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Praxis Der Kinderpsychologie Und... Mar 2024Children Create Narratives - First Experience with the Revised Sceno-2 Test The Sceno Test, created by Gerthild von Staabs, has been in use and has been useful in its...
Children Create Narratives - First Experience with the Revised Sceno-2 Test The Sceno Test, created by Gerthild von Staabs, has been in use and has been useful in its original version for more than 80 years. It has now undergone a major revision.The test will retain its relevance as a projective diagnostic procedure offering children and juveniles opportunities to design scenes and to voice narratives coming along with them. It can serve as an instrument encompassing all therapeutic approaches to explore infantile wishes, perceptions, and interpretations and can provide, as intended by Gerthild von Staabs, indications of family dynamics.The revision of the test will be discussed at great length.
Topics: Child; Humans; Projective Techniques; Narration
PubMed: 38634384
DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2024.73.3.235 -
Acta Psychologica May 2024This study explored demographic, ideological, self-rating and personality traits correlates of the Dark Tetrad (DT4) which measures Narcissism (Special),...
This study explored demographic, ideological, self-rating and personality traits correlates of the Dark Tetrad (DT4) which measures Narcissism (Special), Machiavellianism (Crafty), Psychopathy (Wild), and Sadism (Mean) traits. In total, 447 adults completed three tests: a bright-side, work-related, personality test (HPTI: High Performance Type Indicator), a dark-side test (Short Dark Tetrad) and a number of self-ratings. Correlations and regressions showed that all four dark traits were associated with low Adjustment (Neuroticism), but also with high Risk-Taking and Competitiveness (low Agreeableness). The various measures accounted for a third of the variance in explaining the Mean (Sadistic) score, and 40 % for Special (Narcissism). Trait Competitiveness was most closely associated with all four dark traits.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Machiavellianism; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Sadism; Cognition; Neuroticism; Personality
PubMed: 38502994
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104222 -
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023A paucity of cognitive and affective features of empathy can be correlated with violent behavior. We aimed to identify differences in empathy among four groups in a...
A paucity of cognitive and affective features of empathy can be correlated with violent behavior. We aimed to identify differences in empathy among four groups in a sample of 100 male participants: (1) 27 violent offenders with schizophrenia, (2) 23 nonviolent patients with schizophrenia, (3) 25 patients with antisocial personality disorder, and (4) 25 subjects from the general population, who formed the control group. Schizophrenia symptoms were quantified with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Empathy was measured with the empathy quotient. Theory of mind was evaluated using (a) the first-order false-belief task, (b) the hinting task, (c) the faux pas recognition test and (d) the "reading the mind in the eyes" test (revised). Differences noted among the groups were age (controls were younger) and educational status (antisocials were less educated). The empathy quotient scoring ( < 0.001) and theory-of-mind tests ( < 0.001) were distinct between the control group and the three other groups of participants, but not among the three patient groups. Patients with antisocial personality disorder, violent psychotic offenders and psychotic nonviolent patients show no remarkable differences in affective or cognitive empathy tests, but they all present deficits in empathy and theory of mind when compared to controls.
PubMed: 38200995
DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010089 -
Acta Psychologica Sep 2023This study explores the relationship between bright- and dark-side personality traits and four major styles of defense mechanisms (DMs) as this relationship remains...
This study explores the relationship between bright- and dark-side personality traits and four major styles of defense mechanisms (DMs) as this relationship remains unexplored and important in understanding the DMs. In all, 435 adult working participants (241 men; 194 women; Mean age 46.06 yrs) mainly in middle management jobs, completed a 78-item, six-trait measure of bright-side personality (HPTI: High Potential Type Indicator), a 25-item five-trait measure of the dark-side personality (PID-5;BF: DSM-5-Brief Form) and 88-item, four-styles measure of defense mechanisms (Defense Style Questionnaire). The aim was to examine demographic (sex, age, education), ideological and personality trait correlates of the DMs. It was hypothesized that the dark-side traits, particularly Detachment would be most strongly related to the DMs. Thereafter, a hierarchical linear regression was performed with each DM factor as criterion and predictors being demography, ideology, self-esteem as well as bright- and dark-side personality traits. Detachment was associated with all DMs, particularly Maladaptive (r = 0.68) and Image Distorting Style (r = 0.38) while Conscientiousness was associated with none. One implication concerns the assessment of DMs by standard tests. Limitations are acknowledged and include method invariance and sample homogeneity.
