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Journal of Personality Jun 2024Examine the group-specific connections between personality, ideology, and the moral emotions of empathy and schadenfreude.
OBJECTIVES
Examine the group-specific connections between personality, ideology, and the moral emotions of empathy and schadenfreude.
BACKGROUND
Empathy and schadenfreude are emotions that often lead to moral prosocial or spiteful harmful behaviors respectively. An outstanding question is what motivates feelings of empathy and schadenfreude towards people from different groups. Here we examine two prominent motivators of emotions: personality traits and ideology. Previous work has found that people's ideological orientations towards respecting traditionalism (RWA) and preferences about group-based hierarchy (SDO) can impact intergroup emotions. Further, personality traits of low agreeableness, low openness, and high conscientiousness uniquely engender SDO and RWA.
METHOD
In the research presented here (Study 1 n = 492; Study 2 n = 786), we examine the relationships between personality traits, ideology, and emotions for groups that are perceived to be dangerous and competitive. We hypothesize that SDO and RWA will relate to reduced empathy and increased schadenfreude but towards unique groups. SDO will relate to reduced empathy and increased schadenfreude towards competitive, low-status groups while RWA will relate to reduced empathy and increased schadenfreude towards threatening groups. We further extend past work by investigating left-wing authoritarianism as well.
RESULTS
We find broad support for our expectation that the relationships between personality and emotions, as well as ideology and emotions, depend on the specific group in question.
CONCLUSIONS
These results help expand the dual process motivational model of prejudice and suggest the importance of specifying a target group when assessing relationships between personality, ideology, and emotions.
Topics: Humans; Empathy; Personality; Male; Female; Adult; Young Adult; Emotions; Middle Aged; Morals; Adolescent; Group Processes
PubMed: 37401134
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12860 -
American Journal of Orthodontics and... Dec 2023Despite its influence on occupational performance and team dynamics, there has been little research into the personality of dental professionals. Existing research does...
INTRODUCTION
Despite its influence on occupational performance and team dynamics, there has been little research into the personality of dental professionals. Existing research does not typically use the prevailing five-factor model of personality. We aimed to measure the personality of dental professionals in the United Kingdom and investigate differences among groups.
METHODS
The sample (n = 906) comprised dental nurses (n = 475), general dental practitioners (GDPs) (n = 182), orthodontists (n = 201), and oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFSs) (n = 48). Recruitment was via email and social media. The questionnaire collected data on demographic variables and contained the Big Five Inventory, a validated self-report personality test. Participants scored on extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness neuroticism, and openness. A one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction were used to identify significant differences in personality between occupations. Hierarchical multiple regression determined the influence of occupation over and above demographic variables.
RESULTS
On a 5-point scale, orthodontists had a mean conscientiousness score 0.23 points higher than GDPs (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10-0.36). Dental nurses had a mean conscientiousness score 0.28 points higher than GDPs (95% CI, 0.17-0.39). Dental nurses had a mean agreeableness score 0.16 points higher than orthodontists (95% CI, 0.05-0.27) and 0.30 points higher than OMFSs (95% CI, 0.10-0.50). For neuroticism, orthodontists had a mean score 0.21 points lower than dental nurses (95% CI, 0.06-0.36), and OMFSs had a mean score 0.43 points lower than dental nurses (95% CI, 0.16-0.70). GDPs had a mean neuroticism score 0.43 points higher than OMFSs (95% CI, 0.14-0.71; P = 0.001). Differences were small to moderate in size (d = 0.35-0.45) and occupation was associated with personality after accounting for demographic variables.
CONCLUSIONS
The personalities of dental nurses, GDPs, orthodontists, and OMFSs differed. Occupation was associated with differences in personality after accounting for demographic characteristics.
Topics: Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dentists; Professional Role; Personality; Surveys and Questionnaires; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 37676218
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.06.021 -
Stroke Aug 2023A large literature has examined a broad range of factors associated with increased risk of stroke. Few studies, however, have examined the association between...
BACKGROUND
A large literature has examined a broad range of factors associated with increased risk of stroke. Few studies, however, have examined the association between personality and stroke. The present study adopted a systematic approach using a multi-cohort design to examine the associations between 5-Factor Model personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and incident stroke using data from 6 large longitudinal samples of adults.
METHODS
Participants (age range: 16-104 years old, N=58 105) were from the MIDUS (Midlife in the United States) Study, the HRS (Health and Retirement Study), The US (Understanding Society) study, the WLS (Wisconsin Longitudinal Study), the NHATS (National Health and Aging Trends Study), and the LISS (Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences). Personality traits, demographic factors, clinical and behavioral risk factors were assessed at baseline; stroke incidence was tracked over 7 to 20 years follow-up.
RESULTS
Meta-analyses indicated that higher neuroticism was related to a higher risk of incident stroke (hazard ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.10-1.20]; <0.001), whereas higher conscientiousness was protective (HR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.85-0.93]; <0.001). Additional meta-analyses indicated that BMI, diabetes, blood pressure, physical inactivity, and smoking as additional covariates partially accounted for these associations. Extraversion, openness, and agreeableness were unrelated to stroke incidence.
