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The Journal of Clinical Pediatric... Sep 2023Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are the preferred restoration of pediatric dentists for children requiring a pediatric dental rehabilitation due to their low cost and...
Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are the preferred restoration of pediatric dentists for children requiring a pediatric dental rehabilitation due to their low cost and durability. Despite low technique sensitivity SSC placement can be challenging in some clinical situations including when placed on primary canines. Primary canines restored with SSCs often result in premature contacts and posterior open bite making acquiring an "as the patient presented" (ATPP) occlusion difficult when providing a pediatric dental rehabilitation. Opening of the posterior occlusion due to premature canine contact in a dental rehabilitation is often viewed as unavoidable. This technique article describes a simple method to address this clinical situation and reviews basic principles and techniques for placing SSCs.
Topics: Child; Humans; Dentists; Open Bite
PubMed: 37732429
DOI: 10.22514/jocpd.2023.047 -
Perspectives in Public Health Oct 2023The aim of this research was to map available healthy planning frameworks to discover the range, composition, design, and implementation of healthy planning frameworks. (Review)
Review
AIMS
The aim of this research was to map available healthy planning frameworks to discover the range, composition, design, and implementation of healthy planning frameworks.
METHODS
A systematic scoping review with date, location, and usability limitations was augmented by a grey literature search. Data were extracted on key details, design, outcomes considered, and implementation features of the final 61 frameworks.
RESULTS
Data extracted indicated that most frameworks tend to focus on one element of the built environment, with active mobility, active environments, and transport being the most prevalent ones (34%). Most frameworks (40) stated their intended outcomes on health in general terms, rather than targeting specific health outcomes. Very few frameworks (12%) were aimed at the public, and only 11% of frameworks included an evaluation.
CONCLUSIONS
While there are a wide variety and number of frameworks available in the field of healthy urban planning, they are generally siloed, focusing on highly specific individual urban determinants, and rarely consider health outcomes in detail. There is significantly less provision available for citizen and community use. Frameworks tend to offer limited updating mechanisms and very rarely include ongoing evaluation processes, making their success difficult to assess.
PubMed: 37905945
DOI: 10.1177/17579139231205494 -
American Journal of Community Psychology Jun 2024Place attachment at neighborhood places can facilitate social ties and community belonging, reduce social isolation and improve physical and mental health outcomes....
Place attachment at neighborhood places can facilitate social ties and community belonging, reduce social isolation and improve physical and mental health outcomes. Research highlights the benefits of place attachment at traditional third places such as cafes and parks but is yet to examine place attachment across a broader suite of highly frequented neighborhood places. Drawing on survey data from a sample of Australian residents (N = 892) with a median age of 55-64 years, this study examines the influence of place form and function on place attachment at everyday places. Findings reveal that places where individuals go to participate in specific and unique activities (e.g., exercise at a gym, prayer at a temple) alongside a defined group of other community members, such as places of worship or gyms, engender stronger place attachment than places of economic consumption, such as large shops and cafes. This is important in its capacity to inform neighborhood planning and policies to reduce risk of social isolation.
Topics: Humans; Middle Aged; Female; Male; Residence Characteristics; Australia; Adult; Aged; Surveys and Questionnaires; Social Isolation
PubMed: 37975207
DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12722 -
JAMA Pediatrics Aug 2023Despite strong evidence linking place and obesity risk, the extent to which this link is causal or reflects sorting into places is unclear.
IMPORTANCE
Despite strong evidence linking place and obesity risk, the extent to which this link is causal or reflects sorting into places is unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of place with adolescents' obesity and explore potential causal pathways, such as shared environments and social contagion.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This natural experiment study used the periodic reassignment of US military servicemembers to installations as a source of exogenous variation in exposure to difference places to estimate the association between place and obesity risk. The study analyzed data from the Military Teenagers Environments, Exercise, and Nutrition Study, a cohort of adolescents in military families recruited from 2013 through 2014 from 12 large military installations in the US and followed up until 2018. Individual fixed-effects models were estimated that examined whether adolescents' exposure to increasingly obesogenic places over time was associated with increases in body mass index (BMI) and probability of overweight or obesity. These data were analyzed from October 15, 2021, through March 10, 2023.
EXPOSURE
Adult obesity rate in military parent's assigned installation county was used as a summary measure of all place-specific obesogenic influences.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Outcomes were BMI, overweight or obesity (BMI in the 85th percentile or higher), and obesity (BMI in the 95th percentile or higher). Time at installation residence and off installation residence were moderators capturing the degree of exposure to the county. County-level measures of food access, physical activity opportunities, and socioeconomic characteristics captured shared environments.
RESULTS
A cohort of 970 adolescents had a baseline mean age of 13.7 years and 512 were male (52.8%). A 5 percentage point-increase over time in the county obesity rate was associated with a 0.19 increase in adolescents' BMI (95% CI, 0.02-0.37) and a 0.02-unit increase in their probability of obesity (95% CI, 0-0.04). Shared environments did not explain these associations. These associations were stronger for adolescents with time at installation of 2 years or longer vs less than 2 years for BMI (0.359 vs. 0.046; P value for difference in association = .02) and for probability of overweight or obesity (0.058 vs. 0.007; P value for difference association = .02), and for adolescents who lived off installation vs on installation for BMI (0.414 vs. -0.025; P value for association = .01) and for probability of obesity (0.033 vs. -0.007; P value for association = .02).
CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
In this study, the link between place and adolescents' obesity risk is not explained by selection or shared environments. The study findings suggest social contagion as a potential causal pathway.
