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Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &... Nov 2023Infrared radiation (IR) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light (VL) and microwaves, with wavelengths between 700 nm and 1 mm. Humans... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Infrared radiation (IR) is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light (VL) and microwaves, with wavelengths between 700 nm and 1 mm. Humans are mainly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) and IR through the sun. Unlike UVR which is well known for its carcinogenic properties, the relationship between IR and skin health has not been as extensively studied; as such, we gather the available published evidence here to better elucidate this relationship.
METHODS
Several databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Embase were searched for articles relating to infrared radiation and the skin. Articles were selected for their relevance and novelty.
RESULTS
Detrimental effects such as thermal burns, photocarcinogenesis, and photoaging have been reported, though evidence suggests that these may be due to the thermal effects produced secondary to IR exposure rather than the isolated effect of IR. There are currently no chemical or physical filters specifically available for protection against IR, and existing compounds are not known to have IR-filtering capacity. Interestingly, IR may have some photoprotective properties against the carcinogenic effects of UVR. Furthermore, IR has been used with encouraging results in skin rejuvenation, wound healing, and hair restoration when given at an appropriate therapeutic dose.
CONCLUSION
A better understanding of the current landscape of research surrounding IR can help illuminate its effects on the skin and highlight areas for further research. Here, we review relevant data on IR to assess its deleterious and beneficial effects on human skin, along with possible means for IR photoprotection.
Topics: Humans; Skin; Infrared Rays; Ultraviolet Rays; Skin Diseases; Wound Healing
PubMed: 37431693
DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12899 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Feb 2024Photobiomodulation (PBM), previously known as low-level laser light therapy, represents a non-invasive form of phototherapy that utilizes wavelengths in the red light... (Review)
Review
Photobiomodulation (PBM), previously known as low-level laser light therapy, represents a non-invasive form of phototherapy that utilizes wavelengths in the red light (RL, 620-700 nm) portion of the visible light (VL, 400-700 nm) spectrum and the near-infrared (NIR, 700-1440 nm) spectrum. PBM is a promising and increasingly used therapy for the treatment of various dermatologic and non-dermatologic conditions. Photons from RL and NIR are absorbed by endogenous photoreceptors including mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase (COX). Activation of COX leads to the following changes: modulation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alterations in intracellular calcium levels. The associated modulation of ATP, ROS and calcium levels promotes the activation of various signaling pathways (e.g., insulin-like growth factors, phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways), which contribute to downstream effects on cellular proliferation, migration and differentiation. Effective PBM therapy is dependent on treatment parameters (e.g., fluence, treatment duration and output power). PBM is generally well-tolerated and safe with erythema being the most common and self-limiting adverse cutaneous effect.
PubMed: 38309304
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.10.073 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Myopia is an abnormal vision condition characterized by difficulties in seeing distant objects. Myopia has become a public health issue not only in Asian countries but...
Myopia is an abnormal vision condition characterized by difficulties in seeing distant objects. Myopia has become a public health issue not only in Asian countries but also in Western countries. Previously, we found that violet light (VL, 360-400 nm wavelength) exposure effectively suppressed myopia progression in experimental chick and mice models of myopia. The inhibitory effects of VL on myopia progression are reduced in retina-specific opsin 5 (Opn5) knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, VL exposure upregulated early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression in the chorioretinal tissues of chicks. However, the expression of EGR-1 and role of OPN5 in mice following VL exposure remain unclear. In this study, we examined whether VL exposure-induced EGR-1 upregulation depends on Opn5 expression in the mouse retina. EGR-1 mRNA and protein expressions increased in the mouse retina and mouse retinal 661W cells following VL exposure. These increases were consistently reduced in retina specific Opn5 conditional KO mice and Opn5 KO 661W cells. Our results suggest that OPN5 mediates VL-induced EGR-1 upregulation in mice. These molecular targets could be considered for the prevention and treatment of myopia.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Membrane Proteins; Mice, Knockout; Myopia; Neurons; Opsins; Retina
PubMed: 37857760
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44983-x -
Eye and Vision (London, England) Nov 2023Recent studies have indicated a strong correlation between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and myopia and that eyedrops containing the ER stress inducer tunicamycin...
BACKGROUND
Recent studies have indicated a strong correlation between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and myopia and that eyedrops containing the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (Tm) can induce myopic changes in C57BL/6 J mice. Therefore, this study aimed to create a new myopia model using Tm eyedrops and to explore the mechanism of ER stress-mediated myopia development.
METHODS
Three-week-old C57BL/6 J mice were treated with different concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) and/or number of applications (zero, one, three, and seven) of Tm eyedrops. Refraction and axial length (AL) were measured before and one week after Tm treatment. Scleral collagen alterations were evaluated under polarised light after picrosirius red staining. ER stress-related indicators, such as the expression of collagen I and cleaved collagen were detected using Western blotting.
RESULTS
Compared with the control group, mice administered eyedrops with 50 μg/mL Tm only once showed the greatest myopic shifts in refraction and AL elongation and reduced scleral expression of collagen I. Picrosirius red staining showed a lower percentage of bundled collagen in the Tm group. Expression of ER-stress indicators increased in the Tm groups. Furthermore, optimised administration of Tm induced matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) expression in the sclera, which plays a major role in collagen degradation.