CONCLUSIONS
Similar to other cardiovascular and neurological conditions, higher neuroticism is a risk factor for stroke incidence, whereas higher conscientiousness is a protective factor.
Topics: Adult; Humans; United States; Adolescent; Young Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Prospective Studies; Longitudinal Studies; Personality; Neuroticism; Stroke
PubMed: 37325920
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.042617 -
Community Dentistry and Oral... Oct 2023Accumulating evidence has revealed that dental anxiety is robustly associated with dental care-related pain and discomfort, but also with the personality trait of...
OBJECTIVES
Accumulating evidence has revealed that dental anxiety is robustly associated with dental care-related pain and discomfort, but also with the personality trait of neuroticism (i.e. the relatively stable disposition to experience the world as distressing, threatening and unsafe). However, there is a near absence of research on these risk factors in samples for which genetic information is available. With the aim of arriving at a more refined understanding of dental anxiety, this twin cohort study assessed genetic and environmental influences on neuroticism, dental care-related pain and dental anxiety, and the relation between these phenotypes.
METHODS
Participants were recruited from the Norwegian Twin Registry, and data collections were carried out in 1992-98 (Time 1) and 2011 (Time 2). Well-validated questionnaires were used to assess the study variables, including Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (Time 2) and Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (Time 1). Pearson correlation analysis and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to investigate phenotypic associations. Analyses of genetic and environmental influences were performed using Cholesky modelling.
RESULTS
A total of 746 monozygotic (MZ) and 770 dizygotic (DZ) twins in the age group of 50-65 participated in the study. Moderate estimates of heritability for dental anxiety (0.29), treatment-related pain (0.24) and neuroticism (0.45-0.54) were found. Cholesky modelling showed furthermore that neuroticism assessed at Time 1 and Time 2 was related to dental anxiety and pain via both genetic and individual-specific environmental pathways, albeit not very strongly. The particularly high phenotypic correlation observed between dental care-related pain and anxiety (r = .68) was explained by both overlapping genetic and individual-specific environmental influences (the genetic and environmental correlations were .84 and .63 respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The findings provide deeper insight into the aetiology of dental anxiety and confirm that while it is strongly linked to treatment-related pain experiences, this relation is to a considerable degree independent of general negative affectivity/neuroticism.
Topics: Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Neuroticism; Dental Anxiety; Cohort Studies; Pain; Personality
PubMed: 35633060
DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12763 -
Journal of Personality Feb 2024A surge of studies aims to identify environmental factors that explain individual differences, personality stability, and personality development. This special issue... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
A surge of studies aims to identify environmental factors that explain individual differences, personality stability, and personality development. This special issue builds on this large interest and solicited articles on broad and narrow environmental factors of personality.
OBJECTIVE
We provide an overview of the motivations behind the special issue, review each of the articles, and present data on researchers' perceptions of environmental factors contributing to personality expression and development.
METHOD
We review 16 special issue articles, thematically grouped into seven topics-culture and race, genes and environment, geography and habitat, major/minor life events, social relationships, socioeconomic status and economic inequality, and work. We also present data on researchers' (N = 223) responses and ratings of environmental influences on personality expression and development.
RESULTS
In the open-ended responses, the most important environmental influences were family, culture, peers, relationships, and trauma. Among the least important were weather, birth order, geography, climate, and shared environment. Nearly all the environmental influences featured in this special issue were considered at least somewhat important; however, there was considerable heterogeneity in how important researchers found each topic.
CONCLUSIONS
There is no perfect consensus among researchers as to which environmental factors contribute most to personality expression and development. We hope that there is a larger surge of studies on personality constructs beyond traits, that contextualize concepts within a cultural and historical framework and develop more stringent theories to hypothesize about the environmental influences on personality.
Topics: Humans; Concept Formation; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Development; Individuality
PubMed: 37697965
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12886 -
Personality, Religiosity and Satisfaction with Life in Young Muslim and Christian Women in Pakistan.Journal of Religion and Health Oct 2023This study investigated the relationship between personality traits, religiosity and satisfaction with life in young Muslim and Christian women. The current research...
This study investigated the relationship between personality traits, religiosity and satisfaction with life in young Muslim and Christian women. The current research involved a convenience sample (N = 200; M = 21.26) that was drawn from Kinnaird College for Women University Lahore, and Youhanabad Town Lahore, Pakistan. The Big Five Inventory, Centrality of Religiosity Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were administered. Results of correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between 'conscientiousness' and 'religious ideology' among Muslim women, whereas 'openness' and 'agreeableness' were strongly associated with all the dimensions of religiosity in Christian women. Findings of hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that extraversion and agreeableness significantly predicted life satisfaction among Muslim and Christian participants respectively. Religiosity did not contribute to life satisfaction among both groups. Results of independent sample t-test showed that Christian women reported significantly higher degrees of extraversion and life satisfaction as compared to Muslim women who in contrast reported significantly higher level of agreeableness, neuroticism, and public religious practice. The findings are discussed in the context of gender, religion, culture and mental health.
