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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aug 2023The recovery of organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) from aqueous solutions is imperative considering their agricultural and environmental implications. Among various...
The recovery of organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) from aqueous solutions is imperative considering their agricultural and environmental implications. Among various mitigation approaches used for OPPs' removal, adsorption offers many advantageous features for OPPs abatement owing to its benign nature, cost-effective processing, and non-requirement of excessive equipment. This research describes the adsorptive removal of three organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) namely chlorpyrifos (CPF), methyl parathion (MP), and malathion (MAL) by HKUST-1 (HKUST = Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) metal-organic framework (MOF). The synthesis of HKUST-1 MOFs was confirmed by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The adsorption kinetics was systematically investigated by varying three parameters to include solution pH, contact time, and initial pesticide concentration. Among all the three pesticides, HKUST-1 showed enhanced removal of CPF in terms of pH, resulting in an adsorption capacity of 1.82 mg·g. However, under the effect of contact time at 60 min, the adsorption capacity of HKUST-1 for PM, MAL, and CPF were computed to be 1.83, 1.79, and 0.44 mg·g, respectively. Besides, HKUST-1 showed a remarkable performance towards adsorptive removal of MAL (14.01 mg·g at 10 mg·L concentration) with linear increase in adsorption capacity as the function of initial pesticide concentration. The MOFs were also able to retain ca. 50% of their adsorption efficiency over the course of five cycles of adsorptive removal of CP. In the future, a comprehensive data table showing the performance of various MOFs against various OPPs can be constructed on the basis of parameters used in this study.
Topics: Metal-Organic Frameworks; Adsorption; Environmental Monitoring; Insecticides; Chlorpyrifos; Malathion; Pesticides; Organophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 37592149
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11662-3 -
The Journal of Pharmacology and... Jan 2024Children are much more susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of organophosphate (OP) pesticides and nerve agents than adults. OP poisoning in children leads to acute...
Children are much more susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of organophosphate (OP) pesticides and nerve agents than adults. OP poisoning in children leads to acute seizures and neuropsychiatric sequela, including the development of long-term disabilities and cognitive impairments. Despite these risks, there are few chronic rodent models that use pediatric OP exposure for studying neurodevelopmental consequences and interventions. Here, we investigated the protective effect of the neurosteroid ganaxolone (GX) on the long-term developmental impact of neonatal exposure to the OP compound, diisopropyl-fluorophosphate (DFP). Pediatric postnatal day-28 rats were acutely exposed to DFP, and at 3 and 10 months after exposure, they were evaluated using a series of cognitive and behavioral tests with or without the postexposure treatment of GX. Analysis of the neuropathology was performed after 10 months. DFP-exposed animals displayed significant long-term deficits in mood, anxiety, depression, and aggressive traits. In spatial and nonspatial cognitive tests, they displayed striking impairments in learning and memory. Analysis of brain sections showed significant loss of neuronal nuclei antigen(+) principal neurons, parvalbumin(+) inhibitory interneurons, and neurogenesis, along with increased astrogliosis, microglial neuroinflammation, and mossy fiber sprouting. These detrimental neuropathological changes are consistent with behavioral dysfunctions. In the neurosteroid GX-treated cohort, behavioral and cognitive deficits were significantly reduced and were associated with strong protection against long-term neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In conclusion, this pediatric model replicates the salient features of children exposed to OPs, and the protective outcomes from neurosteroid intervention support the viability of developing this strategy for mitigating the long-term effects of acute OP exposure in children. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: An estimated 3 million organophosphate exposures occur annually worldwide, with children comprising over 30% of all victims. Our understanding of the neurodevelopmental consequences in children exposed to organophosphates is limited. Here, we investigated the long-term impact of neonatal exposure to diisopropyl-fluorophosphate in pediatric rats. Neurosteroid treatment protected against major deficits in behavior and memory and was well correlated with neuropathological changes. Overall, this pediatric model is helpful to screen novel therapies to mitigate long-term developmental deficits of organophosphate exposure.
Topics: Humans; Child; Rats; Animals; Organophosphates; Neurosteroids; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Organophosphorus Compounds; Brain; Isoflurophate; Fluorides; Phosphates
PubMed: 37863488
DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001763 -
Parasites & Vectors Dec 2023Taiwan's warm and humid climate and dense population provide a suitable environment for the breeding of pests. The three major urban insects in Taiwan are house flies,...
