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Proceedings. Biological Sciences Dec 2023We reveal a unique visual perception before feature-integration of colour and motion in infants. Visual perception is established by the integration of multiple...
We reveal a unique visual perception before feature-integration of colour and motion in infants. Visual perception is established by the integration of multiple features, such as colour and motion direction. The mechanism of feature integration benefits from the ongoing interplay between feedforward and feedback loops, yet our comprehension of this causal connection remains incomplete. Researchers have explored the role of recurrent processing in feature integration by studying a visual illusion called 'misbinding', wherein visual characteristics are erroneously merged, resulting in a perception distinct from the originally presented stimuli. Anatomical investigations have revealed that the neural pathways responsible for recurrent connections are underdeveloped in early infants. Therefore, there is a possibility that younger infants could potentially perceive the physically presented visual information that adults miss due to misbinding. Here, we demonstrate that infants less than half a year old showed no misbinding; thus, they perceived the physically presented visual information, while infants more than half a year old perceived incorrectly integrated visual information, showing misbinding. Our findings indicate that recurrent processing barely functions in infants younger than six months of age and that visual information that should have been originally integrated is perceived as it is without being integrated.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Infant; Motion Perception; Visual Perception; Illusions
PubMed: 38052443
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2134 -
Psychology and Aging Aug 2023Affective forecasts are people's predictions of their future feelings in response to future events. In this study, we examined whether younger and older adults differ in...
Affective forecasts are people's predictions of their future feelings in response to future events. In this study, we examined whether younger and older adults differ in their affective forecasting accuracy. To do so, we recruited younger and older American voters and asked them to predict how they would feel following the 2020 U.S. presidential election. In the general feelings condition, participants predicted how they would feel, in general, following an election victory or loss. In the event-related feelings condition, participants predicted their future feelings specifically about an election victory and about an election loss. Later, these same participants reported their experienced feelings (either in general or about the election outcome). In the general feelings condition, age differences in affective forecasting accuracy varied as a function of whether participants' preferred candidate won or lost the election. Among election victors, there were age-related improvements in affective forecasting accuracy of negative feelings. In contrast, among election losers there were age-related declines in affective forecasting accuracy of both negative and positive feelings. A different pattern emerged for participants in the event-related feelings condition. These participants were highly accurate in their affective forecasts, and there were minimal age differences in forecasting accuracy. Together, these results show that age differences in affective forecasting accuracy depend upon both the type of future event, and the type of future feeling being predicted. When considered together, these results also suggest that the focusing illusion plays a key role in modulating age differences in affective forecasting accuracy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; United States; Aged; Aging; Emotions; Forecasting; Politics; Illusions
PubMed: 36701521
DOI: 10.1037/pag0000722 -
Journal of the Neurological Sciences Dec 2023The consequences of pain in early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) remain under appreciated even though pain may exert an increasingly negative impact on patient quality...
The consequences of pain in early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) remain under appreciated even though pain may exert an increasingly negative impact on patient quality of life as motor and non-motor symptoms worsen. In this prospective study, we investigate the prevalence and severity of pain in 135 Vietnamese patients with EOPD from three medical centers using the King's PD Pain Scale (KPPS), the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE), the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS). Pain was reported by 79.3%. The most common subtype of pain was musculoskeletal (70.1%), followed by nocturnal (43.9%), radicular (43.0%), chronic (42.1%), fluctuation-related (34.6%) and orofacial pain (16.8%). Most patients (74.8%) experienced more than one pain subtype. Fluctuation-related pain and orofacial pain were significantly more prevalent among patients with higher Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) stages (3-5) versus lower H&Y stages (1-2). Pain subtype and severity were not significantly related to gender or age of PD onset. Patients with H&Y stages 3-5 had statistically significantly higher KPPS scores for fluctuation-related pain (p = 0.018) and radicular pain (p = 0.026). Independent associations were found between pain severity and age (p = 0.028), depression severity (p = 0.018), perceptual problems/hallucinations (p = 0.033) and sexual function (p = 0.024). Patients with depression and higher H&Y stages (3-5) had statistically significantly higher mean KPPS scores versus patients without depression and at lower H&Y stages (1-2). Pain may be more common and severe in EOPD patients than previously appreciated. Older age, depression, perceptual problems/hallucinations and sexual dysfunction were independently associated with higher pain severity.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Pain Measurement; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Facial Pain; Hallucinations
PubMed: 38043181
DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.122784 -
International Journal of Medical... Sep 2023Although chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) has made several successful attempts in the medical field, most notably in answering medical questions in...
BACKGROUND
Although chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) has made several successful attempts in the medical field, most notably in answering medical questions in English, no studies have evaluated ChatGPT's performance in a Chinese context for a medical task.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate ChatGPT's ability to understand medical knowledge in Chinese, as well as its potential to serve as an electronic health infrastructure for medical development, by evaluating its performance in medical examinations, records, and education.