Topics: Humans; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Islam; Pakistan; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personal Satisfaction
PubMed: 36971903
DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01779-7 -
American Journal of Pharmaceutical... Mar 2024To evaluate academic success among students with different dominant personality styles as determined by DiSC (dominance, influence, steadiness, and conscientiousness)...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate academic success among students with different dominant personality styles as determined by DiSC (dominance, influence, steadiness, and conscientiousness) assessment via a comparison of grade point average (GPA) during the 3-year didactic portion of a PharmD curriculum.
METHODS
This was a prospective evaluation of students admitted to the PharmD program as part of the graduating classes of 2019-2022 who provided written informed consent, completed an online DiSC assessment, and forwarded their personality style results to study investigators. Participant demographics were collected upon enrollment and individual course grades, semester, and cumulative GPA, and any academic standards penalties imposed were collected at the end of each semester.
RESULTS
The overall participation rate for the student cohort studied was 96%. No significant differences were seen when evaluating the primary objective by comparing GPA of each of the 4 individual dominant personality styles. However, significant differences were found when evaluating the secondary objective comparing conscientiousness vs all other dominant personality styles regarding both individual semester and cumulative GPA. Students with conscientiousness as a dominant personality style also had significantly higher pharmacotherapeutics-focused systems-based therapy cumulative GPA during the second and third years of the PharmD didactic curriculum.
CONCLUSION
Students with a dominant personality style of conscientiousness on DiSC assessment performed significantly better within the more clinically focused systems-based therapy courses in a PharmD curriculum. This ultimately culminated in higher cumulative GPA at the end of both the second and third professional years in those with a dominant personality style of conscientiousness.
Topics: Humans; Educational Measurement; Education, Pharmacy; Students, Pharmacy; Academic Performance; Personality; Curriculum; Pharmacy
PubMed: 38360188
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100675 -
The Primary Care Companion For CNS... Nov 2023To evaluate the effects of care burden and personality traits of caregivers on treatment compliance and social functionality of patients with schizophrenia. This...
To evaluate the effects of care burden and personality traits of caregivers on treatment compliance and social functionality of patients with schizophrenia. This cross-sectional study included 50 patients aged 18-65 years diagnosed with schizophrenia ( criteria) who were followed up in the hospital between December 2020 and June 2021. Fifty caregivers (ie, spouses, parents, siblings, and children) were also included in the study. All study participants completed a sociodemographic data form. Caregivers completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Zarit Care Burden Scale (ZCBS). Patients completed the Social Functioning Scale (SFS), the Morisky Treatment Adherence Scale (MTAS), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). There was a positive correlation between MTAS and PANSS scores ( = 0.293, < .05) of patients with schizophrenia and a negative correlation between MTAS and SFS total scores ( = -0.468, < .01). There was a positive correlation between MTAS and ZCBS-dependency subgroup scores ( < .05). A positive correlation was found between caregivers' TCI subdimensions, especially self-directedness total score and SFS total score ( < .01), as well as between self-transcendence total score and total ZCBS score ( < .05). Based on the study results, temperament and character characteristics of caregivers affect both the care burden of caregivers and the social functionality of patients; however, larger samples are required to measure the effects of caregivers' personality traits and care burden on patients' functioning and adherence to treatment. .
Topics: Child; Humans; Schizophrenia; Caregivers; Caregiver Burden; Cross-Sectional Studies; Temperament; Character; Personality Inventory; Patient Compliance
PubMed: 37976225
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.23m03522 -
International Journal of Palliative... Oct 2023Undergraduate nursing students spend a significant amount of time in clinical placements where they are involved in care at the end of a person's life and care after...
BACKGROUND
Undergraduate nursing students spend a significant amount of time in clinical placements where they are involved in care at the end of a person's life and care after death. While their role is to provide compassionate care, some students feel wholly unprepared.
AIMS
The aim of this qualitative study was to explore student nurses' experiences of care in death, dying and post death care, and to explore how students can be better prepared to provide such care.
METHODS
This is a qualitative descriptive study that is concerned with the subjective reality of participant's experiences.
FINDINGS
Six themes were developed from the analysis: first encounters with death and dying; preparedness; mentoring and support received; the caring role; striving to cope; working with families and working through COVID-19.
CONCLUSION
Students described their experience of placements in end-of-life care as challenging, yet were also able to adopt ways to develop as compassionate practitioners.
Topics: Humans; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; Students, Nursing; Terminal Care; Empathy; Qualitative Research
PubMed: 37862156
DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2023.29.10.466 -
Personality and Social Psychology... Aug 2024We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as , and measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two... (Review)
Review
We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as , and measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two fundamental groups: , which arise from the target person's own reports, and , which derive from the areas surrounding the person. These two broad classes are then further divided according to what they target and the response processes that produce them. We use the model to organize roughly a dozen kinds of data currently employed in the field. With this classification system in hand, we describe how much we might expect two types of measures of the same attribute to converge-and explain why methods often yield somewhat different results. Given that each measurement method has its own strengths and weaknesses, we examine the pros and cons of selecting a given type of measure to assess a specific area of personality.
Topics: Humans; Personality; Personality Assessment; Psychometrics
PubMed: 38314773
DOI: 10.1177/10888683231222519