BACKGROUND
Taiwan's warm and humid climate and dense population provide a suitable environment for the breeding of pests. The three major urban insects in Taiwan are house flies, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. In cases where a disease outbreak or high pest density necessitates chemical control, selecting the most effective insecticide is crucial. The resistance of pests to the selected environmental insecticide must be rapidly assessed to achieve effective chemical control and reduce environmental pollution.
METHODS
In this study, we evaluated the resistance of various pests, namely, house flies (Musca domestica L.), cockroaches (Blattella germanica L. and Periplaneta americana), and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus) against 10 commonly used insecticides. Rapid insecticide resistance bioassays were performed using discriminating doses or concentrations of the active ingredients of insecticides.
RESULTS
Five field strains of M. domestica (L.) are resistant to all 10 commonly used insecticides and exhibit cross- and multiple resistance to four types of pyrethroids and three types of organophosphates, propoxur, fipronil, and imidacloprid. None of the five field strains of P. americana are resistant to any of the tested insecticides, and only one strain of B. germanica (L.) is resistant to permethrin. One strain of Ae. albopictus is resistant to pirimiphos-methyl, whereas five strains of Ae. aegypti exhibit multiple resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, and other insecticides.
CONCLUSIONS
In the event of a disease outbreak or high pest density, rapid insecticide resistance bioassays may be performed using discriminating doses or concentrations to achieve precise and effective chemical control, reduce environmental pollution, and increase control efficacy.
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Insecticide Resistance; Taiwan; Pyrethrins; Aedes; Cockroaches; Organophosphates; Biological Assay
PubMed: 38042818
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06055-x -
International Journal of Hygiene and... Aug 2023Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. Laboratory evidence has suggested that maternal OPFR exposure may...
BACKGROUND
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. Laboratory evidence has suggested that maternal OPFR exposure may adversely affect fetal growth, but the epidemiological data are limited.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the association of maternal OPFR exposure with neonatal anthropometric measures.
METHODS
This study included 354 mother-newborn pairs from the Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort (LWBC), China. Ten OPFR metabolites were measured in maternal urine samples collected before delivery. Neonatal anthropometric data was collected from medical records and standardized into z-scores using the WHO standards (2007), including the weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), body mass index-for-age (BMIZ), weight-for-length (WLZ), and head circumference-for-age z-score (HCZ). Multiple linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to estimate the associations of individual OPFR metabolites and their mixtures with neonatal anthropometrics, respectively. Stratified analysis by sex was performed.
RESULTS
The detection rates of BCEP, DPHP, BCIPP, BDCIPP, BBOEP, DnBP and DiBP were above 60%, with median concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 3.60 μg/g creatinine. Most OPFR metabolites (i.e., BCIPP, BDCIPP, DiBP, DnBP, or BBOEP) were associated with decreased offspring WAZ and HCZ. When using WQS analysis, the OPFR metabolite mixture was inversely associated with the WAZ, BMIZ and HCZ, whereas DnBP had the highest weights. After stratified by gender, the negative associations were more pronounced among males.
CONCLUSIONS
Maternal OPFR exposure was negatively associated with offspring WAZ, BMIZ, and HCZ, and males seemed to be more vulnerable to the developmental toxicity of certain OPFRs.
Topics: Male; Infant, Newborn; Female; Humans; Maternal Exposure; Flame Retardants; Organophosphates
PubMed: 37516025
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114216 -
Environmental Research May 2024Plant uptake, accumulation, and transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) play vital roles in their geochemical cycles and exposure risks. Here we reviewed the... (Review)
Review
Plant uptake, accumulation, and transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) play vital roles in their geochemical cycles and exposure risks. Here we reviewed the recent research advances in OPEs in plants. The mean OPE concentrations based on dry/wet/lipid weight varied in 4.80-3,620/0.287-26.8/12,000-315,000 ng g in field plants, and generally showed positive correlations with those in plant habitats. OPEs with short-chain substituents and high hydrophilicity, particularly the commonly used chlorinated OPEs, showed dominance in most plant samples, whereas some tree barks, fruits, seeds, and roots demonstrated dominance of hydrophobic OPEs. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic OPEs can enter plants via root and foliar uptake, and the former pathway is mainly passively mediated by various membrane proteins. After entry, different OPEs undergo diverse subcellular distributions and acropetal/basipetal/intergenerational translocations, depending on their physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic OPEs mainly exist in cell sap and show strong transferability, hydrophobic OPEs demonstrate dominant distributions in cell wall and limited migrations owing to the interception of Casparian strips and cell wall. Additionally, plant species, transpiration capacity, growth stages, commensal microorganisms, and habitats also affect OPE uptake and transfer in plants. OPE metabolites derived from various Phase I transformations and Phase II conjugations are increasingly identified in plants, and hydrolysis and hydroxylation are the most common metabolic processes. The metabolisms and products of OPEs are closely associated with their structures and degradation resistance and plant species. In contrast, plant-derived food consumption contributes considerably to the total dietary intakes of OPEs by human, particularly the cereals, and merits specifical attention. Based on the current research limitations, we proposed the research perspectives regarding OPEs in plants, with the emphases on their behavior and fate in field plants, interactions with plant-related microorganisms, multiple uptake pathways and mechanisms, and comprehensive screening analysis and risk evaluation.
