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IUCrData Jul 2023The title compound, CHNO, crystallizes with ' = 2 in space group 2 with the two independent mol-ecules having almost the same conformation, differing mostly at the end...
The title compound, CHNO, crystallizes with ' = 2 in space group 2 with the two independent mol-ecules having almost the same conformation, differing mostly at the end of the butanamide chain. A local inversion center near 1/8, 3/4, relates the two mol-ecules, as is common for structures in this space group with ' = 2. The mol-ecule crystallizes as the keto tautomer, and the β-diketone moieties are twisted out of planarity, with O-C⋯C-O pseudo torsion angles of -74.4 (5) and -83.9 (5)°. The N-H group of each independent mol-ecule donates an inter-molecular hydrogen bond to an amide carbonyl oxygen atom by positive or negative translations along the axis, thus forming anti-parallel chains propagating in the [010] direction.
PubMed: 37937129
DOI: 10.1107/S2414314623005655 -
Microorganisms Jul 2023Phenacetin, an antipyretic and analgesic drug, poses a serious health risk to both humans and aquatic organisms, which is of concern since this micropollutant is...
Phenacetin, an antipyretic and analgesic drug, poses a serious health risk to both humans and aquatic organisms, which is of concern since this micropollutant is frequently detected in various aquatic environments. However, rare pure bacterial cultures have been reported to degrade phenacetin. Therefore, in this study, the novel phenacetin-degrading strain PNT-23 was isolated from municipal wastewater and identified as a sp. based on its morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolated strain could completely degrade 100 mg/L phenacetin at an inoculum concentration of OD 1.5 within 80 h, utilizing the micropollutant as its sole carbon source for growth. Strain PNT-23 exhibited optimal growth in LB medium at 37 °C and a pH of 7.0 with 1% NaCl, while the optimal degradation conditions in minimal medium were 30 °C and a pH of 7.0 with 1% NaCl. Two key intermediates were identified during phenacetin biodegradation by the strain PNT-23: N-acetyl-4-aminophenol and 4-aminophenol. This study provides novel insights into the biodegradation of phenacetin using a pure bacterium culture, expands the known substrate spectra of strains and presents a potential new candidate for the microbial removal of phenacetin in a diverse range of environments.
PubMed: 37630522
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081962 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2024Phenacetin (PNCT) belongs to one of the earliest synthetic antipyretics. However, impact of PNCT on nitrifying microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants and its...
Phenacetin (PNCT) belongs to one of the earliest synthetic antipyretics. However, impact of PNCT on nitrifying microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants and its potential microbial mechanism was still unclear. In this study, PN could be initiated within six days by PNCT anaerobic soaking treatment (8 mg/L). In order to improve the stable performance of PN, 21 times of PNCT aerobic soaking treatment every three days was conducted and PN was stabilized for 191 days. After PN was damaged, ten times of PNCT aerobic soaking treatment every three days was conducted and PN was recovered after once soaking, maintained over 88 days. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria might change the dominant oligotype to gradually adjust to PNCT, and the increase of abundance and activity of Nitrosomonas promoted the initiation of PN. For nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), the increase of Candidatus Nitrotoga and Nitrospira destroyed PN, but PN could be recovered after once aerobic soaking illustrating NOB was not resistant to PNCT. KEGG and COG analysis suggested PNCT might disrupt rTCA cycle of Nitrospira, resulting in the decrease of relative abundance of Nitrospira. Moreover, PNCT did not lead to the sharp increase of absolute abundances of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and the risk of ARGs transmission was negligible.
Topics: Nitrification; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Phenacetin; Wastewater; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Bacteria
PubMed: 38744392
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173190 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the thermodynamic properties of 3-and 4-ethoxyacetanilides. The heat capacities in crystalline, liquid, and supercooled...
In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the thermodynamic properties of 3-and 4-ethoxyacetanilides. The heat capacities in crystalline, liquid, and supercooled liquid states from 80 to 475 K were obtained using adiabatic, differential scanning (DSC), and fast scanning (FSC) calorimetries. The fusion enthalpies at were combined from DSC measurement results and the literature data. The fusion enthalpies at 298.15 K were evaluated in two independent ways: adjusted according to Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry, and using Hess' law. For the latter approach, the enthalpies of the solution in DMF in crystalline and supercooled liquid states were derived. The values obtained by the two methods are consistent with each other. The standard thermodynamic functions (entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs energy) between 80 and 470 K were calculated.
