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World Journal of Gastroenterology Oct 2023Small extracellular vesicles (exosomes) are important components of the tumor microenvironment. They are small membrane-bound vesicles derived from almost all cell types... (Review)
Review
Small extracellular vesicles (exosomes) are important components of the tumor microenvironment. They are small membrane-bound vesicles derived from almost all cell types and play an important role in intercellular communication. Exosomes transmit biological molecules obtained from parent cells, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and are involved in cancer development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the most abundant contents in exosomes, are selectively packaged into exosomes to carry out their biological functions. Recent studies have revealed that exosome-delivered miRNAs play crucial roles in the tumorigenesis, progression, and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In addition, exosomes have great industrial prospects in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with HCC. This review summarized the composition and function of exosomal miRNAs of different cell origins in HCC and highlighted the association between exosomal miRNAs from stromal cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and the progression of HCC. Finally, we described the potential applicability of exosomal miRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of HCC.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; MicroRNAs; Liver Neoplasms; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37900996
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i39.5435 -
Pediatric Annals Feb 2024Concussion is a form of traumatic brain injury that occurs commonly in pediatric patients. One group at higher risk for concussion is adolescent and teenage athletes....
Concussion is a form of traumatic brain injury that occurs commonly in pediatric patients. One group at higher risk for concussion is adolescent and teenage athletes. Athletes may sustain one or more concussions throughout their athletic careers, and these injuries may lead to significant morbidities for children. Although most concussion symptoms will resolve in less than 1 month, there is a subset of patients for whom symptoms may persist. Given the increased interest in preventing long-term sequelae related to concussion, legislation has been passed across the United States that aims to identify concussion promptly and remove participants from play after an injury has occurred. Care and treatment for concussion is evolving, with newer recommendations stating that complete or extreme rest may be unnecessary during the recovery period. Pediatricians and those who interact with young athletes should be aware of the guidelines surrounding return-to-play and return-to-learn in their geographic area of practice. .
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Child; United States; Athletic Injuries; Brain Concussion; Sports; Athletes; Learning
PubMed: 38302124
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20240117-01 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2023Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases, widely present in natural organisms, catalyze bidirectional amino transfer between branched-chain amino acids and... (Review)
Review
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases, widely present in natural organisms, catalyze bidirectional amino transfer between branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain α-ketoacids in cells. Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases play an important role in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. In this paper, the interspecific evolution and biological characteristics of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases are introduced, the related research of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases in animals, plants, microorganisms and humans is summarized and the molecular mechanism of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase is analyzed. It has been found that branched-chain amino acid metabolism disorders are closely related to various diseases in humans and animals and plants, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, brain diseases, neurological diseases and cancer. In particular, branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases play an important role in the development of various tumors. Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases have been used as potential targets for various cancers. This article reviews the research on branched-chain amino acid aminotransferases, aiming to provide a reference for clinical research on targeted therapy for various diseases and different cancers.
PubMed: 38028625
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1233669 -
International Urology and Nephrology Apr 2024Fabry Disease (FD) is a genetic disease caused by a deficiency in the activity of lysosomal galactosidase A (α-GalA), an enzyme responsible for the catabolism of... (Review)
Review
Fabry Disease (FD) is a genetic disease caused by a deficiency in the activity of lysosomal galactosidase A (α-GalA), an enzyme responsible for the catabolism of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Since lysosomes are present throughout the body and play a crucial role in catabolism and recycling of cytosolic compounds, FD can affect multiple organs and result in various symptoms, including renal, cardiovascular, neurological, cutaneous, and ophthalmic manifestations. Due to the nonspecific symptoms and the rarity of FD, it is often diagnosed late in life. However, introducing targeted therapies such as enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and chaperone therapy has significantly improved FD's natural history and prognosis by restoring α-GalA enzyme activity. Despite the advancements, there are limitations to the currently available therapies, which has prompted research into new potential treatments for FD, including alternative forms of enzyme replacement therapy, substrate reduction therapy, mRNA therapy, and genetic therapy. In this review, we analyze the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of FD, with particular emphasis on promising therapeutic opportunities that could shift the treatment of this rare disease from a standardized to a personalized approach soon.
PubMed: 38613662
DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-04042-4 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Mar 2024Cancer early detection and treatment response prediction continue to pose significant challenges. Cancer liquid biopsies focusing on detecting circulating tumor cells... (Review)
Review
Cancer early detection and treatment response prediction continue to pose significant challenges. Cancer liquid biopsies focusing on detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and DNA (ctDNA) have shown enormous potential due to their non-invasive nature and the implications in precision cancer management. Recently, liquid biopsy has been further expanded to profile glycoproteins, which are the products of post-translational modifications of proteins and play key roles in both normal and pathological processes, including cancers. The advancements in chemical and mass spectrometry-based technologies and artificial intelligence-based platforms have enabled extensive studies of cancer and organ-specific changes in glycans and glycoproteins through glycomics and glycoproteomics. Glycoproteomic analysis has emerged as a promising tool for biomarker discovery and development in early detection of cancers and prediction of treatment efficacy including response to immunotherapies. These biomarkers could play a crucial role in aiding in early intervention and personalized therapy decisions. In this review, we summarize the significant advance in cancer glycoproteomic biomarker studies and the promise and challenges in integration into clinical practice to improve cancer patient care.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Neoplasms; Biomarkers, Tumor; Glycoproteins; Liquid Biopsy; Proteome
PubMed: 38515194
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01532-x -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... Sep 2023The human intestinal microbiota is composed of a wide variety of microorganisms that play an important role in intestinal permeability, digestion, and especially, in the... (Review)
Review
The human intestinal microbiota is composed of a wide variety of microorganisms that play an important role in intestinal permeability, digestion, and especially, in the maturation of host's immune system. At the same time, effectiveness of immunomodulatory nutrients is known, especially in situations of stress and in strengthening body's defenses. However, the influence of the use of immunonutrients on microbiota's composition and variability is still poorly investigated. Studies indicate that the use of immunomodulators such as omega 3, glutamine, and arginine, can play a role in its modulation, through the immunological enhancement of the hosts. Therefore, this article sought to concentrate the latest evidence on the influence of the use of the main immunonutrients used in clinical practice on human gut microbiota, and their potential benefits.