Topics: Humans; Plants; Esters; Organophosphates; Environmental Pollutants
PubMed: 38346481
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118431 -
Chemosphere Oct 2023Silicone wristbands were utilized as personal passive samplers in a sub-cohort of 92 women, who participated in New York University Children's Health and Environment...
Silicone wristbands were utilized as personal passive samplers in a sub-cohort of 92 women, who participated in New York University Children's Health and Environment Study, to assess exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Wristbands were analyzed for 77 SVOCs, including halogenated and non-halogenated organophosphate esters (OPEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, phthalates, and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (e.g. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)). This study aimed to look for patterns in chemical exposure utilizing participant demographics gathered from a questionnaire, and chemical exposure data across multiple timepoints during pregnancy. Analysis focused on 27 compounds detected in at least 80% of the wristbands examined. The chemicals detected most frequently included two pesticides, eight phthalates, one phthalate alternative, seven BFRs, and nine OPEs, including isopropylated and tert-butylated triarylphosphate esters (ITPs and TBPPs). Co-exposure to different SVOCs was most prominent in compounds that were within the same chemical class or were used in similar consumer applications such as phthalates and OPEs, which are often used as plasticizers. Pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with multiple compounds, and there were both positive and negative associations between women's parity and SVOC exposure. Outdoor temperature was not correlated with the wristband concentrations over a five-day sampling period. Lastly, significant and moderately high Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) (0.66-0.84) values for phthalate measurementsacross pregnancy indicate chronic exposure and suggest that using wristbands during one sampling period may reliably predict exposure. However, multiple sampling periods may be necessary to accurately determine indoor exposure to other SVOCs including OPEs and BFRs.
Topics: Child; Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Silicones; Environmental Monitoring; Volatile Organic Compounds; Organophosphates; Pesticides; Flame Retardants; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; Esters
PubMed: 37567263
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139778 -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology Aug 2023Organophosphate (OP)-induced delayed neurological damage is attributed to permanent neuropathological lesions caused by irreversible OP-neurocyte interactions, without...
BACKGROUND
Organophosphate (OP)-induced delayed neurological damage is attributed to permanent neuropathological lesions caused by irreversible OP-neurocyte interactions, without potent brain-targeted etiological antidotes to date. The development of alternative therapies to achieve intracerebral OP detoxification is urgently needed.
METHODS
We designed a brain-targeted nanoreactor by integrating enzyme immobilization and biomimetic membrane camouflaging protocols with careful characterization, and then examined its blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability both in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, the oxidative stress parameters, neuroinflammatory factors, apoptotic proteins and histopathological changes were measured and neurobehavioral tests were performed.
RESULTS
The well-characterized nanoreactors exerted favourable BBB penetration capability both in vitro and in vivo, significantly inhibiting OP-induced intracerebral damage. At the cellular and tissue levels, nanoreactors obviously blocked oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, inflammatory reactions and brain histopathological damage. Furthermore, nanoreactors radically prevented the occurrence of OP-induced delayed cognitive deficits and psychiatric abnormality.
CONCLUSION
The nanoreactors significantly prevented the development of OP-induced delayed neurological damage, suggesting a potential brain-targeted etiological strategy to attenuate OP-related delayed neurological and neurobehavioral disorders.
Topics: Humans; Organophosphates; Organophosphate Poisoning; Brain; Antidotes; Nanotechnology
PubMed: 37550745
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02039-2 -
Environment International Nov 2023Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) increases the risk of asthma and allergies. However, little is known about its association with type...
Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers is positively associated with wheeze and FeNO and eosinophil levels among school-aged children: The Hokkaido study.
Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) increases the risk of asthma and allergies. However, little is known about its association with type 2 inflammation (T2) biomarkers used in the management of allergies. The study investigated associations among urinary PFR metabolite concentrations, allergic symptoms, and T2 biomarkers. The data and samples were collected between 2017 and 2020, including school children (n = 427) aged 9-12 years living in Sapporo City, Japan, among the participants of "The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health." Thirteen urinary PFR metabolites were measured by LC-MS/MS. Allergic symptoms were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. For T2 biomarkers, the peripheral blood eosinophil counts, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide level (FeNO), and serum total immunoglobulin E level were measured. Multiple logistic regression analysis, quantile-based g-computation (qg-computation), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to examine the associations between the health outcomes of the individual PFRs and the PFR mixtures. The highest concentration of PFR was Σtris(1-chloro-isopropyl) phosphates (ΣTCIPP) (Median:1.20 nmol/L). Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) was significantly associated with a high odds ratio (OR, 95%CI:1.36, 1.07-1.72) for wheeze. TDCIPP (OR, 95%CI:1.19, 1.02-1.38), Σtriphenyl phosphate (ΣTPHP) (OR, 95%CI:1.81, 1.40-2.37), and Σtris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (ΣTBOEP) (OR, 95%:1.40, 1.13-1.74) were significantly associated with increased odds of FeNO (≥35 ppb). ΣTPHP (OR, 95%CI:1.44, 1.15-1.83) was significantly associated with high eosinophil counts (≥300/μL). For the PFR mixtures, a one-quartile increase in all PFRs (OR, 95%CI:1.48, 1.18-1.86) was significantly associated with high FeNO (≥35 ppb) in the qg-computation model. The PFR mixture was positively associated with high FeNO (≥35 ppb) and eosinophil counts (≥300/μL) in the BKMR models. These results may suggest that exposure to PFRs increases the probability of asthma, allergies, and T2 inflammation.
Topics: Humans; Child; Flame Retardants; Plasticizers; Eosinophils; Chromatography, Liquid; Bayes Theorem; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Organophosphates; Phosphates; Hypersensitivity; Asthma; Inflammation; Respiratory Sounds; Biomarkers; Nitric Oxide
PubMed: 37897874
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108278 -
Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing... Mar 2024The environmental pollution and health hazards caused by the extensive use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have become a problem of wide concern around the... (Review)
Review
The environmental pollution and health hazards caused by the extensive use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have become a problem of wide concern around the world. As a typical OPFR, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) can be detected in water, atmosphere, soil and other environmental media. It widely exists in production and life and can accumulate in organisms, causing great risks the ecosystem and human health. This paper reviews the research of EHDPP domestically and abroad, and summarizes the physicochemical properties of EHDPP and the population situation of occupational exposure, environmental exposure, and population exposure in recent years. Besides, it summarizes the toxic effects and mechanisms of EHDPP, including acute toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and carcinogenesis effects. This paper also proposes the future direction of toxicity and health risks of EHDPP, which provides a theoretical basis for further research on environmental hazards and safety evaluation of EHDPP.
Topics: Humans; Phosphates; Organophosphates; Organophosphorus Compounds; Flame Retardants; Ecosystem; Occupational Exposure; Biphenyl Compounds
PubMed: 38538247
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20230119-00019 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Jul 2023Micropollutants such as pesticides and the prediction of water quality in aquatic environments have been known as a serious risk to the environment and human health. The...
Micropollutants such as pesticides and the prediction of water quality in aquatic environments have been known as a serious risk to the environment and human health. The pollution level of six pesticides-three organochlorines (OCPs: aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin) and three organophosphates (OPPs: diazinon, malathion, and azinphosmethyl)- in water, sediment, and fish samples was examined in the Miankaleh wetland, Iran. Water quality, including dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, temperature, and physicochemical properties of sediments, was analyzed. Low concentrations of OCPs (0.70 ± 0.01 μg/L) and OPPs (1.31 ± 0.1 μg/L) were observed in water. In contrast, OCPs and OPPs were not detected in sediment and fish samples in the Miankaleh wetland. Low concentrations of OCPs and OPPs in water and no pesticide concentrations in sediment and fish samples indicate low contamination of the aquatic environment in Miankaleh. The results of this study could be used as an effective reference for policy makers in the field of water resource management.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Wetlands; Iran; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Environmental Monitoring; Pesticides; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Insecticides; Organophosphates; Geologic Sediments
PubMed: 37267870
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115097