practice of physical exercise.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Exercise; Anthropometry; Sleep; Feeding Behavior
PubMed: 37596175
DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2023.08.001 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Sep 2023It has increasingly been recognized that developing successful obesity prevention policies and interventions requires understanding of the complex mechanisms driving the... (Review)
Review
It has increasingly been recognized that developing successful obesity prevention policies and interventions requires understanding of the complex mechanisms driving the obesity pandemic and that models could be useful tools for simulating policies. This paper reviews system dynamics simulation models of mechanisms driving childhood overweight and obesity and/or testing of preventive interventions. A systematic literature search was conducted in six databases from inception to January 2023 using terms related to overweight/obesity, children, and system dynamics. Study descriptives, mechanisms, and where to intervene (the leverage points), as well as quality assessments of the simulation models were extracted by two researchers into a predetermined template and narratively synthesized. Seventeen papers describing 15 models were included. Models describing the mechanisms ranged from only intrapersonal factors to models cutting across multiple levels of the ecological model, but mechanisms across levels were lacking. The majority of interventions tested in the simulation models were changes to existing model parameters with less emphasis on models that alter system structure. In conclusion, existing models included mechanisms driving youth obesity at multiple levels of the ecological model. This is useful for developing an integrated simulation model combining mechanisms at multiple levels and allowing for testing fundamental system changes.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Databases, Factual; Pandemics; Policy
PubMed: 37753602
DOI: 10.1111/obr.13632