Topics: Adult; Male; Humans; Female; Middle Aged; Personality Disorders; Personality; Surveys and Questionnaires; Self Concept; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 37573741
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104002 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jul 2023The aim of the current study is to investigate the associations between personality traits and mental health in people with asthma and compare it with people without...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the current study is to investigate the associations between personality traits and mental health in people with asthma and compare it with people without asthma.
METHODS
Data came from UKHLS with 3929 patients with asthma with a mean age of 49.19 (S.D. = 15.23) years old (40.09 % males) and 22,889 healthy controls (42.90 % males) with a mean age of 45.60 (S.D. = 17.23) years old. First, the current study investigated the difference in Big Five personality traits and mental health between people with and without asthma using a predictive normative modeling approach with one-sample t-tests. Second, a hierarchical regression accompanied by two multiple regressions was used to determine how personality traits may relate to people with and without asthma differently.
RESULTS
The current study found asthma patients have significantly higher Neuroticism, higher Openness, lower Conscientiousness, higher Extraversion, and worse mental health. Asthma status significantly moderated the association between Neuroticism and mental health with this relationship being stronger in people with asthma. Moreover, Neuroticism was positively related to worse mental health and Conscientiousness and Extraversion were negatively associated with worse mental health in people with and without asthma. However, Openness was negatively associated with worse mental health in people without asthma but not in people with asthma.
LIMITATIONS
The limitations of the current study include cross-sectional designs, self-reported measured, and limited generalizability to other countries.
CONCLUSION
Clinicians and health professionals should use findings from the current study to come up with prevention and interaction programs that promote mental health based on personality traits in asthma patients.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Adolescent; Female; Personality; Mental Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Neuroticism; Asthma; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 37075823
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.022 -
Archives of Women's Mental Health Feb 2024Prior studies have identified that mentally healthy people tend to share common characteristics and common ways of coping with stressful life events; they show similar... (Review)
Review
Prior studies have identified that mentally healthy people tend to share common characteristics and common ways of coping with stressful life events; they show similar patterns of behavior and more flexible and adaptive social roles. The objectives of the study are to assess the influence of personality factors on gender roles and mental health, to identify personality patterns along with gender roles, and to assess the influence of the patterns identified on mental health. Data collection from a sample of 795 university students was carried out during 2019. Multilevel analyses tested the associations between gender (BSRI) and personality (TIPI) and between personality and health -mental health (GHQ12) and wellbeing (MHC-SF). Cluster analysis explored tendencies of gender and personality, and each cluster showed different health patterns. Individuals with high scores in extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, and very high agreeableness score, as well as high femininity and masculinity scores, presented a decreased psychological morbidity (β= -3.62, 0.57 (SE), p<0.001) and an increased well-being (β=7.68, 1.15 (SE), p<0.001). The most relevant indicators of mental health were identified in androgynous individuals, those individuals with high scores in masculinity and femininity, as well as high scores in extraversion, openness to experience, emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Personality; Gender Identity; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 37923930
DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01385-2 -
Brain and Behavior Nov 2023In myasthenia gravis (MG), depression and anxiety have frequently been reported as comorbidities. However, little is known about personality characteristics in MG...
INTRODUCTION
In myasthenia gravis (MG), depression and anxiety have frequently been reported as comorbidities. However, little is known about personality characteristics in MG patients. We aimed to characterise personality traits in MG and to correlate them with disease severity and disease course.
METHODS
The Big Five Inventory data questionnaire was used to investigate personality traits in 44 MG patients and 45 healthy controls similar in age and gender. In 28 MG patients, a caregiver was also available for patient assessments to limit bias associated with social desirability in patients' responses. Patients were assessed with regard to premorbid personality (before manifestation of MG) and to present condition. In addition, anxiety and depression scales (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Beck Anxiety Inventory) were applied.