METHOD
The Chinese (CNMLE) and English (ENMLE) datasets of the China National Medical Licensing Examination and the Chinese dataset (NEEPM) of the China National Entrance Examination for Postgraduate Clinical Medicine Comprehensive Ability were used to evaluate the performance of ChatGPT (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4). We assessed answer accuracy, verbal fluency, and the classification of incorrect responses owing to hallucinations on multiple occasions. In addition, we tested ChatGPT's performance on discharge summaries and group learning in a Chinese context on a small scale.
RESULTS
The accuracy of GPT-3.5 in CNMLE, ENMLE, and NEEPM was 56% (56/100), 76% (76/100), and 62% (62/100), respectively, compared to that of GPT-4, which was of 84% (84/100), 86% (86/100), and 82% (82/100). The verbal fluency of all the ChatGPT responses exceeded 95%. Among the GPT-3.5 incorrect responses, the proportions of open-domain hallucinations were 66 % (29/44), 54 % (14/24), and 63 % (24/38), whereas close-domain hallucinations accounted for 34 % (15/44), 46 % (14/24), and 37 % (14/38), respectively. By contrast, GPT-4 open-domain hallucinations accounted for 56% (9/16), 43% (6/14), and 83% (15/18), while close-domain hallucinations accounted for 44% (7/16), 57% (8/14), and 17% (3/18), respectively. In the discharge summary, ChatGPT demonstrated logical coherence, however GPT-3.5 could not fulfill the quality requirements, while GPT-4 met the qualification of 60% (6/10). In group learning, the verbal fluency and interaction satisfaction with ChatGPT were 100% (10/10).
CONCLUSION
ChatGPT based on GPT-4 is at par with Chinese medical practitioners who passed the CNMLE and at the standard required for admission to clinical medical graduate programs in China. The GPT-4 shows promising potential for discharge summarization and group learning. Additionally, it shows high verbal fluency, resulting in a positive human-computer interaction experience. GPT-4 significantly improves multiple capabilities and reduces hallucinations compared to the previous GPT-3.5 model, with a particular leap forward in the Chinese comprehension capability of medical tasks. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems face the challenges of hallucinations, legal risks, and ethical issues. However, we discovered ChatGPT's potential to promote medical development as an electronic health infrastructure, paving the way for Medical AI to become necessary.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; China; Clinical Medicine; Electronics; Hallucinations
PubMed: 37549499
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105173 -
Journal of Vision Sep 2023The double-drift illusion has two unique characteristics: The error between the perceived and physical position of the stimulus grows over time, and saccades to the...
The double-drift illusion has two unique characteristics: The error between the perceived and physical position of the stimulus grows over time, and saccades to the moving target land much closer to the physical than the perceived location. These results suggest that the perceptual and saccade targeting systems integrate visual information over different time scales. Functional imaging studies in humans have revealed several potential cortical areas of interest, including the prefrontal cortex. However, we currently lack an animal model to study the neural mechanisms of location perception that underlie the double-drift illusion. To fill this gap, we trained two marmoset monkeys to fixate and then saccade to the double-drift stimulus. In line with human observers for radial double-drift trajectories with fast internal motion, we find that saccade endpoints show a significant bias that is, nevertheless, smaller than the bias seen in human perceptual reports. This bias is modulated by changes in the external and internal speeds of the stimulus. These results demonstrate that the saccade targeting system of the marmoset monkey is influenced by the double-drift illusion.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Callithrix; Illusions; Bias; Models, Animal; Motion
PubMed: 37676672
DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.10.4 -
Neuroscience Research Oct 2023Visual illusions have always fascinated people but they have often been confined to the field of entertainment. Although philosophers, psychologists and neuroscientists... (Review)
Review
Visual illusions have always fascinated people but they have often been confined to the field of entertainment. Although philosophers, psychologists and neuroscientists have used them to explore the bases of human perception and to teach about vision, these attractive tools have still remained largely underexploited. The goal of the present paper is to argue that visual illusions can also serve as a powerful medium to question our relation to the world and to others, as they demonstrate that we do not fully perceive reality and that each interpretation of the world may be equally sound. Further, specific 3D visual illusions, such as 3D ambiguous objects that give rise to two specific interpretations, enable the viewer to realize that their perception is tied to their viewing point, and that this may also apply to social cognition and interactions. Specifically, this low-level embodied experience should generalize to other levels and enhance the consideration of others' perspective independently of the type of representations. Therefore, the use of illusions in general, and 3D ambiguous objects in particular, constitutes an avenue for future interventions designed to increase our perspective-taking abilities and the pacification of social relations through mutual understanding, which is particularly relevant in the current era.
Topics: Humans; Illusions; Visual Perception
PubMed: 37244444
DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.05.003 -
Journal of Clinical Psychology Sep 2023Dissociative identity disorder (DID) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) share some overlapping phenomenological features making accurate diagnosis more...