PubMed: 37751225
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2260468 -
Frontiers in Chemistry 2023The use of biomaterials in delivering CRISPR/Cas9 for gene therapy in infectious diseases holds tremendous potential. This innovative approach combines the advantages of... (Review)
Review
The use of biomaterials in delivering CRISPR/Cas9 for gene therapy in infectious diseases holds tremendous potential. This innovative approach combines the advantages of CRISPR/Cas9 with the protective properties of biomaterials, enabling accurate and efficient gene editing while enhancing safety. Biomaterials play a vital role in shielding CRISPR/Cas9 components, such as lipid nanoparticles or viral vectors, from immunological processes and degradation, extending their effectiveness. By utilizing the flexibility of biomaterials, tailored systems can be designed to address specific genetic diseases, paving the way for personalized therapeutics. Furthermore, this delivery method offers promising avenues in combating viral illnesses by precisely modifying pathogen genomes, and reducing their pathogenicity. Biomaterials facilitate site-specific gene modifications, ensuring effective delivery to infected cells while minimizing off-target effects. However, challenges remain, including optimizing delivery efficiency, reducing off-target effects, ensuring long-term safety, and establishing scalable production techniques. Thorough research, pre-clinical investigations, and rigorous safety evaluations are imperative for successful translation from the laboratory to clinical applications. In this review, we discussed how CRISPR/Cas9 delivery using biomaterials revolutionizes gene therapy and infectious disease treatment, offering precise and safe editing capabilities with the potential to significantly improve human health and quality of life.
PubMed: 37841202
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1259435 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Jun 2024Fusarium species are an increasingly important cause of meningitis and invasive disease in immunocompromised patients as well as in otherwise healthy patients as... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Fusarium species are an increasingly important cause of meningitis and invasive disease in immunocompromised patients as well as in otherwise healthy patients as observed in two recent healthcare-associated outbreaks. This review summarizes recently published information on treatment and diagnosis of this infection.
RECENT FINDINGS
Incidence of Fusarium species meningitis and invasive fusariosis are increasing. Molecular techniques are improving the speed of diagnosis. New antifungal agents in development show good in vitro activity against some Fusarium species. New technologies, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filtration, may play a role in treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Due to the continued prime importance of the host immune system in recovery, immunomodulatory treatments may play a role in treatment.
SUMMARY
The overall incidence of CNS fusariosis is increasing with a continued poor prognosis, but new diagnostic and treatment modalities are in development which may offer improvements.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Central Nervous System Fungal Infections; Fusariosis; Fusarium; Immunocompromised Host; Incidence
PubMed: 38518108
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000001009 -
Science China. Life Sciences Jan 2024A potential reason for the failure of tumor therapies is treatment resistance. Resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy continues to be a major... (Review)
Review
A potential reason for the failure of tumor therapies is treatment resistance. Resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy continues to be a major obstacle in clinic, resulting in tumor recurrence and metastasis. The major mechanisms of therapy resistance are inhibitions of cell deaths, like apoptosis and necrosis, through drug inactivation and excretion, repair of DNA damage, tumor heterogeneity, or changes in tumor microenvironment, etc. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis play a major role in therapies resistance by inducing phospholipid peroxidation and iron-dependent cell death. Some ferroptosis inducers in combination with clinical treatment techniques have been used to enhance the effect in tumor therapy. Notably, versatile ferroptosis nanoinducers exhibit an extensive range of functions in reversing therapy resistance, including directly triggering ferroptosis and feedback regulation. Herein, we provide a detailed description of the design, mechanism, and therapeutic application of ferroptosis-mediated synergistic tumor therapeutics. We also discuss the prospect and challenge of nanomedicine in tumor therapy resistance by regulating ferroptosis and combination therapy.
Topics: Humans; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Ferroptosis; Nanomedicine; Combined Modality Therapy; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37728804
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2340-4 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Allergic rhinitis is a non-infectious chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa that affects T cells and their cytokines. T cells play significant roles in the... (Review)
Review
Allergic rhinitis is a non-infectious chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa that affects T cells and their cytokines. T cells play significant roles in the development of allergic inflammatory diseases by orchestrating mechanisms underlying innate and adaptive immunity. Although many studies on allergic rhinitis have focused on helper T cells, molecular makeup, and pathogenesis-related transduction pathways, pathological mechanisms have not yet been completely explored. Recent studies have suggested that T cell status may play an important role in the interaction between T cells and the nasal mucosal barrier in allergic rhinitis. This study aimed to explore the interactions between T cells and nasal mucosal barriers in allergic rhinitis and to review the therapeutic modalities of pertinent biological agents involving T cells.
Topics: Humans; Rhinitis, Allergic; Nasal Mucosa; Inflammation; Cytokines; Adaptive Immunity
PubMed: 37771581
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224129