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Psychiatry 2023While recovery from psychosis is possible, recovery is a multidimensional construct driven by various factors. One relevant factor to recovery from psychosis that has... (Review)
Review
While recovery from psychosis is possible, recovery is a multidimensional construct driven by various factors. One relevant factor to recovery from psychosis that has often been overlooked in the psychotherapy literature is the importance of facing loss and processing grief in relation to psychosis. A review of the existing empirical literature on grief associated with psychosis was conducted. Clinicians with significant therapeutic experience working with persons with psychosis reviewed cases to examine the losses the patients had suffered and how they responded to these losses. The clinicians considered essential principles that are relevant when helping patients with psychosis integrate loss and process grief. Persons who have experienced psychosis often experience the loss of role functioning, interpersonal relationships, cognition, and self-concept. However, when these losses are not fully integrated into the person's identity, it can result in either more losses due to denial and metacognitive impairments or increased hopelessness and depression due to internalized stigma. Five elements in psychotherapy of psychosis were identified that can facilitate the integration of loss and processing of grief: understand the personal experience of the psychotic episode, attend to feelings of grief and the primary loss, explore the meaning of psychotic symptoms and identity implications, integrate psychotic vulnerabilities into the sense of self, and foster realistic hope in the face of an uncertain future. Psychotherapy can enable persons with psychosis to make meaning of their losses, process their grief, integrate their psychotic vulnerability into their sense of self, and develop realistic hope.
Topics: Humans; Psychotic Disorders; Grief; Psychotherapy; Self Concept; Emotions
PubMed: 36688824
DOI: 10.1080/00332747.2022.2161261 -
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin Jul 2024There are substantive theoretical questions about whether personal affect romantic relationship functioning. The current research tested the association between...
There are substantive theoretical questions about whether personal affect romantic relationship functioning. The current research tested the association between personal values and romantic relationship quality while considering potential mediating mechanisms related to pro-relational attitudes, communal strength, intrinsic relationship motivation, and entitlement. Across five studies using different measures of value priorities, we found that the endorsement of self-transcendence values (i.e., benevolence, universalism) was related to higher romantic relationship quality. The findings provided support for the mediating roles of pro-relational attitudes, communal strength, and intrinsic relationship motivation. Finally, a dyadic analysis in our fifth study showed that self-transcendence values mostly influence a person's own relationship quality but not that of their partner. These findings provide the first evidence that personal values are important variables in romantic relationship functioning while helping to map the mechanisms through which this role occurs.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Interpersonal Relations; Adult; Social Values; Young Adult; Sexual Partners; Motivation; Attitude; Adolescent; Love
PubMed: 36942922
DOI: 10.1177/01461672231156975 -
Journal of Personality Dec 2023Various personality traits have longitudinal relations with body mass index (BMI), a measure of body weight and a risk factor for numerous health concerns. We tested...
OBJECTIVE
Various personality traits have longitudinal relations with body mass index (BMI), a measure of body weight and a risk factor for numerous health concerns. We tested these associations' compatibility with causality in either direction.
METHOD
Using three waves of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 12,235, M = 53.33 at baseline), we tested how accurately the Five-Factor Model personality domains and their items could collectively predict BMI and change in it with elastic net models. With multilevel models, we tested (a) bidirectional and (b) within-person associations between BMI and personality traits.
RESULTS
The five domains were able to predict concurrent (r = 0.08), but not future BMI. Twenty-nine personality items predicted concurrent and future BMI at r = 0.21 and r = 0.16 to 0.25, respectively. Neither the domains nor items could collectively predict change in BMI. Similarly, no individual trait predicted change in BMI, but BMI predicted changes in Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and several items (|b*| = 0.03 to 0.08). BMI had within-person correlations with these same traits; time-invariant third factors like genetics or childhood environments therefore could not (fully) account for their relations.
