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Periodontology 2000 Oct 2023Following tooth extraction, a sequence of events takes place in order to close the wound and restore tissue homeostasis, a process called socket healing. The outcome of... (Review)
Review
Following tooth extraction, a sequence of events takes place in order to close the wound and restore tissue homeostasis, a process called socket healing. The outcome of socket healing includes a marked reduction of the ridge dimensions. The amount of tissue loss that occurs during healing is influenced by several local and systemic factors. Thus, the aim of the present review was to describe the effect of anatomical characteristics of the alveolar process and basal bone on the socket healing outcome. The studies included showed that the quantity (number) and quality (composition) of socket walls exhibited a significant influence on the ridge diminution. A damaged socket (3 walls or less), as well as a thin buccal bone wall, which quickly resorbs negatively affected the healing outcome. Periodontally compromised sockets appeared to promote more extensive dimensional changes. Angulation between tooth and basal bone in addition to basal bone dimensions may also have altered the wound environment and influenced socket healing. The findings from the present review suggest that some anatomical characteristics of the alveolar process and basal bone have an effect on socket healing.
Topics: Humans; Tooth Socket; Alveolar Process; Tooth Extraction; Wound Healing; Alveolar Bone Loss; Alveolar Ridge Augmentation
PubMed: 37533162
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12506 -
ACS Nano Sep 2023An essential challenge in diabetic periodontal regeneration is achieving the transition from a hyperglycemic inflammatory microenvironment to a regenerative one. Here,...
An essential challenge in diabetic periodontal regeneration is achieving the transition from a hyperglycemic inflammatory microenvironment to a regenerative one. Here, we describe a polydopamine (PDA)-mediated ultralong silk microfiber (PDA-mSF) and metformin (Met)-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) incorporated into a silk fibroin/gelatin (SG) patch to promote periodontal soft and hard tissue regeneration by regulating the immunomodulatory microenvironment. The PDA-mSF endows the patch with a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging ability and anti-inflammatory activity, reducing the inflammatory response by suppressing M1 macrophage polarization. Moreover, PDA improves periodontal ligament reconstruction via its cell affinity. Sustained release of Met from the Met-ZIF system confers the patch with antiaging and immunomodulatory abilities by activating M2 macrophage polarization to secrete osteogenesis-related cytokines, while release of Zn also promotes bone regeneration. Consequently, the Met-ZIF system creates a favorable microenvironment for periodontal tissue regeneration. These features synergistically accelerate diabetic periodontal bone and ligament regeneration. Thus, our findings offer a potential therapeutic strategy for hard and soft tissue regeneration in diabetic periodontitis.
Topics: Zeolites; Metformin; Cell Differentiation; Periodontium; Osteogenesis; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 37578444
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02407 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2023Dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes (DPSC-EXO), which have biological characteristics similar to those of metrocytes, have been found to be closely associated with...
Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Regulate Anti-Inflammatory and Osteogenesis in Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells and Promote the Repair of Experimental Periodontitis in Rats.
PURPOSE
Dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes (DPSC-EXO), which have biological characteristics similar to those of metrocytes, have been found to be closely associated with tissue regeneration. Periodontitis is an immune inflammation and tissue destructive disease caused by plaque, resulting in alveolar bone loss and periodontal epithelial destruction. It is not clear whether DPSC-EXO can be used as an effective therapy for periodontal regeneration. The purpose of this study was not only to verify the effect of DPSC-EXO on reducing periodontitis and promoting periodontal tissue regeneration, but also to reveal the possible mechanism.
METHODS
DPSC-EXO was isolated by ultracentrifugation. Then it characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and Western Blot. In vitro, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were treated with DPSC-EXO, the abilities of cell proliferation, migration and osteogenic potential were evaluated. Furthermore, we detected the expression of IL-1β, TNF-αand key proteins in the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway after simulating the inflammatory environment by LPS. In addition, the effect of DPSC-EXO on the polarization phenotype of macrophages was detected. In vivo, the experimental periodontitis in rats was established and treated with DPSC-EXO or PBS. After 4 weeks, the maxillae were collected and detected by micro-CT and histological staining.
RESULTS
DPSC-EXO promoted the proliferation, migration and osteogenesis of PDLSCs in vitro. DPSC-EXO also regulated inflammation by inhibiting the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway during acute inflammatory stress. In addition, the results showed that DPSC-EXO could polarize macrophages from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype. In vivo, we found that DPSC-EXO could effectively reduce alveolar bone loss and promote the healing of the periodontal epithelium in rats with experimental periodontitis.
CONCLUSION
DPSC-EXO plays an important role in inhibiting periodontitis and promoting tissue regeneration. This study provides a promising acellular therapy for periodontitis.
Topics: Animals; Rats; Periodontal Ligament; Alveolar Bone Loss; Dental Pulp; Exosomes; Interleukin-6; Osteogenesis; Periodontitis; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Inflammation
PubMed: 37608819
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S420967 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Oct 2023Periodontium supports teeth in a mechanically stimulated tissue environment, where heterogenous stem/progenitor populations contribute to periodontal homeostasis. In...
