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Current Pain and Headache Reports Feb 2024To review the diagnosis of vestibular migraine (VM) and update the clinician on the most recent developments in our understanding of its pathophysiology and treatment. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To review the diagnosis of vestibular migraine (VM) and update the clinician on the most recent developments in our understanding of its pathophysiology and treatment.
RECENT FINDINGS
Functional imaging studies have identified multiple regions of the brain with abnormal activity and connectivity in VM. There is evidence of abnormal sensory processing and integration in VM patients. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has also been found to play a role in trigeminal and vestibular nucleus pathways. Research into treatment modalities has identified several neuromodulation devices that may be effective in VM. There are a growing number of evidence-based preventive options for VM, including medications that target CGRP. VM is best understood as a sensory processing disorder. CGRP appears to play a role, and further research is needed to fully understand its effects. Treatment options are expanding, but there is still a need for more randomly controlled trials in this area.
Topics: Humans; Vestibular Diseases; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Vertigo; Migraine Disorders; Brain
PubMed: 37889468
DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01182-7 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Oct 2023Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most critical effector cells of innate immunity and the most abundant tumor-infiltrating immune cells. They play a key role... (Review)
Review
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most critical effector cells of innate immunity and the most abundant tumor-infiltrating immune cells. They play a key role in the clearance of apoptotic bodies, regulation of inflammation, and tissue repair to maintain homeostasis in vivo. With the progression of triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC), TAMs are "subverted" from tumor-promoting immune cells to tumor-promoting immune suppressor cells, which play a significant role in tumor development and are considered potential targets for cancer therapy. Here, we explored how macrophages, as the most important part of the TNBC ecosystem, are "subverted" to drive cancer evolution and the uniqueness of TAMs in TNBC progression and metastasis. Similarly, we discuss the rationale and available evidence for TAMs as potential targets for TNBC therapy.
Topics: Humans; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Ecosystem; Macrophages; Tumor-Associated Macrophages; Immunity, Innate
PubMed: 37660651
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115414 -
Practical Neurology Aug 2023Neuro-oncology is a branch of medical science concerned with managing central nervous system tumours and neurological complications of cancer. Patients with brain... (Review)
Review
Neuro-oncology is a branch of medical science concerned with managing central nervous system tumours and neurological complications of cancer. Patients with brain tumours need a multidisciplinary approach to their care and neurologists can play a key part within that team. This review shows how neurologists can contribute to the care of patients with neuro-oncological disease at various points during the illness, including at initial diagnosis, during symptom management and at end of life assisting with palliative seizure management. The review focuses on brain tumour-related epilepsy, the complications of brain tumour treatments and the neurological complications of systemic cancer treatments including immunotherapies.
Topics: Humans; Neurologists; Brain Neoplasms; Epilepsy; Palliative Care; Seizures
PubMed: 37019612
DOI: 10.1136/pn-2022-003665 -
Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology Apr 2024The management of any injury in elite athletes poses unique challenges distinct from the general population because the goal is rapid recovery and return to play (RTP)... (Review)
Review
The management of any injury in elite athletes poses unique challenges distinct from the general population because the goal is rapid recovery and return to play (RTP) while simultaneously managing residual symptoms and minimizing risk of reinjury. The time required for treatment, recovery, and return to peak performance can have consequences for both the athlete and his or her team: financial implications, psychological stressors, team dynamics, and future performance. RTP after an injury in the professional athlete requires a complex decision-making process with many stakeholders. Several factors influence this decision, not the least of which is the type and mechanism of injury. This article provides an overview of the RTP process including nonmedical factors that may influence this decision, common injuries seen in professional athletes, injury patterns particular to certain popular sports, and imaging guidelines for such injuries.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Athletes; Athletic Injuries; Forecasting; Return to Sport; Sports
PubMed: 38484763
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1778028 -
Heliyon Sep 2023Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by damage resulting in dysfunction of the spinal cord. Hydrogels are common biomaterials that play an important role in the... (Review)
Review
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by damage resulting in dysfunction of the spinal cord. Hydrogels are common biomaterials that play an important role in the treatment of SCI. Hydrogels are biocompatible, and some have electrical conductivity that are compatible with spinal cord tissues. Hydrogels have a high drug-carrying capacity, allowing them to be used for SCI treatment through the loading of various types of active substances, drugs, or cells. We first discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the human spinal cord and briefly discuss SCI and its treatment. Then, we describe different treatment strategies for SCI. We further discuss the crosslinking methods and classification of hydrogels and detail hydrogel biomaterials prepared using different processing methods for the treatment of SCI. Finally, we analyze the future applications and limitations of hydrogels for SCI. The development of biomaterials opens up new possibilities and options for the treatment of SCI. Thus, our findings will inspire scholars in related fields and promote the development of hydrogel therapy for SCI.