CONCLUSIONS
Body weight may contribute to adults' personality development, but the reverse appears less likely.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Aged; Child; Middle Aged; Longitudinal Studies; Body Weight; Body Mass Index; Personality; Personality Development
PubMed: 36718127
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12816 -
Journal of Personality Disorders Jun 2024Conceptual work integrating constructs from mainstream personality research (especially so-called "dark" traits) and clinical psychopathology research has been limited....
Conceptual work integrating constructs from mainstream personality research (especially so-called "dark" traits) and clinical psychopathology research has been limited. Herein, we propose socially and/or ethically aversive traits as "flavored" manifestations of the D factor of personality (D). We argue that the D framework provides the commonality of all aversive traits, including the aversive traits from the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD), a more thorough theoretical foundation. Moreover, D covers aspects that are not captured by any of the aversive AMPD traits directly (e.g., greed), thus offering indications for possible expansions to the AMPD. We tested our predictions in two online studies ( = 1,781 and = 2,006) using quota-representative samples of the German population regarding age and gender. Twelve aversive traits from mainstream personality research and eight aversive AMPD traits were assessed together with consequential behavior in an economic game. Analyses using structural equation modeling overall confirmed predictions.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Adult; Personality Disorders; Middle Aged; Personality; Young Adult; Adolescent; Aged; Germany
PubMed: 38857161
DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2024.38.3.241 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Oct 2023The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of the Big 5 personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness) in...
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of the Big 5 personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness) in the association between early traumatization and depressive symptoms in early adulthood (20-25-year-olds) in a German population-based sample.
METHODS
A total of 3176 participants from the German National Cohort (NAKO) baseline with an age between 20 and 25 years were included in this investigation. The sum score of the 9-item-version of the Patient Health Questionnaire was used for assessment of depressive symptoms. A structural equation model was built to test the paths between childhood trauma, Big 5 personality traits and depressive symptoms.
RESULTS
Overall, 10.7 % of the young adult sample had a PHQ-9 sum score of ten or higher. The final mediation model fitted well for young adults. We found evidence for a partial mediating effect of Big 5 personality traits.
LIMITATIONS
We only adjusted for age, sex, and year of data collection and did not include biological factors in the model.
CONCLUSION
Young adults with early trauma experiences have a risk for developing depressive symptoms in young adulthood. Personality traits, especially neuroticism, partially mediated the association between early trauma and depressive symptoms for young adults and should be recognized in preventive strategies.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Adult; Depression; Personality; Adverse Childhood Experiences; Neuroticism
PubMed: 37331380
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.027 -
Military Psychology : the Official... 2023Veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces are an at-risk population given their increased mental health concerns resulting from their military service. However, there has been...
Veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces are an at-risk population given their increased mental health concerns resulting from their military service. However, there has been limited research conducted with this population during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine aspects of positive psychological functioning with 132 U.S. veterans during COVID-19 using Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) transactional model of stress and coping. Specifically, we examined the personal resources of hope and proactive personality, two coping styles, and satisfaction with life. We performed correlation analyses to determine how these constructs related to each other. We also conducted a regression analysis to examine if the two dimensions of hope, proactive personality, adaptive coping, and maladaptive coping predicted veterans' satisfaction with life. Lastly, we utilized a mediation analysis to investigate whether two coping styles mediated the relationships among personal resources and satisfaction with life. Findings from the regression analysis suggested hope pathways and proactive personality were significant predictors of satisfaction with life. Results from the mediation analysis suggested that adaptive and maladaptive coping did not mediate the relationships among personal resources and satisfaction with life.
Topics: Humans; Veterans; COVID-19; Adaptation, Psychological; Personality; Personal Satisfaction
PubMed: 37615554
DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2204060 -
Reproduction & Fertility Apr 2024The rights of transgender and intersex people have become a contentious issue in our current political climate. Whether it be the rights of intersex athletes such as...
