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Dermatologic Clinics Jul 2023Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin disease that disproportionately affects skin of color patients. African American, Asian, and Hispanic patients... (Review)
Review
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin disease that disproportionately affects skin of color patients. African American, Asian, and Hispanic patients carry disproportionate disease burdens, with increased prevalence, disease severity, and health care utilization. AD has a unique clinical presentation in skin of color patients, often with greater extensor involvement, dyspigmentation, and papular and lichenified presentations. Erythema is also more difficult to appreciate and can result in an underappreciation of disease severity in skin of color patients. In this review, we highlight the important manifestations of AD across all skin types, including nuances in treatment.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Atopic; Erythema; Skin; Skin Pigmentation; Ethnic and Racial Minorities
PubMed: 37236711
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2023.02.003 -
Dermatologic Surgery : Official... Aug 2023There has been a significant increase in submissions to scientific journals addressing a broad spectrum of medical and surgical conditions in subjects grouped under the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
There has been a significant increase in submissions to scientific journals addressing a broad spectrum of medical and surgical conditions in subjects grouped under the classification of "Skin of Color." Authors, reviewers, and editors have struggled with accurate terminology.
OBJECTIVE
To update the Fitzpatrick scale to make it more accurate in stratifying various shades of skin color.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A thorough literature review was performed using PubMed and Embase to assess existing skin color scales, and an extensive internet search was conducted using makeup foundation ranges as a starting point for skin tone matching.
RESULTS
The research resulted in a consensus that Fitzpatrick types 4 and 5 ratings were the most confusing in that these included a broad range of skin types with different responses to solar radiation, lasers, surgery, and cosmetic products. The authors reached a consensus that subdividing skin types 4 and 5 into "A" and "B" better defined them. The new scale that resulted was labeled the SCE scale (for Skin Color Ethnicity).
CONCLUSION
This new updated SCE scale should assist authors in better reporting scientific data in skin of color.
Topics: Humans; Skin Pigmentation; Ethnicity; Skin
PubMed: 37523593
DOI: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000003860 -
Forensic Science International. Genetics Jul 2023Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP) comprises the prediction of a person's externally visible characteristics regarding appearance, biogeographic ancestry and age from DNA of... (Review)
Review
Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP) comprises the prediction of a person's externally visible characteristics regarding appearance, biogeographic ancestry and age from DNA of crime scene samples, to provide investigative leads to help find unknown perpetrators that cannot be identified with forensic STR-profiling. In recent years, FDP has advanced considerably in all of its three components, which we summarize in this review article. Appearance prediction from DNA has broadened beyond eye, hair and skin color to additionally comprise other traits such as eyebrow color, freckles, hair structure, hair loss in men, and tall stature. Biogeographic ancestry inference from DNA has progressed from continental ancestry to sub-continental ancestry detection and the resolving of co-ancestry patterns in genetically admixed individuals. Age estimation from DNA has widened beyond blood to more somatic tissues such as saliva and bones as well as new markers and tools for semen. Technological progress has allowed forensically suitable DNA technology with largely increased multiplex capacity for the simultaneous analysis of hundreds of DNA predictors with targeted massively parallel sequencing (MPS). Forensically validated MPS-based FDP tools for predicting from crime scene DNA i) several appearance traits, ii) multi-regional ancestry, iii) several appearance traits together with multi-regional ancestry, and iv) age from different tissue types, are already available. Despite recent advances that will likely increase the impact of FDP in criminal casework in the near future, moving reliable appearance, ancestry and age prediction from crime scene DNA to the level of detail and accuracy police investigators may desire, requires further intensified scientific research together with technical developments and forensic validations as well as the necessary funding.
Topics: Humans; Forensic Genetics; Phenotype; DNA; Forensic Medicine; Skin Pigmentation; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Eye Color
PubMed: 37084623
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102870 -
International Journal of Biological... 2023Hair graying is a common and visible sign of aging resulting from decreased or absence of melanogenesis. Although it has been established that gray hair greatly impacts... (Review)
Review
Hair graying is a common and visible sign of aging resulting from decreased or absence of melanogenesis. Although it has been established that gray hair greatly impacts people's mental health and social life, there is no effective countermeasure other than hair dyes. It has long been thought that reversal of gray hair on a large scale is rare. However, a recent study reported that individual gray hair darkening is a common phenomenon, suggesting the possibility of large-scale reversal of gray hair. In this article, we summarize the regulation mechanism of melanogenesis and review existing cases of hair repigmentation caused by several factors, including monoclonal antibodies drugs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), immunomodulators, other drugs, micro-injury, and tumors, and speculate on the mechanisms behind them. This review offers some insights for further research into the modulation of melanogenesis and presents a novel perspective on the development of clinical therapies, with emphasis on topical treatments.