PubMed: 37809859
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19933 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Recurrent glioma treatment is challenging due to molecular heterogeneity and treatment resistance commonly observed in these tumors. Researchers are actively pursuing... (Review)
Review
Recurrent glioma treatment is challenging due to molecular heterogeneity and treatment resistance commonly observed in these tumors. Researchers are actively pursuing new therapeutic strategies. Oncolytic viruses have emerged as a promising option. Oncolytic viruses selectively replicate within tumor cells, destroying them and stimulating the immune system for an enhanced anticancer response. Among Oncolytic viruses investigated for recurrent gliomas, oncolytic herpes simplex virus and oncolytic adenovirus show notable potential. Genetic modifications play a crucial role in optimizing their therapeutic efficacy. Different generations of replicative conditioned oncolytic human adenovirus and oncolytic HSV have been developed, incorporating specific modifications to enhance tumor selectivity, replication efficiency, and immune activation. This review article summarizes these genetic modifications, offering insights into the underlying mechanisms of Oncolytic viruses' therapy. It also aims to identify strategies for further enhancing the therapeutic benefits of Oncolytic viruses. However, it is important to acknowledge that additional research and clinical trials are necessary to establish the safety, efficacy, and optimal utilization of Oncolytic viruses in treating recurrent glioblastoma.
Topics: Humans; Simplexvirus; Adenoviridae; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Glioma; Oncolytic Viruses; Adenoviridae Infections
PubMed: 38022620
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285113 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Macrophages are the main component of the tumor microenvironment, which are differentiated from monocytes in the blood and play an important role in cancer development.... (Review)
Review
Macrophages are the main component of the tumor microenvironment, which are differentiated from monocytes in the blood and play an important role in cancer development. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can promote tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anti-programmed death receptor 1 therapy by regulating programmed cell death ligand 1 expression and interacting with other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, when activated properly, macrophages can also play an anti-tumor role by enhancing the phagocytosis and cytotoxicity of tumor cells. TAM is associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance in patients treated with immunotherapy, indicating that macrophages are attractive targets for combined therapy in cancer treatment. Combination of targeting TAMs and immunotherapy overcomes the drug resistance and achieved excellent results in some cancers, which may be a promising strategy for cancer treatment in the future. Herein, we review the recent findings on the role of macrophages in tumor development, metastasis, and immunotherapy. We focus mainly on macrophage≥centered therapy, including strategies to deplete and reprogram TAMs, which represent the potential targets for improving tumor immunotherapy efficacy.
Topics: Humans; Macrophages; Neoplasms; Immunotherapy; Phagocytosis; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 38605951
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1381225 -
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Dec 2023Large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a natural P2X7 receptor activator, are released during colorectal carcinogenesis. P2X7 receptor activation regulates the... (Review)
Review
Large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a natural P2X7 receptor activator, are released during colorectal carcinogenesis. P2X7 receptor activation regulates the activity of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells by mediating intracellular signal transduction. Importantly, the opening and activation of membrane pores of P2X7 receptor are different, which can play a dual role in promoting or inhibiting the progression of CRC. These can also depend on P2X7 receptor to regulate the activities of immune cells in the microenvironment, play the functions of immune regulation, immune escape and immune monitoring. While the use of P2X7 receptor antagonists (such as BBG, A438079 and A740003) can play a certain inhibitory pharmacological role on the activity of CRC. Therefore, in this paper, the mechanism and immunomodulatory function of P2X7 receptor involved in the progression of CRC were discussed. Moreover, we discussed the effect of antagonizing the activity of P2X7 receptor on the progression of CRC. So P2X7 receptor may be a new pharmacological molecular target for the treatment of CRC.
Topics: Humans; Adenosine Triphosphate; Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; Ion Channels; Signal Transduction; Purinergic P2X Receptor Antagonists; Colorectal Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37857146
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115877 -
Journal of Renal Nutrition : the... Mar 2024
Topics: Humans; Nutritionists; Nutrition Therapy; Nutritional Status; Kidney; Dietetics
PubMed: 38373524
DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2024.02.001 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2023Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, nano-sized particles of bilayer lipid structure secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. They contain a series of cargos from... (Review)
Review
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, nano-sized particles of bilayer lipid structure secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. They contain a series of cargos from bacteria and are important messengers for communication between bacteria and their environment. OMVs play multiple roles in bacterial survival and adaptation and can affect host physiological functions and disease development by acting on host cell membranes and altering host cell signaling pathways. This paper summarizes the mechanisms of OMV genesis and the multiple roles of OMVs in the tumor microenvironment. Also, this paper discusses the prospects of OMVs for a wide range of applications in drug delivery, tumor diagnosis, and therapy.
Topics: Humans; Bacterial Outer Membrane; Extracellular Vesicles; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37442066
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115120