RESULTS
Compared to controls, MG patients showed significantly higher levels of neuroticism, whereas openness and extraversion were significantly lower. Agreeableness and conscientiousness did not differ between groups. Neuroticism was influenced by disease severity such as generalization of weakness, presence of thymoma, and bulbar involvement as well as disease duration. Neuroticism correlated with premorbid level of neuroticism but also with depression and anxiety scores.
CONCLUSION
A personality profile of increased neuroticism and lower openness and extraversion in MG patients may contribute considerably to the perception of disease severity. It may also be related to frequent comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Although premorbid levels of neuroticism were increased, this characteristic may also increase considerably during the course of the disease. The data indicate that muscle weakness in MG is accompanied or even complicated by psychological aspects. Therefore, a psychological and behavioral intervention in addition to the specific pharmacological therapy might be of particular value.
Topics: Humans; Prospective Studies; Personality; Anxiety Disorders; Neuroticism; Myasthenia Gravis; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 37608592
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3228 -
Personality Disorders Mar 2024Personality impairment is a core feature of personality disorders in both current (i.e., , fifth edition [] personality disorders, International ,11th revision...
Personality impairment is a core feature of personality disorders in both current (i.e., , fifth edition [] personality disorders, International ,11th revision personality disorders) and emerging (i.e., s alternative model of personality disorders) models of psychopathology. Yet, despite its importance within clinical nosology, attempts to identify its optimal lower-order structure have yielded inconsistent findings. Given its presence in diagnostic models, it is important to better understand its empirical structure across a variety of instantiations. To the degree that impairment is multifaceted, various factors may have different nomological networks and varied implications for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. Therefore, participants were recruited from two large public universities in the present preregistered study ( = 574) to explore the construct's structure with exploratory "bass-ackward" factor analyses at the item level. Participants completed over 250 items from six commonly used measures of personality dysfunction. Criterion variables in its nomological network were also collected (e.g., general and pathological personality traits, internalizing/externalizing behavior, and personality disorders) using both self- and informant-reports. These factor analyses identified four lower-order facets of impairment (i.e., negative self-regard, disagreeableness, intimacy problems, and lack of direction), all of which showed moderate to strong overlap with traits from both general and pathological models of personality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Personality Inventory; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Personality Disorders; Personality; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
PubMed: 38095995
DOI: 10.1037/per0000648 -
PeerJ 2023Morningness (morning-eveningness preference or chronotypes) and personality can be both associated with well-being, but few studies have directly compared these two...
BACKGROUND
Morningness (morning-eveningness preference or chronotypes) and personality can be both associated with well-being, but few studies have directly compared these two constructs as correlates of well-being. Thus, the first purpose of this study was to test the effects of interactions between stable personality traits (temperaments) and morningness on well-being. Furthermore, personality factors are often composed of both stable biological factors (temperament) and socio-cultural factors (character), and little is known about personality interplay of temperament and character factors with respect to morningness and well-being. The second purpose of this study was therefore to examine the sequential mediating effects of temperament and character factors on the relationship between morningness and well-being.
METHODS
The Composite Scale of Morningness, the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised Short Version (TCI-RS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were used to measure morningness, personality dimensions, and well-being, respectively, in 287 Korean university students. Moderating and sequentially mediating effects of temperament and character traits were determined using Hayes' PROCESS macro in SPSS after controlling for sex and age.
RESULTS
First, novelty-seeking (NS) and persistence (PS) temperaments have demonstrated the moderating effect in the association between morningness and well-being. The positive effects of morningness on life satisfaction increased with lower NS and PS, respectively. However, other temperaments such as harm avoidance (HA) and reward dependence (RD) have not shown the moderation in the relationship between morningness on well-being. Second, HA temperament and self-directedness (SD) character sequentially mediated the relationship between morningness and well-being. The combination of low scores of HA and high scores of SD have shown the positive effect on the relationship between morningness and well-being.
DISCUSSION
This study demonstrated that both the interactions between temperaments and morningness, and combination of specific TCI-RS temperament and character traits play important roles in influencing the association between morningness and well-being. The significance of the mature SD character and its implications for well-being are discussed with limitation of the present study.
Topics: Humans; Personality Inventory; Personality; Personality Disorders; Temperament; Character
PubMed: 37583915
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15861