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Journal of Personality Dec 2023Various personality traits have longitudinal relations with body mass index (BMI), a measure of body weight and a risk factor for numerous health concerns. We tested...
OBJECTIVE
Various personality traits have longitudinal relations with body mass index (BMI), a measure of body weight and a risk factor for numerous health concerns. We tested these associations' compatibility with causality in either direction.
METHOD
Using three waves of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 12,235, M = 53.33 at baseline), we tested how accurately the Five-Factor Model personality domains and their items could collectively predict BMI and change in it with elastic net models. With multilevel models, we tested (a) bidirectional and (b) within-person associations between BMI and personality traits.
RESULTS
The five domains were able to predict concurrent (r = 0.08), but not future BMI. Twenty-nine personality items predicted concurrent and future BMI at r = 0.21 and r = 0.16 to 0.25, respectively. Neither the domains nor items could collectively predict change in BMI. Similarly, no individual trait predicted change in BMI, but BMI predicted changes in Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and several items (|b*| = 0.03 to 0.08). BMI had within-person correlations with these same traits; time-invariant third factors like genetics or childhood environments therefore could not (fully) account for their relations.
CONCLUSIONS
Body weight may contribute to adults' personality development, but the reverse appears less likely.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Aged; Child; Middle Aged; Longitudinal Studies; Body Weight; Body Mass Index; Personality; Personality Development
PubMed: 36718127
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12816 -
Psychiatria Danubina 2023Cryptocurrencies are a popular investment tool today. However, some studies highlight the investing behavior of cryptocurrencies similar to pathological gambling....
BACKGROUND
Cryptocurrencies are a popular investment tool today. However, some studies highlight the investing behavior of cryptocurrencies similar to pathological gambling. Investing behavior becomes risky when it is not based on proper and adequate analysis and carries the possibility of big losses as well as big gains. For this reason, we aimed to determine the potential risky investor profile by age, gender, personality traits and impulsivity levels.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Six hundred and fifty-four cryptocurrencies investors (529 was male, 125 was female, their mean age was 35.6 ± 9.0) participated in this study between June 2022 - August 2022. Participants were administered the Sociodemographic Data Form, the South OAKS Gambling Screen Test - revised (SOGS-r), the Big Five Inventory (BFI-10), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11).
RESULTS
We found higher neuroticism and impulsivity in possible problematic crypto investors. In addition, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness scores were lower. Additionally, in our regression analyzes we found that younger age and male gender predicted SOGS-r scores. After controlling for age and gender, extraversion negatively and motor impulsivity positively predicted SOGS-r scores.
DISCUSSION
Investing in cryptocurrencies can become a behavioral addiction, similar to pathological gambling. It is important to identify profiles in which investment behavior is risky.
CONCLUSION
Personality traits and impulsivity may have a significant impact on identifying risky crypto investors and in the treatment process.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Adult; Impulsive Behavior; Behavior, Addictive; Gambling; Neuroticism; Personality
PubMed: 37917843
DOI: 10.24869/psyd.2023.386 -
Studies in Health Technology and... Aug 2023This paper deals with the personality perception of a humanoid robot when talking to it in a natural manner, using the wizard of Oz. An experiment involving 20 subjects...
This paper deals with the personality perception of a humanoid robot when talking to it in a natural manner, using the wizard of Oz. An experiment involving 20 subjects was performed, to compare two heteroevaluation characteristics: identity perception of human vs. humanoid, and identity perception differences when interacting with a human directly or with the same human through the robot mediation. The experiment was organized in three interactions: with a woman, with a man, and with a humanoid robot. The evaluation uses the OCEAN inventory. The results show that the subjects create for the teleoperated robot an identity of its own, which differs from the one attributed to the teleoperator. The robot was generally perceived as having less interest in art, lacking more imagination or ingenuity, being less open-minded than the human controlling it. The perception of emotional stability is greater: the absence of the human envelope allows a person to appear more stable. We identified two statistical groups in the robot evaluation, depending on the consideration of the robotic technology by the subjects: their perception of the robot conscientiousness, extroversion and agreeableness varies according to the subjects, unlike the personality of the teleoperator.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Robotics; Personality; Emotions; Extraversion, Psychological; Perception
PubMed: 37638922
DOI: 10.3233/SHTI230627 -
Addiction (Abingdon, England) Oct 2023Models of alcohol use risk suggest that drinking motives represent the most proximal risk factors on which more distal factors converge. However, little is known about...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Models of alcohol use risk suggest that drinking motives represent the most proximal risk factors on which more distal factors converge. However, little is known about how distinct risk factors influence each other and alcohol use on different temporal scales (within a given moment versus over time). We aimed to estimate the dynamic associations of distal (personality and life stressors) and proximal (drinking motives) risk factors, and their relationship to alcohol use in adolescence and early adulthood using a novel graphical vector autoregressive (GVAR) panel network approach.