PubMed: 37894506
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207027 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023Lekethromycin (LKMS) is a synthetic macrolide compound derivative intended for use as a veterinary medicine. Since there have been no in vitro studies evaluating its...
Lekethromycin (LKMS) is a synthetic macrolide compound derivative intended for use as a veterinary medicine. Since there have been no in vitro studies evaluating its potential for drug-drug interactions related to cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, the effect of the inhibitory mechanisms of LKMS on CYP450 enzymes is still unclear. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of LKMS on dog CYP450 enzymes. A cocktail approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of LKMS on canine CYP450 enzymes. Typical probe substrates of phenacetin, coumarin, bupropion, tolbutamide, dextromethorphan, chlorzoxazone, and testosterone were used for CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4, respectively. This study showed that LKMS might not be a time-dependent inhibitor. LKMS inhibited CYP2A6, CYP2B6, and CYP2D6 via mixed inhibition. LKMS exhibited mixed-type inhibition against the activity of CYP2A6 with an inhibition constant (K) value of 135.6 μΜ. LKMS inhibited CYP2B6 in a mixed way, with K values of 59.44 μM. A phenotyping study based on an inhibition assay indicated that CYP2D6 contributes to the biotransformation of LKMS. A mixed inhibition of CYP2D6 with K values of 64.87 μM was also observed. Given that this study was performed in vitro, further in vivo studies should be conducted to identify the interaction between LKMS and canine CYP450 enzymes to provide data support for the clinical application of LKMS and the avoidance of adverse interactions between other drugs.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Chromatography, Liquid; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; Microsomes, Liver; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Liver
PubMed: 37894672
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207193 -
Biomedical Chromatography : BMC Jul 2024A simple and reliable HPLC-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method was developed and validated for the quantification of pritelivir in the samples of medium from the experiments...
A simple and reliable HPLC-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method was developed and validated for the quantification of pritelivir in the samples of medium from the experiments utilizing the ex vivo technique of dual perfusion of the human placental lobule. Phenacetin was used as an internal standard (IS) in our HPLC-UV method. Chromatographic separation of pritelivir and phenacetin was achieved on a Waters Symmetry C HPLC column (100 × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) at ambient temperature (22-25°C). The mobile phase was composed of 50% methanol in deionized water (v/v), the flow rate for isocratic elution was established at 0.25 mL/min, and the detection wavelength for pritelivir and IS was set at 254 nm. Pritelivir and IS were extracted with the protein precipitation method using methanol as a solvent. The calibration curve for pritelivir exhibited linearity (r > 0.99) within the concentration range from 0.155 to 6.62 μg/mL. Within- and between-day accuracy ranged from 97% to 110% with relative standard deviation (RSD) values not exceeding 10%. The extraction recovery of pritelivir and IS ranged from 89% to 91% with RSD not exceeding 7%. Pritelivir was stable under the storage and sample handling conditions. This validated HPLC-UV method was utilized to quantify pritelivir in the placental perfusion medium samples, and the resulting concentrations were authenticated with incurred sample reanalysis to confirm the reliability of the method.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Placenta; Female; Pregnancy; Reproducibility of Results; Linear Models; Limit of Detection; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Perfusion; Sulfonamides
PubMed: 38727008
DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5888 -
Heliyon May 2024Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a secondary headache disorder that leads to pronounced disability and decreased quality of life. Available therapeutic options for...