Topics: Adult; Adolescent; Humans; Male; Female; Pediatric Obesity; Overweight; Body Mass Index; Socioeconomic Factors; Military Personnel
PubMed: 37273213
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.1329 -
Sociology of Health & Illness Jul 2023The pandemic has heightened anxieties, impacted mental health and threatened to create an overwhelming sense of existential dread. We recognise the material ways in...
The pandemic has heightened anxieties, impacted mental health and threatened to create an overwhelming sense of existential dread. We recognise the material ways in which disabled people have been differentially impacted by Covid-19 and make a case for understanding the affective dimensions of the pandemic. We develop a theoretical approach - cutting across medical sociology and critical disability studies - that understands affect as a social, cultural, relational and psychopolitical phenomenon. We introduce a public engagement project that took place in March and April of 2020 that garnered blogspots from around the world to capture the pandemic's impact on the lives of disabled people. Our data analysis reveals three key affective themes: fragility, anxiety and affirmation. To understand the emotional impacts of Covid-19 upon the lives of disabled people we embed critical analyses of affect in the dual processes of disablism and ableism: the dis/ability complex. We conclude by considering how we might conceive of a post-pandemic recovery that places the health and well-being of disabled people at the centre of proceedings.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Pandemics; Emotions; Mental Health; Sociology, Medical
PubMed: 35652519
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13483 -
JAMA Network Open Oct 2023Secondhand smoke is a substantial risk factor for youth health globally, including in Japan, where tobacco control policies should be reassessed.
IMPORTANCE
Secondhand smoke is a substantial risk factor for youth health globally, including in Japan, where tobacco control policies should be reassessed.
OBJECTIVE
To assess trends in the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among Japanese adolescents from 2008 to 2017 and to examine the association between its frequency and smoking during the study period.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This study comprised a nationally representative, self-administered, school-based, cross-sectional survey focusing on tobacco and alcohol use and related factors among students in grades 7 to 12 (ages 12-18 years) in Japan. This random sampling survey used single-stage cluster sampling. Using the national school directory, junior and senior high schools throughout Japan were randomly extracted from each regional block. All students enrolled in the sampled schools were included as participants, and school-based surveys were completed in 2008, 2012, and 2017. Data analysis was performed from January 1 to March 15, 2023.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among adolescents in Japan from 2008 to 2017 and changes in the association between secondhand smoke exposure frequency and prevalence of smoking were examined using multiple logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Data were analyzed for 95 680 adolescents in 2008 (50.7% boys), 100 050 in 2012 (51.6% boys), and 64 152 in 2017 (53.9% boys). At baseline, 42.0%, 38.5%, and 34.6% of the participants were junior high school students in 2008, 2012, and 2017, respectively. Based on the 2008 surveys, 51.0% of adolescents in grades 7 to 12 were exposed to secondhand smoke in any place (≥1 day during the past 7 days), 37.2% were exposed at home, and 36.5% were exposed in public places. In 2017, 36.3% of participants were exposed to secondhand smoke in any place, 23.8% were exposed at home, and 27.0% were exposed in public places. An association between secondhand smoke exposure frequency and prevalence of smoking was observed consistently regardless of survey year, location, or pattern of exposure (adjusted odds ratios ranged from 2.29 [95% CI, 1.81-2.91] for 1-2 days at home to 11.15 [95% CI, 8.50-14.62] for 7 days in public places). Stratified analysis by higher education intention indicated that the prevalence of smoking and secondhand smoke exposure decreased but remained higher among adolescents who did not intend to pursue higher education. The association between secondhand smoke and smoking did not differ substantially between groups.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among adolescents in Japan decreased but remained at high levels overall. There may not be a hazard-free threshold for smoking. Enhancing comprehensive tobacco control strategies is Japan's first step toward achieving smoke-free environments to protect youths. Implementation and verification of the effectiveness of smoke-free legislation should be considered.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adolescent; Female; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prevalence; Surveys and Questionnaires; Smoking
PubMed: 37862017
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.38166 -
Psychiatria Danubina Oct 2023Human beings constantly narrate reality. They narrate themselves, to themselves and to others. They narrate each other and narrate humanity. They narrate the world and... (Review)
Review
Human beings constantly narrate reality. They narrate themselves, to themselves and to others. They narrate each other and narrate humanity. They narrate the world and nature. They narrate meaning, the meaning of life and things. This article aims to explore this phenomenon of "narrating". Through a narrative review, we will attempt to gather elements of reflection on narrative, considered here as the ability to narrate, it means to represent oneself, to put meaning. Firstly, we will focus on how cognition, interpretation, and culture allow Homo Sapiens to narrate reality to himself. Then, we will explore why they do it and discover the evolutionary advantages of language, of sharing experiences between individuals through the phenomenon of cumulative cultural evolution, and how narrative facilitates the species' access to these advantages. Finally, we will delve into the clinical implications of narrative, discussing therapeutic interviews, therapy, and psychopathology. Narratives and pre-linguistic mental representations appear to have driven the Homo genus to develop cognitive abilities that enable the development of language and the sophistication of narratives as a cultural medium. Through language, Homo sapiens share their narratives and develop a cumulative common culture. Each individual's culture seems to be constructed in dialectic with this shared culture through narratives. This dialectic gives rise to psychopathological processes while also producing therapeutic leverage. Understanding the mechanisms of co-construction of these narratives is essential in clinical research in mental health. Furthermore, placing narratives in the perspective of an essential evolutionary strategy in the Homo genus solidifies the significance of the narrative faculty in the biological functioning of Homo sapiens, and so the importance of narratives in mental health.
Topics: Humans; Narration; Language; Cognition
PubMed: 37800198
DOI: No ID Found