Periodontium supports teeth in a mechanically stimulated tissue environment, where heterogenous stem/progenitor populations contribute to periodontal homeostasis. In this study, Leptin receptor+ (Lepr+) cells are identified as a distinct periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) population by single-cell RNA sequencing and lineage tracing. These Lepr+ PDLSCs are located in the peri-vascular niche, possessing multilineage potential and contributing to tissue repair in response to injury. Ablation of Lepr+ PDLSCs disrupts periodontal homeostasis. Hyper-loading and unloading of occlusal forces modulate Lepr+ PDLSCs activation. Piezo1 is demonstrated that mediates the mechanosensing of Lepr+ PDLSCs by conditional Piezo1-deficient mice. Meanwhile, Yoda1, a selective activator of Piezo1, significantly accelerates periodontal tissue growth via the induction of Lepr+ cells. In summary, Lepr marks a unique multipotent PDLSC population in vivo, to contribute toward periodontal homeostasis via Piezo1-mediated mechanosensing.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Receptors, Leptin; Cell Differentiation; Periodontal Ligament; Tooth; Stem Cells; Ion Channels
PubMed: 37553778
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303291 -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Alveolar Process; Oral Surgical Procedures
PubMed: 37833029
DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2023.06.020 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Aug 2023The periodontal ligament is a crucial tissue that provides support to the periodontium. Situated between the alveolar bone and the tooth root, it consists primarily of... (Review)
Review
The periodontal ligament is a crucial tissue that provides support to the periodontium. Situated between the alveolar bone and the tooth root, it consists primarily of fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and epithelial cell rests of Malassez. Fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are functionally differentiated cells, whereas PDLSCs are undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. The dynamic development of these cells is intricately linked to periodontal changes and homeostasis. Notably, the regulation of programmed cell death facilitates the clearance of necrotic tissue and plays a pivotal role in immune response. However, it also potentially contributes to the loss of periodontal supporting tissues and root resorption. These findings have significant implications for understanding the occurrence and progression of periodontitis, as well as the mechanisms underlying orthodontic root resorption. Further, the regulation of periodontal ligament cell (PDLC) death is influenced by both systemic and local factors. This comprehensive review focuses on recent studies reporting the mechanisms of PDLC death and related factors.
Topics: Humans; Periodontal Ligament; Root Resorption; Periodontium; Apoptosis; Periodontitis
PubMed: 37566596
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31091 -
Periodontology 2000 Feb 2024Periodontitis is a complex inflammatory disorder of the tooth supporting structures, associated with microbial dysbiosis, and linked to a number if systemic conditions.... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a complex inflammatory disorder of the tooth supporting structures, associated with microbial dysbiosis, and linked to a number if systemic conditions. Untreated it can result in an irreversible damage to the periodontal structures and eventually teeth loss. Regeneration of the lost periodontium requires an orchestration of a number of biological events on cellular and molecular level. In this context, a set of vitamins have been advocated, relying their beneficial physiological effects, to endorse the biological regenerative events of the periodontium on cellular and molecular levels. The aim of the present article is to elaborate on the question whether or not vitamins improve wound healing/regeneration, summarizing the current evidence from in vitro, animal and clinical studies, thereby shedding light on the knowledge gap in this field and highlighting future research needs. Although the present review demonstrates the current heterogeneity in the available evidence and knowledge gaps, findings suggest that vitamins, especially A, B, E, and CoQ, as well as vitamin combinations, could exert positive attributes on the periodontal outcomes in adjunct to surgical or nonsurgical periodontal therapy.
Topics: Humans; Wound Healing; Vitamins; Animals; Regeneration; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 37592831
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12513 -
Journal of Dental Research Jan 2024The regeneration of periodontal, periapical, and pulpal tissues is a complex process requiring the direct involvement of cells derived from pluripotent stem cells in the...
The regeneration of periodontal, periapical, and pulpal tissues is a complex process requiring the direct involvement of cells derived from pluripotent stem cells in the periodontal ligament and dental pulp. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are spatially distinct with the potential to differentiate into similar functional and phenotypic cells. We aimed to identify the cell heterogeneity of DPSCs and PDLSCs and explore the differentiation potentials of their specialized organ-specific functions using single-cell transcriptomic analysis. Our results revealed 7 distinct clusters, with cluster 3 showing the highest potential for differentiation. Clusters 0 to 2 displayed features similar to fibroblasts. The trajectory route of the cell state transition from cluster 3 to clusters 0, 1, and 2 indicated the distinct nature of cell differentiation. PDLSCs had a higher proportion of cells (78.6%) at the G1 phase, while DPSCs had a higher proportion of cells at the S and G2/M phases (36.1%), mirroring the lower cell proliferation capacity of PDLSCs than DPSCs. Our study suggested the heterogeneity of stemness across PDLSCs and DPSCs, the similarities of these 2 stem cell compartments to be potentially integrated for regenerative strategies, and the distinct features between them potentially particularized for organ-specific functions of the dental pulp and periodontal ligament for a targeted regenerative dental tissue repair and other regeneration therapies.
Topics: Periodontal Ligament; Dental Pulp; Cells, Cultured; Stem Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Gene Expression Profiling; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 37982164
DOI: 10.1177/00220345231205283