DESIGN, SETTING AND CASES
We estimated panel networks on data from the IMAGEN study, a longitudinal European cohort study following adolescents across three waves (aged 16, 19 and 22 years). Our sample consisted of 1829 adolescents (51% females) who reported alcohol use on at least one assessment wave.
MEASUREMENTS
Risk factors included personality traits (NEO-FFI: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness; SURPS: impulsivity and sensation-seeking), stressful life events (LEQ: sum scores of stressful life events), and drinking motives [drinking motives questionnaire (DMQ): social, enhancement, conformity, coping anxiety and coping depression]. We assessed alcohol use [alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): quantity and frequency] and alcohol-related problems (AUDIT: related problems).
FINDINGS
Within a given moment, social [partial correlation (pcor) = 0.17] and enhancement motives (pcor = 0.15) co-occurred most strongly with drinking quantity and frequency, while coping depression motives (pcor = 0.13), openness (pcor = 0.05) and impulsivity (pcor = 0.09) were related to alcohol-related problems. The temporal network showed no predictive associations between distal risk factors and drinking motives. Social motives (beta = 0.21), previous alcohol use (beta = 0.11) and openness (beta = 0.10) predicted alcohol-related problems over time (all P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Heavy and frequent alcohol use, along with social drinking motives, appear to be key targets for preventing the development of alcohol-related problems throughout late adolescence. We found no evidence for personality traits and life stressors predisposing towards distinct drinking motives over time.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adolescent; Adult; Male; Alcoholism; Alcohol Drinking; Cohort Studies; Risk Factors; Motivation; Personality; Alcohol-Related Disorders; Adaptation, Psychological; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 37157052
DOI: 10.1111/add.16231 -
L'Encephale Aug 2023Empathy has gained popularity in the general population and the scientific world during the past decade. Recently, several researchers found a significant decrease in...
Empathy has gained popularity in the general population and the scientific world during the past decade. Recently, several researchers found a significant decrease in empathy scores of healthcare students (notably medical students) and recommend promoting empathy skills in several fields of education. The current paper presents a new model of the empathic process: a stenography of empathy compelling scientific data and contemporary conceptions. Indeed, we combined all pioneer researchers' conceptions of empathy (Davis, Decety, Batson, Preston & de Waal) into an integrative model. This model is centered on the empathizer (i.e., a person observing a target experiencing emotions) and displays how all empathy components are articulated, explaining the individuals' general functioning and how the process might become dysfunctional. We illustrated applications of the model with three clinical examples (i.e., burnout, psychopathy, and borderline personality disorders) to display how empathy is related to psychopathological symptoms. We believe this new dynamic and sequential model would be helpful in explaining how empathy works, which is of great interest to healthcare students, clinicians, researchers, and academics.
Topics: Humans; Empathy; Emotions; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Borderline Personality Disorder; Students, Medical
PubMed: 36775761
DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2022.12.002 -
Schizophrenia Bulletin Jan 2024Schizotypy provides a framework for understanding the developmental nature of psychotic disorders and a means of identifying "at-risk" individuals early in the lifespan....
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS
Schizotypy provides a framework for understanding the developmental nature of psychotic disorders and a means of identifying "at-risk" individuals early in the lifespan. However, there is a lack of prospective longitudinal research examining the relationship between schizotypy in childhood and later psychotic and other mental disorders. We hypothesized that distinct profiles of schizotypy in childhood would be differentially associated with psychotic and other mental disorders emerging later in adolescence.
STUDY DESIGN
In a large population cohort of Australian young people (n = 26 837), we prospectively examined the relationship between person-centered profiles of schizotypy identified in middle childhood (age ~11 years) and adolescent diagnoses (age ~13-18 years) across 7 types of mental disorders using multinomial logistic regression.
RESULTS
Membership in any of 3 childhood schizotypy profiles (true schizotypy, affective schizotypy, or introverted schizotypy) was associated with an increased likelihood of being diagnosed with any type of mental disorder in adolescence; effects were strongest for the true schizotypy group (aOR = 3.07, 95% CI = 2.64, 3.57), followed by the introverted (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.75, 2.15) and affective (aOR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.47) schizotypy groups. Six of the 7 types of mental disorders measured (including psychotic disorders) were associated with at least 1 schizotypy group.
CONCLUSIONS
Schizotypy in middle childhood is an important correlate of mental disorders in adolescence; however, it does not appear to be specifically associated with psychotic disorders in this age group.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Schizotypal Personality Disorder; Australia; Psychotic Disorders; Mental Disorders; Personality
PubMed: 37665656
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad132 -
Proceedings. Biological Sciences Mar 2024Cooperation is widespread and arguably a pivotal evolutionary force in maintaining animal societies. Yet, proximately, what underlying motivators drive individuals to...