A comparison between auditory hallucinations, interpretation of voices, and formal thought disorder in dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
OBJECTIVES
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) share some overlapping phenomenological features making accurate diagnosis more difficult. Childhood abuse and depersonalization have been associated with psychotic symptoms across psychological disorders but their relationship to psychotic phenomenology remains understudied.
METHOD
The present study used quantitative measures to examine (1) similarities and differences in phenomenological voice hearing experiences, interpretations of voices, and thought disorder symptoms in individuals with DID (n = 44) or SSD (n = 45), and (2) whether depersonalization and childhood maltreatment influenced the initial pattern of findings.
RESULTS
DID participants perceived their voices as being more internally located and generated, louder, and uncontrollable than SSD participants. Furthermore, the DID participants endorsed a greater frequency of thought disorder symptoms. Adding the covariates (sex, depersonalization, and child maltreatment) did not change the findings associated with location and origin of voices, and derailment, but there were now no differences in loudness or controllability. However, the schizophrenia sample reported more distress and metaphysical beliefs associated with voices, as well as more thought disorder incoherence and word substitution with the covariates controlled.
CONCLUSION
While tentative, metaphysical interpretations of voices, incoherent thoughts and word substitution may reflect more psychotic processes.
Topics: Humans; Child; Schizophrenia; Dissociative Identity Disorder; Hallucinations; Psychotic Disorders; Voice; Dissociative Disorders
PubMed: 37074090
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23522 -
Neuropsychologia Dec 2023The functional distinction between vision-for-perception and vision-for-action is a key aspect of understanding the primate visual system. While this dissociation has...
The functional distinction between vision-for-perception and vision-for-action is a key aspect of understanding the primate visual system. While this dissociation has been well-established in adulthood, its development and dependence on typical visual experience remain unclear. To address these questions, we examined two groups of children: typically developed children and those with amblyopia, who presumably have a sub-optimal visual experience. The Ponzo illusion, known to impact perception but not visuomotor behaviors across age groups, was employed to assess the extent of dissociation. Participants engaged in two tasks involving the Ponzo illusion: a grasping task (vision-for-action) and a manual estimation task (vision-for-perception), with objects placed on the "close" and "far" surfaces of the illusion. Typically developed children displayed grasping movements that were unaffected by the illusion, as their grasping apertures were scaled based on object size, independent of its location. In contrast, children with amblyopia exhibited a clear susceptibility to the illusion, showing larger apertures for objects placed on the 'far' surface of the illusion, and smaller apertures for objects placed on the 'close' surface. Interestingly, both groups of children demonstrated similar susceptibility to the illusion during the perceptual task, with objects placed on the far surface being perceived as longer compared to objects placed on the close surface. These findings shed light on the impact of atypical visual development on the emergence of the dissociation between perception and action, highlighting the crucial role of typical visual experience in establishing this distinction.
Topics: Child; Humans; Illusions; Amblyopia; Psychomotor Performance; Vision, Ocular; Movement; Hand Strength; Visual Perception
PubMed: 38007150
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108738 -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Hyponatremia; Hallucinations
PubMed: 37923552
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.23cr03521 -
Pain Practice : the Official Journal of... Nov 2023Limb amputation can cause residual limb pain (RLP) and/or phantom limb pain (PLP). Although targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) was initially introduced to facilitate... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Limb amputation can cause residual limb pain (RLP) and/or phantom limb pain (PLP). Although targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) was initially introduced to facilitate the control of prosthetic limbs, it has been noted that these patients experience less pain and improved prosthetic functional outcomes. As a result, the use of TMR in managing neuroma-related RLP is increasing. The aim of this review is to assess the quality and strength of the evidence supporting the effectiveness of TMR in managing amputation-related pain.
METHODS
Five different databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase, were searched from inception to March 2022. The protocol for this systematic review has been registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020218242). To be included, studies needed to compare pre- and postoperative pain outcomes or different techniques for adult patients who underwent TMR following amputation. Eligible studies also needed to use patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) and be clinical trials or observational studies published in English. Excluded studies were case reports, case series, reviews, proof of concept studies, and conference proceedings. A meta-analysis was performed on studies that had similar intervention and control groups to examine treatment effects using a random-effects model. Studies were weighted using the inverse variance method, and a statistically significant p-value was considered to be less than or equal to 0.05.
RESULTS
This review included five studies for qualitative analysis and four studies for quantitative analysis. Reviewed studies enrolled a total of 127 patients. The TMR group was compared with standard treatment at 12 months follow-up. The TMR group showed significantly better PLP as assessed by the numerical rating score RLP, and PLP assessed using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) also showed significantly lower pain intensity in the TMR group.
CONCLUSION
There is limited evidence of good quality favoring TMR in reducing postamputation PLP and RLP pain compared with standard care. Randomized clinical trials are encouraged to compare the efficacy of different surgical techniques.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Amputation, Surgical; Phantom Limb; Neurosurgical Procedures; Extremities; Muscles
PubMed: 37357830
DOI: 10.1111/papr.13262