Topics: Humans; Hair; Hair Color; Hair Follicle; Melanocytes; Pigmentation; Administration, Topical; Mental Health
PubMed: 37781032
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.86911 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Feb 2024Melasma is a chronic hypermelanosis of the skin that affects approximately 1% of the global population, predominantly affects women, and is more prevalent in skin of...
BACKGROUND
Melasma is a chronic hypermelanosis of the skin that affects approximately 1% of the global population, predominantly affects women, and is more prevalent in skin of color. Melasma is a common driver for patients with skin of color to seek out a dermatologist for treatment, and ensuring the right approach for these patients is important because some treatments may be associated with adverse side effects. Because of the chronicity of the disease and established psychosocial and emotional impacts, there is a large need to ensure care follows the best available evidence on the treatment of patients with melasma.
OBJECTIVE
Here, we summarized current available topical treatments for melasma with considerations dermatologists should have for their patients with skin of color.
METHODS
Steering committee consensus on clinical best practices.
RESULTS
We describe a flexible and focused treatment algorithm that reflects both treatment and maintenance periods that is a consensus of our extensive clinical experience.
LIMITATIONS
Use of real-world evidence and potential for individual practice bias.
CONCLUSION
Melasma can be challenging to treat, particularly in patients with skin of color, and our recommendations for best practices for patients in the United States are an important step toward standardizing care.
Topics: Humans; Female; Tretinoin; Fluocinolone Acetonide; Skin Pigmentation; Hydroquinones; Melanosis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 37748556
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.07.1045 -
Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research Nov 2023Understanding individuals' skin pigmentation and photosensitivity is important in judging risk of skin cancer and response to certain treatment modalities. However,... (Review)
Review
Understanding individuals' skin pigmentation and photosensitivity is important in judging risk of skin cancer and response to certain treatment modalities. However, individuals with darkly pigmented skin are poorly represented in the widely used Fitzpatrick skin phototype (FST) system. Moreover, the FST system is prone to misuse, as it relies on subjective patient and clinician assessment of skin type, and does not clearly differentiate pigmentation from photosensitivity. By evaluating the key literature surrounding the FST system, its criticisms and proposed alternatives, this review serves to understand how skin phototype classification can be optimised.
Topics: Humans; Skin; Photosensitivity Disorders; Skin Pigmentation; Skin Neoplasms; Pigmentation Disorders
PubMed: 37550876
DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13110 -
Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research Mar 2024The human red hair color (RHC) trait is caused by increased pheomelanin (red-yellow) and reduced eumelanin (black-brown) pigment in skin and hair due to diminished...
The human red hair color (RHC) trait is caused by increased pheomelanin (red-yellow) and reduced eumelanin (black-brown) pigment in skin and hair due to diminished melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) function. In addition, individuals harboring the RHC trait are predisposed to melanoma development. While MC1R variants have been established as causative of RHC and are a well-defined risk factor for melanoma, it remains unclear mechanistically why decreased MC1R signaling alters pigmentation and increases melanoma susceptibility. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of melanocytes isolated from RHC mouse models to define a MC1R-inhibited Gene Signature (MiGS) comprising a large set of previously unidentified genes which may be implicated in melanogenesis and oncogenic transformation. We show that one of the candidate MiGS genes, TBX3, a well-known anti-senescence transcription factor implicated in melanoma progression, binds both E-box and T-box elements to regulate genes associated with melanogenesis and senescence bypass. Our results provide key insights into further mechanisms by which melanocytes with reduced MC1R signaling may regulate pigmentation and offer new candidates of study toward understanding how individuals with the RHC phenotype are predisposed to melanoma.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Humans; Melanoma; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1; Melanocytes; Pigmentation; Gene Expression Regulation; Hair Color
PubMed: 37972124
DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13141 -
Dermatologic Clinics Jul 2023Pediatric dermatoses can present at birth or develop over time. When managing dermatology conditions in children, caregiver involvement is important. Patients may have... (Review)
Review
Pediatric dermatoses can present at birth or develop over time. When managing dermatology conditions in children, caregiver involvement is important. Patients may have lesions that need to be monitored or need assistance with therapeutic administration. The following section provides a subset of pediatric dermatoses and notable points for presentation in skin of color patients. Providers need to be able to recognize dermatology conditions in patients of varying skin tones and provide therapies that address the condition and any associated pigmentary alterations.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Child; Hyperpigmentation; Skin; Skin Pigmentation
PubMed: 37236717
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2023.02.014 -
Cutis Mar 2024
Topics: Humans; Skin Pigmentation
PubMed: 38648586
DOI: 10.12788/cutis.0972 -
Indian Pediatrics Apr 2024
Topics: Animals; Humans; Pigmentation; Heteroptera
PubMed: 38419280
DOI: No ID Found