Cooperation is widespread and arguably a pivotal evolutionary force in maintaining animal societies. Yet, proximately, what underlying motivators drive individuals to cooperate remains relatively unclear. Since 'free-riders' can exploit the benefits by cheating, selecting the right partner is paramount. Such decision rules need not be based on complex calculations and can be driven by cognitively less-demanding mechanisms, like social relationships (e.g. kinship, non-kin friendships, dyadic tolerance), social status (e.g. dominance hierarchies) and personalities (social and non-social traits); however, holistic evidence related to those mechanisms is scarce. Using the classical 'loose-string paradigm', we tested cooperative tendencies of a hierarchical primate, the long-tailed macaque (). We studied three groups ( = 21) in their social settings, allowing partner choice. We supplemented cooperation with observational and experimental data on social relationships, dominance hierarchies and personality. Friendship and dissimilarities in non-social 'exploration' and 'activity-sociability' personality traits predicted the likelihood of cooperative dyad formation. Furthermore, the magnitude of cooperative success was positively associated with friendship, low rank-distance and dissimilarity in the activity-sociability trait. Kinship did not affect cooperation. While some findings align with prior studies, the evidence of (non-social) personality heterophily promoting cooperation may deepen our understanding of the proximate mechanisms and, broadly, the evolution of cooperation.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Cooperative Behavior; Behavior, Animal; Friends; Interpersonal Relations; Personality; Primates
PubMed: 38531404
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2730 -
Journal of Personality Aug 2023We discuss how our recent neural network model of personality and motivation can explain many aspects of the regulation of behavior.
OBJECTIVE
We discuss how our recent neural network model of personality and motivation can explain many aspects of the regulation of behavior.
METHOD
Contrary to approaches that focus on a goal-corrected, set-point, and discrepancy-reducing mechanism, we argue that many aspects of regulation can be understood in terms of two other mechanisms. First, many aspects of the stability and coherence of personality, as well as the dynamics of personality, can be understood in terms of the interaction of forces within organized motivational systems, and their interaction with features of the environment and interoceptive states, that identify an individual's current needs. This has been described as a settling point or equilibrium of forces model, rather than a set-point architecture. Second, regulation has been shown to depend also on the use of predictive models of the world, either learned or innate. Such models can be thought of as feedforward models, in contrast to the feedback models characteristic of set-point, goal-corrected systems.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
We describe a neural network model of these processes that simulates the behavior over time and situations of an individual and shows how important regulatory processes can operate through a process of interactive forces and predictive models of the world.
Topics: Humans; Personality; Motivation
PubMed: 36696137
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12815 -
Psychology & Health May 2024To examine the association between personality traits, defined by the Five-Factor Model, and the initiation and termination of physical activity across adulthood. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between personality traits, defined by the Five-Factor Model, and the initiation and termination of physical activity across adulthood.
DESIGN
Longitudinal analysis of participants from nine samples (N > 28,000).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Physical activity status at follow-up.
RESULTS
A random-effect meta-analysis revealed that higher conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness were related to a higher likelihood of initiation of physical activity over time among individuals who were physically inactive at baseline and to a lower risk of termination of physical activity among those who were physically active at baseline. In contrast, higher neuroticism was associated with a lower probability of initiation of physical activity and a higher likelihood of termination over time. Although not hypothesised, agreeableness was also associated with better physical activity outcomes over time.
CONCLUSION
This study provides the largest and the longest evidence of a replicable association between personality and change in physical activity status. Personality may motivate both the initiation and termination of physical activity.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Personality; Neuroticism; Exercise; Cognition; Extraversion, Psychological; Longitudinal Studies
PubMed: 35765986
DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2022.2092866 -
Academic Medicine : Journal of the... Mar 2024Professional Identity Formation (PIF) in medicine is the gradual transformation that occurs in the process of becoming a doctor, as professional values, beliefs,...
THE WHAT
Professional Identity Formation (PIF) in medicine is the gradual transformation that occurs in the process of becoming a doctor, as professional values, beliefs, behaviors, relationships, roles, and responsibilities become integrated into an aggregate of existing identities. 1 Conceptually, this process may be considered as a trajectory of self-perceived identities that transpires between an individual's existing identity and an evolving, aspirational identity toward which the individual may strive. 2 This process is individualized, yet contextual, psychosocially grounded, and subject to lifelong deconstruction and reconstruction depending on how the person experiences, and thus responds to, events. 2.
THE SO WHAT
Faced with key transitions, conflicts, or crises, a medical student or physician may experience dissonance between their personal values and beliefs and their professional roles and expectations.1 If left unsupported (see light blue lines in graph below), this can challenge their sense of belonging or meaning, lower self-esteem or self-efficacy, or breed distress, burnout, or attrition. When recognized and supported (see dark blue line below), defining experiences can enhance tolerance for ambiguity, enable meaning-making, foster socialization into communities of learning or practice, and deepen enculturation and commitment to the profession. 2.
THE WHAT NOW
PIF is implicitly a fundamental goal of medical education, necessitating institutional support along the medical education continuum. 1-3.
Topics: Humans; Social Identification; Self Concept; Education, Medical; Socialization; Physicians
PubMed: 38015999
DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005559