BACKGROUND
Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a secondary headache disorder that leads to pronounced disability and decreased quality of life. Available therapeutic options for MOH are limited, and many are only effective in a subset of individuals. Although the existing evidence is limited, acupuncture may be an effective treatment option for MOH.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 45-year-old Chinese woman presented to the Medical Acupuncture Department of Sanming Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital on April 11, 2022. Thirty-five years ago, she had episodic migraines. The frequency increased over time, however, and for the past 10 years she has had daily headaches. These headaches were characterized by daily persistent throbbing pain on the left side of the patient's head, accompanied by photophobia, phonophobia, neck stiffness, dizziness, and fatigue. Without painkillers, the patient rated her headache intensity as 9 out of 10 on a visual analog scale (0 = no pain, 10 = intolerable pain), and reported that the headaches lasted for up to 7 days or more. With painkillers, the headaches had a reduced intensity (5 of 10), but persisted. The patient had taken 1-3.5 compound aminopyrine phenacetin tablets daily for more than 5 years. Standard conservative therapy (patient education, medication withdrawal, and behavioral intervention) for MOH had failed to improve her symptoms. Before her visit, the patient had headache and engaged in short-term medication use on 30 days per month. The total monthly headache intensity score was 90. The patient's Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ) score was 33 points, her Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score was 24 points, and her Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) score was 20 points.
RESULTS
After 48 acupuncture sessions over 24 weeks, the patient completely discontinued short-term analgesic use and the monthly number of headache days and headache intensity score were both reduced by 96.67 % (from 30 to 1 and 90 to 3, respectively), with no adverse effect. Compared with baseline, the MSQ, HAMD, and HAMA scores improved by 45, 17, and 16 points, respectively. At 12 months, the patient's condition remained stable and her MOH had not relapsed.
CONCLUSION
In the context of the current literature and the present case, electroacupuncture shows promise for the long-term relief of chronic migraine with MOH when other treatments fail.
PubMed: 38720738
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30417 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Acetaminophen (CHNO, also called paracetamol) is an active metabolite of phenacetin with antipyretic and analgesic effects and has been extensively used as a painkiller....
Acetaminophen (CHNO, also called paracetamol) is an active metabolite of phenacetin with antipyretic and analgesic effects and has been extensively used as a painkiller. Currently, the problem of pharmaceuticals in water and sewage is common, especially in highly urbanized countries. Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out using an adsorbent-granulated activated carbon (WD-extra)-to remove acetaminophen (ACT) from water. The initial concentration of acetaminophen was 20 mg ACT/dm. The adsorption kinetics, influence of the pH on adsorption and dose of the used adsorbent were determined under batch conditions. The adsorption of ACT on activated carbon was more efficient when the water solution was acidic (at pH 2, it was the most effective). The highest percentage of removal (99%) was obtained for the WD-extra dose of 10.0 g/dm. The time taken to establish the dynamic equilibrium of the system was 60 min. The effectiveness of adsorption was determined based on the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. It was found that WD-extra activated carbon effectively removed ACT from water solutions.
PubMed: 38255599
DOI: 10.3390/ma17020431 -
Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition Oct 2023Suberosin is a natural phytoconstituent isolated from Citropsis articulata, especially employed for its anticoagulant properties. Although metabolic studies assessing...
Suberosin is a natural phytoconstituent isolated from Citropsis articulata, especially employed for its anticoagulant properties. Although metabolic studies assessing suberosin have been conducted, it is possible interactions with drugs and food have not yet been investigated. In the present study, we analyzed the selective inhibitory effects of suberosin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes using a cocktail probe assay. Various concentrations of suberosin (0-50 μM) were incubated with isoform-specific CYP probes in human liver microsomes (HLMs). We found that suberosin significantly inhibited CYP1A2-catalyzed phenacetin O-deethylation, exhibiting IC values of 9.39 ± 2.05 and 3.07 ± 0.45 μM with and without preincubation in the presence of β-NADPH, respectively. Moreover, suberosin showed concentration-dependent, but not time-dependent, CYP1A2 inhibition in HLMs, indicating that suberosin acts as a substrate and reversible CYP1A2 inhibitor. Using a Lineweaver-Burk plot, we found that suberosin competitively inhibited CYP1A2-catalyzed phenacetin O-deethylation. Furthermore, suberosin showed similar inhibitory effects on recombinant human CYP1A1 and 1A2. In conclusion, suberosin may elicit herb-drug interactions by selectively inhibiting CYP1A2 during the concurrent administration of drugs that act as CYP1A2 substrates.
Topics: Humans; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; Microsomes, Liver; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Phenacetin; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
PubMed: 37448189
DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2370