The rights of transgender and intersex people have become a contentious issue in our current political climate. Whether it be the rights of intersex athletes such as Caster Semenya (who identifies as a woman) to compete in elite sport, or the rights of transgender women to use women's only spaces, there is an increasingly fierce debate as to the legitimacy of people's gender and sexual identities and what parameters should be used to define them. A common argument accepted by most in our society is that while gender may be a spectrum, sex is an inalienable binary.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Gender Identity; Sports; Athletes; Transsexualism; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 38492308
DOI: 10.1530/RAF-24-0005 -
Pediatric Annals Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Transgender Persons; Gender Identity; Transsexualism; Pediatricians
PubMed: 38049187
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20231016-01 -
NeuroImage Jun 2024Previous studies of resting electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of personality traits have conflated periodic and aperiodic sources of EEG signals. Because these are...
Previous studies of resting electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of personality traits have conflated periodic and aperiodic sources of EEG signals. Because these are associated with different underlying neural dynamics, disentangling them can avoid measurement confounds and clarify findings. In a large sample (n = 300), we investigated how disentangling these activities impacts findings related to two research programs within personality neuroscience. In Study 1 we examined associations between Extraversion and two putative markers of reward sensitivity-Left Frontal Alpha asymmetry (LFA) and Frontal-Posterior Theta (FPT). In Study 2 we used machine learning to predict personality trait scores from resting EEG. In both studies, power within each EEG frequency bin was quantified as both total power and separate contributions of periodic and aperiodic activity. In Study 1, total power LFA and FPT correlated negatively with Extraversion (r ∼ -0.14), but there was no relation when LFA and FPT were derived only from periodic activity. In Study 2, all Big Five traits could be decoded from periodic power (r ∼ 0.20), and Agreeableness could also be decoded from total power and from aperiodic indices. Taken together, these results show how separation of periodic and aperiodic activity in resting EEG may clarify findings in personality neuroscience. Disentangling these signals allows for more reliable findings relating to periodic EEG markers of personality, and highlights novel aperiodic markers to be explored in future research.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Personality; Adult; Electroencephalography; Young Adult; Extraversion, Psychological; Alpha Rhythm; Machine Learning; Theta Rhythm; Adolescent; Reward; Rest; Brain
PubMed: 38688430
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120628 -
The Surgeon : Journal of the Royal... Apr 2024Surgeons work long shifts and are frequently on call. Pressure to make quick and accurate decisions along with the responsibility of performing complex procedures...
BACKGROUND
Surgeons work long shifts and are frequently on call. Pressure to make quick and accurate decisions along with the responsibility of performing complex procedures contribute to surgeons' high stress-levels, anxiety and altered empathy level. We aimed to study surgeons' personality and meaning in life at two different centres.
METHODS
General surgeons completed 47 questions. Visual analogous scale-items with controlled internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) coefficients varying from .77 to .85 were used from the following scales: Global Measure of Perceived Stress; Hostility Questionnaire; Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy; Meaning in Life Questionnaire-SF; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; Spielberger State Anxiety Scale and Quality of Work life Scale. Multiple linear regression analyses, parametric or non-parametric tests were employed when considered adequate.
RESULTS
Fifty-four participants were recruited from 3 different levels of training. Gender differences in Anxiety, Physician Empathy and presence of meaning in life (MIL-P) were revealed. Junior trainees differed from senior trainees and consultants as regards MIL-P, Anxiety, Stress and work-related factors. The surgeons' self-rated self-esteem was work-related. Surgeons' Quality of Work Life was best predicted by Physician Empathy but also their self-rated Self-Esteem contributed significantly to the prediction. Surgeons' MIL-P was significantly predicted by Physician Empathy and State Anxiety.
CONCLUSION
Surgeons' current personality attributes might not apply to all of them. Female surgeons were more empathetic and felt more presence of meaning in life than male surgeons, and men were less anxious than female surgeons. Junior trainees experienced less anxiety than senior trainees but were more stressed than consultants. The most significant predictors of surgeons' personality were their experience of presence of meaning in life along with their level of empathy.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Personality; Self Concept; Empathy; Surgeons; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 37925229
DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2023.10.007