CONCLUSIONS
We have demonstrated that ER stress in the sclera is involved in myopia progression. Tm eyedrops induced myopic changes, loosening of the scleral collagen and decreased expression of collagen I. This process may be associated with ER stress in the sclera, which upregulates the expression of MMP2 leading to collagen degradation.
PubMed: 37907982
DOI: 10.1186/s40662-023-00361-2 -
IScience Oct 2023Photoreception requires amplification by mammalian rhodopsin through G protein activation, which requires a visual cycle. To achieve this in retinal gene therapy, we...
Photoreception requires amplification by mammalian rhodopsin through G protein activation, which requires a visual cycle. To achieve this in retinal gene therapy, we incorporated human rhodopsin cytoplasmic loops into rhodopsin, thereby generating and human chimeric rhodopsin (GHCR). In a murine model of inherited retinal degeneration, we induced retinal GHCR expression by intravitreal injection of a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector. Retinal explant and visual thalamus electrophysiological recordings, behavioral tests, and histological analysis showed that GHCR restored dim-environment vision and prevented the progression of retinal degeneration. Thus, GHCR may be a potent clinical tool for the treatment of retinal disorders.
PubMed: 37720108
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107716 -
Photochemistry and Photobiology 2023The translation of photodynamic effects into clinical practice is a complex process that involves the pharmacokinetics of photosensitizing agents, light dosimetry and...
The translation of photodynamic effects into clinical practice is a complex process that involves the pharmacokinetics of photosensitizing agents, light dosimetry and oxygenation levels. But even the 'translation' of basic photobiology into meaningful preclinical information can be challenging. Some thoughts on directions for progress in clinical trials are suggested.
Topics: Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Photobiology
PubMed: 36862007
DOI: 10.1111/php.13797 -
Graefe's Archive For Clinical and... Mar 2024The burden of ocular diseases has been gradually increasing worldwide. Various factors are suggested for the development and progression of ocular diseases, such as... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The burden of ocular diseases has been gradually increasing worldwide. Various factors are suggested for the development and progression of ocular diseases, such as ocular inflammation, oxidative stress, and complex metabolic dysregulation. Thus, managing ocular diseases requires the modulation of pathologic signaling pathways through many mechanisms. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a bioactive molecule naturally found in life forms. NMN is a direct precursor of the important molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an essential co-enzyme required for enormous cellular functions in most life forms. While the recent experimental evidence of NMN treatment in various metabolic diseases has been well-reviewed, NMN treatment in ocular diseases has not been comprehensively summarized yet. In this regard, we aimed to focus on the therapeutic roles of NMN treatment in various ocular diseases with recent advances.
METHODS
How we came to our current opinion with a recent summary was described based on our own recent reports as well as a search of the related literature.
RESULTS
We found that NMN treatment might be available for the prevention of and protection from various experimental ocular diseases, as NMN treatment modulated ocular inflammation, oxidative stress, and complex metabolic dysregulation in murine models for eye diseases such as ischemic retinopathy, corneal defect, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration.
CONCLUSION
Our current review suggests and discusses new modes of actions of NMN for the prevention of and protection from various ocular diseases and can urge future research to obtain more solid evidence on a potential future NMN treatment in ocular diseases at the preclinical stages.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Nicotinamide Mononucleotide; Eye; Glaucoma; Macular Degeneration; Inflammation
PubMed: 37335334
DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06118-w -
Photochemistry and Photobiology 2024
PubMed: 38225762
DOI: 10.1111/php.13900 -
Science China. Life Sciences Oct 2023
Topics: Light; China
PubMed: 37046106
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2331-3 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) tends to damage key cellular machinery. Cells may adapt by developing several defence mechanisms as a response to such damage; otherwise,... (Review)
Review
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) tends to damage key cellular machinery. Cells may adapt by developing several defence mechanisms as a response to such damage; otherwise, their destiny is cell death. Since cyanobacteria are primary biotic components and also important biomass producers, any drastic effects caused by UVR may imbalance the entire ecosystem. Cyanobacteria are exposed to UVR in their natural habitats. This exposure can cause oxidative stress which affects cellular morphology and vital processes such as cell growth and differentiation, pigmentation, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, and enzyme activity, as well as alterations in the native structure of biomolecules such as proteins and DNA. The high resilience and several mitigation strategies adopted by a cyanobacterial community in the face of UV stress are attributed to the activation of several photo/dark repair mechanisms, avoidance, scavenging, screening, antioxidant systems, and the biosynthesis of UV photoprotectants, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), scytonemin (Scy), carotenoids, and polyamines. This knowledge can be used to develop new strategies for protecting other organisms from the harmful effects of UVR. The review critically reports the latest updates on various resilience and defence mechanisms employed by cyanobacteria to withstand UV-stressed environments. In addition, recent developments in the field of the molecular biology of UV-absorbing compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids and scytonemin and the possible role of programmed cell death, signal perception, and transduction under UVR stress are discussed.
Topics: Ultraviolet Rays; Ecosystem; Amino Acids; Cyanobacteria
PubMed: 37569755
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512381